Learning objectives of the first volume of "two short essays" in eighth grade Chinese published by People's Education Press
1. Recite and translate the text, and master the related content words in classical Chinese.
2. Learn to express your will by supporting things.
3. Understand the author's thoughts and feelings.
Learning focus
Understand the content of the text and the author's thoughts and feelings.
Class arrangement
Two classes.
Preparation before class
1, students prepare:
(1) Read the text and recite the words.
(2) According to the content of the text, conceive the artistic conception of the article.
2. Teacher preparation:
(1) Collect relevant information online for filing, and broaden students' horizons.
⑵ Making multimedia courseware.
first kind
[learning content]
1, learn "Humble Room Inscription" and read and write the text silently.
2、? Holding something to express your wishes? How to write.
[learning design]
First, import
Students, in our real life, many animals and plants will bring us enlightenment. The tall and straight poplars remind us of how to be a man, and the industrious bees remind us of those unknown industriousness. If you want to express your feelings with something, you can use it. Holding something to express your wishes? This method. Today, we are going to learn these two short essays, The Inscription of a Humble Room. "On Ailian" is a famous article that uses things to express ambition.
? Ming? And then what? Say? , are antique. Ming, used to describe deeds or admonitions, rhymes succinctly and reads forcefully. It is said that this style mostly expresses the author's thoughts and feelings about a thing, a thing or a phenomenon, and the style is eclectic, free and lively.
Second, overall perception.
Root out the theme of the text and think about the content of the article;
1, what makes the author? A humble room? Work? Ming?
2. Stimulate students' reading interest through independent reading. Students can discuss and communicate.
3. Read "Humble Room Inscription" together, and encourage students to boldly point out the sentences that they think are the main idea of the article, translate them accurately first, and then explain the reasons.
There may be several views:
⑴ ? The mountain is not high, and the fairy is famous. The water is not deep, and the dragon is the spirit. ? (A famous saying from the ages, start all over again)
⑵ ? Kong Ziyun: What's wrong? (Confucius kept his promise and made a summary in the article)
⑶ ? I am a humble room, but I am virtuous. ?
Guide the students to discuss and understand the revenge and sentiment expressed by the author in the discussion.
Third, discussion reading.
Show the problem on the big screen. Students translate the original sentence and think and discuss in groups.
1、? The mountain is not high, and the fairy is famous. The water is not deep, and the dragon is the spirit. ? What is the role in the article?
2. What did the author write from? A humble room?
3、? Kong Ziyun, what happened?
What's the meaning? What role did it play in the article?
Ask students to think after reading the text, and discuss in groups of four.
Clear:
1、? The mountain is not high, and the fairy is famous. The water is not deep, and the dragon is the spirit. ? This is the truth recognized by people at that time, and the author passed the landscape? If there is a fairy, do you have a name? Dragon is a spirit? . Draw inferences from others? A humble room? The saints who live in it are neither humble nor supercilious. It makes the argument more natural and easier to be accepted by readers.
2. The author wrote about these aspects:
(1) The moss on the stage is green, and the grass on the curtain is green. -the environment is quiet and quiet, not flashy;
There is no Ding Bai who laughs and has a university. You can tune the pipa and read Jin Dian. -Elegant taste of life;
(3) There is no confusion of ears, and there is no complicated form. -The owner of the room is unusual.
3. The original words quoted by Confucius are:? Where does a gentleman live? Why is it ugly? , the last sentence? Zhuge Liang is in Nanyang and Ting Yun Pavilion is in Xishuzi? Included? Where do gentlemen live? Once again, it proves that the humble room is not humble, thus showing its extraordinary mind, and at the same time skillfully coping with the beginning? Just my Dexin? In short, it seems implicit and thought-provoking.
Think about the author's purpose in writing this article (prompting the writing background)
Guide students to fully understand the author's mood and feel the author's ambition and sentiment.
Read the full text and write it silently for 5 minutes.
