Miscellaneous Theory 4: Horse Theory [Tang Dynasty] Han Yu
There was Bole in the world, and then there was the thousand-mile horse. A thousand-mile horse often exists, but a bole does not always exist. Therefore, even though there is a thousand-mile horse, it will be carelessly grown and be dead in a stall, never being called as a thousand-mile horse. (Only humiliate one work: Only humiliate)
A horse that travels a thousand miles can eat as much grain as a stone. Those who eat horses don’t know that they can travel thousands of miles and eat. Although this horse can run a thousand-mile, it is not full of food, lacks strength, and its talent and beauty are not visible, and it is impossible to be as good as an ordinary horse. How can you expect it to be able to run a thousand-mile? (He who eats horses knows how to feed them)
If you don’t drive the horse according to the right way, if you feed it you can’t use its talent, if you don’t understand the meaning of its cry, you will come to it with the horse in hand and say: “There is no horse in the world!” "Woo!" Is there really no horse evil? In fact, I really don’t know about horses! Junior high school classical Chinese, ancient Chinese concepts, writing about horses, philosophy Translation and annotations
Translation In the world, there was Bole first, and then there was the thousand-mile horse. A thousand-mile horse often exists, but a Bole does not always exist. Therefore, even if there is a valuable horse, it will be humiliated in the hands of servants and die in a stable with ordinary horses, and it will not be known as a thousand-mile horse.
A horse that travels thousands of miles a day can sometimes eat up a stone of grain in one meal. The person who feeds the horse doesn't know that it can travel thousands of miles a day and feeds it like an ordinary horse. Although such a horse has the ability to travel thousands of miles in a day, it is not full of food, lacks strength, and cannot show its talents and virtues externally. If you don't want to be like an ordinary horse, how can you ask it to travel thousands of miles a day?
Classical Chinese Phenomenon
Tongqiazi (1) Talent and beauty cannot be seen externally: "Jian" is connected with "Xian", showing and expressing. (2) Food cannot use up one’s talents: “food” refers to “feeding”; “cai” refers to “cai”, talent. (3) It is true that there is no maxie: "xie" is connected with "ye", which expresses doubt and is equivalent to "mo". (4) People who eat horses don’t know that they can travel thousands of miles and eat: "Shi" means "feed", which means feeding.
Different meanings in ancient and modern times. Example: It is a horse, although it can run a thousand miles. It is: ancient meaning: like this. Today's meaning: judgment word. Example: How can I expect him to be able to travel a thousand miles? An: Gu Yi: What? Today's meaning: safety; stability; installation. Example: If you want to be like Chang Ma, you can't get it. Etc.: Ancient meaning: Same. Today's meaning: waiting; used after personal pronouns and nouns to express plural or enumeration. Example: One meal can be enough to consume a millet or a stone. Or: Ancient meaning: sometimes, some people, maybe. Imayoshi: Or. Example: There was Bole in the world, and then there was the thousand-mile horse. Theme
The full text uses metaphors to describe people, comparing Bole to a wise king who knows people well and a thousand-mile horse to a real talent that has not been discovered, and explains the reasons why talents are buried in feudal society. It criticized the social phenomenon of rulers not recognizing talents and destroying talents. The author hopes that rulers can identify talents and reuse them so that they can give full play to their talents.
The thoughts and feelings (the central theme) express the author's feelings of unrecognized talents and unrewarded ambitions, as well as his resentment and accusation against the rulers for burying and destroying talents. Frequently Asked Question Types
1 The central argument of this article (showing the relationship between Chollima and Bole) is: There is Bole in the world, and then there is Chollima. (The full text plays a role)
2 The tragic experience of the thousand-mile horse is: he was humiliated at the hands of slaves and died in a stall, never being called a thousand-mile horse.
3 The fundamental reason why the thousand-mile horse was buried: Those who eat horses don’t know that they can eat a thousand-mile horse.
4 The direct reasons why the thousand-mile horse was buried (the reason why it could not travel a thousand miles in a day) were lack of food, lack of strength, talent and beauty that could not be seen externally, and the desire to be like an ordinary horse was unavailable.
5 The specific manifestations of horse-eaters' "ignorance of horses" (unfair treatment of thousand-mile horses) are: they do not drive them according to the proper way, they do not feed them to their full potential, and they do not understand their meaning when they sing. .
6 A sentence that strongly condemns the ignorance of "horse eaters" is: If you want to be like an ordinary horse, how can you expect it to be able to run a thousand miles?
7 The sentence that expresses the "horse-eater" sighing as a "horse-knowing person" (the ruler is mediocre, shallow, stupid and ignorant) is: he came to him with his advice and said: "There is no horse in the world!" Understanding Comment
"The Story of Horses" uses a metaphorical writing method and a layer-by-layer structure. First put forward the argument from the front: "There is Bole in the world, and then there is Chollima." It explains Bole's decisive role in the fate of Chollima. Starting from the dependence relationship between Chollima and Bole, it shows that it is inevitable that Chollima is buried. It expresses the author's strong indignation against the rulers' inability to identify talents, destroy talents, and bury talents. Frequently Asked Questions
1. Is there a bole first and then a thousand-mile horse?
From our own point of view, it is because we first got to know Bole, and then got to know Chollima through Bole. What the author wants to express is a sequence of understanding, emphasizing the importance of Bole to Chollima; From a logical point of view, there should be a thousand-mile horse first and then Bole.