Fourth, homework
1. Translate the full text and write it correctly.
2. Preview Ailian's Theory.
Second lesson
[learning content]
1. Learn Ailian Theory, recite it and translate it.
2. Feel the author's thoughts and feelings of leading an honest and clean life and customs.
[learning design]
First, import
Bai Juyi's poem "Buy Flowers" is on the big screen: It's dusk in spring, and people are noisy. * * * Peony, want to buy flowers. The price is uncertain, and the number of flowers is rewarded directly. Burn all the flowers red and press the beam element. Hang curtains and weave fences to protect it. Sprinkle water and seal it with mud, and the color will not change. Everyone is used to it and everyone is fascinated. There was a Tian She Weng who occasionally came to buy flowers and bowed his head and sighed alone, but this sigh was ignored. A bunch of dark flowers, ten people bless! ?
Which sentence in this poem is consistent with the scene described in Ailian?
Is this poem written in the text? Peony has been loved by the world since Li Tang? Social phenomena inspire students to think? Does the world love peonies? , why is the author? Du Ailian?
Second, overall perception.
(The big screen shows a photo consistent with the text description)
1, the old teacher reads the text, the students follow it, and they need to read it? ~~~~? Underline the sentences that reflect the noble quality of lotus.
2. Read the text together and think: The symbolic meaning of lotus should be summarized and improved on the basis of students' taste and perception. Point it out again? Holding something to express your wishes? The author compares himself to a lotus flower to express his noble sentiment of not seeking fame and fortune, being honest and clean.
Intensive reading, learning and exploration;
1. Read the text freely and translate with the help of notes and reference books.
Pay attention to mastering classical Chinese vocabulary:
Lovely people are sweet, but not dirty, clear and wavy, but not evil, not crawling, not fragrant, far-reaching, beautiful and graceful, and planted for fun.
Show the problem group on the big screen and discuss and communicate with the group:
(1) What is the main idea of this paper?
(2) What kind of personality do the three flowers symbolize? What is the author's attitude towards life?
Do you agree with the author? What do you think is the practical significance of learning "Ailian Shuo"?
Tip:
1, Ailian is the virtue of loving a gentleman.
He doesn't want to avoid the world passively like Tao Yuanming, and he doesn't want to pursue fame and fortune like the world. He wants to remain independent in a dirty world and keep his innocent conduct and integrity.
3. Guide students to learn the virtue of a gentleman, abide by the moral norms of citizens in reality, and be qualified citizens.
(only makes sense)
Third, guide students to recite.
1. Read the text together.
2, personal free speed reading twice.
3, the whole class recited.
4. It means reciting.
Fourth, the teacher summary
It is precisely because the author gives the lotus such a beautiful symbolic meaning that scholars often quote it? Out of the mud and not stained? Clear but not demon? Such sentences have also become the favorite of painters and painters.
Show the students' pictures and make a brief comment according to the text. )
Play the beautiful pictures collected by the teacher to broaden the students' horizons.
The courseware plays the soundtrack video information films "Humble Room Ming" and "Ailian Shuo", and the students recite the text in chorus according to the pictures.
Verb (short for verb) homework
1. Summarize the classical Chinese words? What? Several usages in this lesson.
2. Write Ailian from memory.
3. try it? Holding something to express your wishes? Write a paragraph of about 300 words.
[reference]
1, the spiritual refraction of noble personality:
? Say? One of the ancient styles, often depicting things to express will. Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus" is a rare masterpiece in this style.
Zhou Dunyi, a native of the Northern Song Dynasty, was famous all his life, not Wen Da. His moral character is noble, and he is as famous as Huang Tingjian, a great literary master in the Northern Song Dynasty. His personality is very high, and his mind is romantic, and his masterpiece "Ailian Shuo" is the spiritual reflection conveyed by his mind.
Lotus is the object of admiration in literati's works throughout the ages, but most literati are amazed at its beautiful posture and simple appearance and shape it into a pen; However, this excellent essay has a unique way. Through the description of the image and quality of the lotus flower, it praises the faithful character of the lotus flower, and also shows the author's noble personality and generous mind.
From the content point of view, this paper can be clearly divided into two parts: the first part tries to describe the image of hibiscus noble; The second part reveals the metaphorical meaning of the lotus, comments on three flowers and expresses the author's deep sigh for the lotus itself.
In the first part of the article, I wrote that the beauty of lotus lies in one of them. Jay? Words. First of all, the mud is not stained, and the lotus is not demon? It is about the lotus in the mud, but it is spotless, not following the secular, self-love and naive spirit. Second,? Straight outside, straight outside, not lying down? , wrote its internal and external penetration, straight appearance, internal and external similarities, and did not involve climbing; Again? Can you watch from a distance and stop playing? Lotus wrote, like a proud gentleman, he will never be despised by the world.
Everything mentioned above is actually a portrayal of the author's personality and a self-evident mind, which can be proved from the second part of the article. As the author said:? Who gave the lotus love? The subtext is that there are too few people with pure lotus flowers like him.
On the text, Ailian said? Say? This style has the same feature, that is, it expresses its will by supporting things. The article comes from? Out of the mud and not stained? From the very beginning, it depicts the bearing and elegant demeanor of the lotus with strong colors, entrusts the author's affirmation and pursuit of ideal personality, and also reflects the author's contempt for the world of wealth and fame and the pursuit of a clean and honest life.
This poem is also very distinctive in language, that is, it is beautiful and concise, and it is really as beautiful as a lotus-no branches and no vines? There is no superfluous useless language.
2. Appreciation of Zhou Dunyi's Ailian Theory;
Zhou Dunyi (10 17 ~ 1073) is the founder of China's Neo-Confucianism, and his Neo-Confucianism thought plays a connecting role in the history of China's philosophy. Zhou Dunyi loved reading since childhood and was quite famous in his hometown. People say he is? Ambitious, knowledgeable and pragmatic, with the wind of the ancients? . His knowledge and tolerance also moved many people to follow him, the most famous of which were two brothers, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao, who later became famous Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty.
In 1072, Zhou Dunyi came to Jiangxi and founded Lianxi Academy. From then on, I began to give lectures and educate people. He named the stream in front of the college? Tunxi? , and since the number? Mr Suixi? . Because I love lotus all my life, I built a lotus hall in the academy and carved a pool in front of it. Lianchi? With the nobleness of lotus, I place my lifelong ambition. After giving lectures and studying, Mr. Wang often walks in front of the main hall to admire the lotus. After that, I wrote an article, Ailian said, which is a good sentence? Out of the mud but not stained, clear but not demon, straight through, not crawling, fragrant far and clear, slim and graceful, far away but not ridiculous? It became an eternal swan song and is still widely circulated today.
One of the major features of On Ailian is that it compares personality to lotus and personifies people. Personifying people with things is a common technique in literary creation, and it is a metaphor for a certain character of people with things. This practice is also a unique technique, commonly known as. Bede? Is to compare something to a virtue.
Especially in the Confucian tradition, this? Bede? This is still a common technology. Like Confucius? You know pine and cypress wither when you are cold? That is, using pine and cypress as a metaphor for people? Heavy snow is loose, loose and straight? Such a character, a strong one. Before Zhou Dunyi, this? Bede? People use it a lot, but if we look at the history of the Han nationality, before Zhou Dunyi, it seems that pine, bamboo, plum, orchid and chrysanthemum were used more. Four cold friends? Huh? Four gentlemen in flowers? Ah, it's all like this. However, when Zhou Dunyi's "The Theory of Love Lotus" came out, it became a common method to compare the personality of a gentleman with lotus flowers. In this sense, Zhou Dunyi is also pioneering in this regard.
So why did Zhou Dunyi write such an article "Love Lotus", why did he use lotus as a metaphor, and why did he use lotus as a metaphor? Bede? What's the technical difference? This is what we should pay special attention to when reading this article. For example, generally speaking, what is bamboo made of? Straight and restrained? Compare the character of a gentleman; Do you use pine and cypress? Especially evergreen in winter? Not afraid of frost and snow? This feature is relatively simple.
And "Ailian Shuo" uses lotus as a metaphor for a gentleman, which adds another meaning, that is? Out of the mud and not stained? This extra layer increases the relationship between people and the environment. Although the surrounding environment is poor, the environment in which you live or grew up is not very good, your own personality can be completely different, and you can be noble. So this is a feature of Ailian's Theory. Of course, his writing style is very good, and he expresses the posture of lotus flower in beautiful language, which also makes his ideas, statements and opinions well accepted by everyone.
Then there is a problem. Why did Zhou Dunyi think of such a lotus flower as a metaphor of a gentleman's personality to illustrate the relationship between man and the environment? Out of the mud and not stained? And then what? This may have a specific historical background. As I said just now, Zhou Dunyi is the founder of Neo-Confucianism. So-called? Neo-Confucianism? It is a combination of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, and finally formed a new school of thought through integration. So there are many Buddhist factors in Zhou Dunyi's thought, so there was a saying at that time, called? Zhou Maoshu, a poor Buddhist? ,? Zen? Well, what is that? Zen? What? Zen? In other words, there are Buddhist factors in his thoughts.
Lotus is a common metaphor in Buddhism. Everyone knows that there is a lotus throne under Guanyin Bodhisattva. In addition, many Buddhist scriptures have the metaphor of lotus. For example, in the Vimalakīrti Sutra, it is said that the lush lotus must grow out of the soil. If it is completely clean water, there will be no lush lotus flowers. For another example, there are two paragraphs in Hua Yan Jing and Exploring the Secret, which are similar to the views in Ailian. For example, it mentioned the characteristics of this kind of lotus. It said: First, it is fragrant, and second, it is pure-fragrant, and then it is clean.
In addition, it also has a clear statement that lotus is? Out of the mud and not stained? . Of course, it is not that Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus Theory" came directly from this, but that some ideological factors here also inspired him. Coupled with Zhou Dunyi's own emphasis on human personality cultivation, the core of Neo-Confucianism is to emphasize that people should raise their mind to a higher level through their own cultivation, especially to have a firm belief in truth and morality. Then he combined his philosophical ideas, historical traditions and other ideological factors, and wrote "Ailian Shuo", which formed a very unique metaphor and was widely circulated in very beautiful words.
Ailian said is very interesting. He compared several kinds of flowers: Speaking of peony, who has more flowers? Speaking of chrysanthemums, the hermit in flowers? Then he finally fell on the lotus. I think this is a comparison of several different personalities and several different value orientations. Like what? Wealth? What you pursue is worldly fame and fortune; For example, living in seclusion, I have a weakening of social responsibility to society.
He emphasized the lotus, which I think may be on two levels: one level emphasizes the relationship between you and the environment. The environment around people can't be ideal, and there are always unsatisfactory aspects in the environment, even in a certain paragraph, at a certain time, or even a foul is possible. So how do you keep your integrity in this situation? You can't change the environment, but you can change yourself. In this sense, I think it is enlightening. The other is the value orientation.
By comparing several kinds of flowers, Ailian said that as a person, you should first stand on the spiritual level and personality, and he put this value orientation in the first place. I think this also applies to us modern people, and we can even say that it has a universal principle. In life, we can't be completely obscured by material desires, but there must always be a spiritual pure land and a spiritual home. I think the significance of "Ailien Shuo" today should be here first.
There are many lovely grasses, trees and flowers on water and land. Tao Yuanming only loves chrysanthemums in Jin Dynasty. People all over the world have loved peonies since the Tang Dynasty. I only like lotus flowers. It grows from the sludge, but it is not polluted. It was washed with clear water, but it didn't look attractive. Its stem runs through the middle, straight, fragrant, more fragrant and upright. You can watch from a distance, but you can't play lightly.
In my opinion, chrysanthemum is a hermit in flowers; Peony is a precious flower; Lotus is a gentleman among flowers. Alas! Tao Yuanming seldom heard of this hobby of chrysanthemum after that. Who else likes lotus like me? Of course, there are many people who like peony.
4. Appreciation of Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Chromium:
Liu Yuxi (772 ~ 842), a native of Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan), claimed to be a descendant of Liu Sheng, the king of Hanzhong. Zhenyuan nine years Jinshi, official to the suggestion. After Wang failed, he was demoted to Langzhou Sima, and later served as Lianzhou? Kuizhou? There are also state secretaries, officials, ministers of inspection department and guests of the prince. Liu Yuxi is not only a political reformer and philosophical thinker, but also an outstanding poet with unique achievements.
Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription has long been a household name? Famous text? But in fact, what is this famous article? Gas? Get out. It is said that Liu Yuxi was banished to Anhui and Zhangzhou as a secretariat at that time. And Hezhou magistrate saw that he was demoted, so he made things difficult for him. First, he was arranged to live at the south gate, facing the river. Liu Yuxi didn't complain, but wrote a couplet and posted it on the door. Facing the river and looking at the white sails, I am arguing with Zeus. ? This move angered the magistrate of a county, so he moved Liu Yuxi's residence from the south of the city to the north of the city and reduced the house from three to one and a half rooms.
The new house is by the river, and the willow tree is Yiyi. Liu Yuxi moved to the scene and wrote another couplet. The willows are green by the river, and people are in Beijing under the sun. ? Seeing that he was still carefree, the magistrate of a county transferred the house to the city and gave him only a house that could only accommodate one bed, one table and one chair. In half a year, rachel moved three times in a row, and the house became smaller every time. Finally, it's just a small room. Considering that the county magistrate is really deceiving others, he angrily wrote "Humble Room Inscription".
"Humble Room Inscription" spread through the ages, and the humble room became famous all over the world. Today, Liu Yuxi's humble room is located in Hexian County, Anhui Province. The three rooms and nine rooms are in a figure of eight, with cornices and arches, white walls and black tiles. It is elegant and simple, quiet and graceful. Full of green, Shipu Yard, welcomes guests with pine and bamboo, as if smelling the rich fragrance of calligraphy.
In the small and exquisite pavilion on the east side of the hospital, there are? "Humble Room Inscription" tablet? , engraved with the calligrapher Meng Fanqing's thousand-year-old "Humble Room Inscription" full text, elegant and pleasing to the eye. In the middle of the main room, there is a statue of Liu Yuxi, handsome and solemn? Good politics? A plaque. The humble room covers a small area, and it seems that people and nature have been purified here.
The whole book of "Humble Room Inscription" is 8 1 word, which shows the harmony between emotion and scenery, things and heart. After reading this inscription carefully, I didn't feel the ugliness of this room, but I felt the elegance of this room: the elegance of the environment? The upper steps are covered with moss, and the curtains are green? ; Elegant humanity, accepting literati, laughing and laughing, there are literati, and is there Ding Bai? ; Elegant mood? You can tune the pipa and read Jin Dian. No fuss, no work? , expressing the author's broad-minded and valuable unconventional temperament. Liu Yuxi is an official, honest and selfless, diligent in government affairs and concerned about people's livelihood; In order to write, he has great wisdom and left many catchy and philosophical poems and essays to future generations.
The inscription on the humble abode is very short, only 8 1 word. Why can it have such a great influence?
Liu Yuxi was a very famous writer in the middle Tang Dynasty, but his greatest reputation at that time was in poetry, which was called? Poet? . There are four poems in the history of Tang poetry. Poet fairy? 、? Poet saint? 、? Shi Fo? What else is there? Poet? Of course, if you count Li He, what else? Shi Gui? . ? Poet? This? It is obvious that Liu Yuxi's style can also be seen in his position. Bai Juyi has a poem dedicated to Liu Yuxi, and I have always been neck and neck. So he is famous for his poems, not his prose.
I think there are two reasons why my "Humble Room Inscription" is so famous: one reason is related to his accomplishments in poetry, and he integrated some skills in writing poetry into the text. There is another one, which is the ideological connotation. In fact, if we are familiar with Confucian classics, such as The Analects of Confucius, we will find that many of them are the rudiments and even the basic framework of the humble room inscription.
There is an article in The Analects called Zi Han, which says: Confucius is going to move to a place called Jiuyi-a remote place-and someone told him. Or: Where is the ugliness? It is said that the environment in that place is very bad. What should I do there? Life is very inconvenient. As a result, Confucius said: where a gentleman lives, why is it ugly? As long as I am a gentleman, I will always be full and calm when facing the environment. It doesn't matter where I go, and there is no problem of bad environment. Actually, even? What is this? This sentence was directly absorbed by Humble Room Inscription.
In the Analects of Confucius, there are at least three or four similar themes, all of which are very similar descriptions. For example, Confucius himself said? Food and vegetables? Said I had a rough diet. Drink water? No drinks, no wine; ? Bend your arms and rest? I don't even have a pillow. I sleep on my arm and my living conditions are very poor. ? Are you enjoying it? I will also have happiness and inner enrichment; What about the other way around? Unjust wealth is like a cloud to me? . So what I pursue is a kind of personal accomplishment, an inner beauty, which can completely ignore the external material environment.
In other words, Confucius attached great importance to this topic. Repeatedly speaking, it mainly refers to the value orientation of people's life-whether to value material enjoyment and material conditions, or to value your spiritual realm, your own inner cultivation and the height of your personality. Then Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription is basically an artistic expression of Confucius' thought. So one is that the article is beautifully written and well written; First, the ideas it expresses are part of the essence of China's traditional culture and are based on classics. So it spread widely and had a great influence.
Is Humble Room Inscription a film? Ming? . ? Ming? This is an ancient style. According to Wen Xin Diao Long, right? Ming? The expression of this style needs two aspects: one is to emphasize the simplicity of words; On the one hand, the emphasis on content, realm and level is relatively high. It should be said that Humble Room Inscription has achieved these two aspects. More than eighty words, but there are many connotations and many poetic sentences. All these make it have its own unique position in the prose world. However, this is not simply a transfer of meaning from the Analects.
I think there are at least two changes, which are very noteworthy. One is that he visualized what was originally rational. Not to say whether the environment is good or not in general, but to show a more abstract truth vividly through a description of his humble room, which is full of sound and emotion.
Second, the whole focus of his prose has shifted, not entirely about good and bad conditions, but about elegance and vulgarity. Actually, this one he described? A humble room? We have no idea why. Ugly? Over the years, he just emphasized that he was away from the hustle and bustle of the world of mortals, was a pure land, and emphasized the elegance of style. Then his turn is more suitable for the interest and value orientation of literati and scholars. This is also one of the reasons for his success.
So does it mean that to reach a higher spiritual level, we must give up material needs?
Today's readers, especially young readers, may have questions after reading this: Is there an inevitable contradiction between the success of my career and the cultivation of my personal character? Or conversely, as long as I emphasize my inner nobility, I must give up good living conditions and live in a house of 9 square meters before I can become a noble person? There is also such confusion. I think this question should be looked at this way: modern people are different from ancient people. In fact, rachel's house is not very shabby. After all, he is still in a considerable position.
Then what's it called? A humble room? Well, it's also relative. I think it's better for us to live a successful life now, saying that I have noble sentiments, elegant life realm and a better living environment. However, if there is conflict, what does it mean? You can't have your cake and eat it? What should I do? then what Unjust wealth is like a cloud to me? . In this case, I want to live in a small house, and it may be a wise choice to seek inner peace.
The mountain doesn't have to be high, but it will be famous as a fairy. The water doesn't have to be deep. For dragons, this is supernatural. Although this is a humble house, it's just that my personality is beautiful (so I don't feel humble). Moss is green, growing on the steps, and grass is green, reflected in the curtains. I talk and laugh with learned people, and there is no such thing as ignorant people. You can play simple guqin and read precious Buddhist scriptures. No loud music disturbs your ears, and no official documents make you physically and mentally exhausted. Just like Zhuge Liang's thatched cottage in Nanyang and Yang Ziyun's porch pavilion in West Shu. Confucius said:? What's rough about it?