2. What is the author’s point of view expressed in the first paragraph?
There is Bole in the world, and then there is the thousand-mile horse.
3. Without Bole, what would be the fate of the Chollima?
To be humiliated at the hands of slaves and die in a stable is not to be called a thousand miles.
4. What does the first paragraph describe?
The important role of Bole in Chollima
5. Summarize the content of the second paragraph
Analyze the reasons why Chollima was buried
6. Chapter Which sentences in the second paragraph can reflect the reason why a thousand-mile horse cannot travel a thousand miles in a day?
"Not enough to eat, not strong enough, talented and beautiful, and the desire to be like an ordinary horse is not available"
7. The text in the second paragraph satirizes the feeding from the side. What are the characteristics of a horse rider?
Incompetent, ignorant and short-sighted.
8. "If you want to be like an ordinary horse but you can't get it, how about hoping that it can run a thousand miles?" What feelings does the author express? Creation background
"Ma Shuo" was written approximately between the eleventh and sixteenth years of Zhenyuan. At that time, Han Yu had just started his official career and was very frustrated. He once wrote to the prime minister three times to ask for promotion, but the result was that he was "on standby" for more than 40 days, but "he couldn't achieve his ambition". ", will not escape to the mountains and forests. Appreciation
"The Story of Horses" is an argumentative essay, which looks like a fable but is actually not an allegory. It uses metaphors to reason but does not directly explain the arguments held and does not impose personal opinions on the readers. To describe the experience of Chollima through image thinking, he puts forward the facts and saves the need for words to explain the truth. The author uses function words in ancient Chinese (particles, interjections and connectives) to reflect the taste and artistic conception of singing three sighs. Bole's allusions were cited several times by Han Yu (see Han Yu's "Book of Recommendations" and "Preface to Sending Wen Chushi to Heyang"), which shows Han Yu's rough fate.
"There is Bole in the world, and then there is a thousand-mile horse" is a question from the front, "There are always horses with a thousand li, but Bole is not always there", and the discussion is started from the negative side. It shows that the trust relationship between Chollima and Bole is so close. In Han Yu's view, what the world lacks is not talent, but people who discover talent. Therefore, what is revealed in the text is the author's feeling of underappreciating talents and his anger and accusation that the rulers cannot bury and destroy talents. Introduction to the style
"Shuo" is a style of writing used in ancient times to explain things through narrative, discussion or explanation. It can be used to make comments or take notes. It is an argumentative essay. Most of it states the author's opinion on a certain issue. It is a bit like the style of a modern essay. You should pay attention to it when studying.
The language of "Shuo" is usually concise and clear, with profound meaning; the writing method is flexible and is generally similar to modern essays. It usually uses the method of seeing the big from the small, telling fables, describing things, etc. Reason, this is what we call "the meaning of holding things". Hierarchical division
The full text is divided into three paragraphs
The first paragraph, starting from the dependence of Chollima on Bole, shows that it is inevitable that Chollima's talent will be buried. At the beginning of the article, there is a strange peak. The premise of the argument is pointed out with "There is a Bole in the world, and then there is a horse with a thousand li." This sentence also contains an antithesis, that is, "Without Bole, there would be no thousand-mile horse." This actually indicates the dependence of the thousand-mile horse on Bole. But "Bole" here is a general concept, referring to people who are particularly good at telling horses. Overall Perception
1. Overall Perception
"Everything in the world will sing if it cannot be balanced" (Han Yu's "Preface to Meng Dongye"). There are many chapters in Han Yu's prose that express injustice, and "Ma Shuo" is one of them. "Shuo" is an ancient argumentative style used to state the author's views on certain issues. Although it is an argumentative style, it pays attention to literary talent. The whole text of "Horse Theory" is written in a metaphorical way, using the metaphor that a thousand-mile horse will never meet a bole, which is a metaphor for a wise man who rarely meets a wise master. The author hopes that rulers can identify talents and reuse them so that they can give full play to their talents. Teaching Suggestions
This article is short but highly readable, and the text is not too difficult. According to past teaching practices, students not only love to read, but are also easy to recite. The key is that teachers should carefully and conscientiously guide students to recite. Students can be asked to read it aloud repeatedly and chant it in class. The content should also be explained, but it should not be too in-depth. The students’ life experience and acceptance ability at the current stage should be carefully considered, and rough knowledge should be used as the standard. Teachers' narratives should be concise and clear, without quoting from other sources, so as not to deprive students of time for reading. From a long-term perspective, students can truly benefit from being able to recite this short article skillfully.
1. Reading, that is, the teacher (or selecting 1 or 2 students) leads the whole class to read sentence by sentence. The purpose is to enable students to understand the tone of the article perceptually. Readers should be fully prepared in advance and be able to recite the entire text fluently.
2. Carefully taste the author's thoughts and feelings based on the function words in the article (see the article "Five "Ye" Characters in "Ma Shuo"" in "Related Materials"), and read while discussing. You can also use comparison to deepen students' understanding of these function words. For example, if the underlined words below are replaced with words in brackets, the effect will be different: Appreciation
Han Yu was a master of prose in the Tang Dynasty. He was also a poet who had great influence on writers in the Song Dynasty. People talk a lot about his "writing poetry as poetry" (writing poetry in prose style), but pay little attention to his more prominent feature of "writing poetry as prose".
The so-called "poetry as prose" refers to writing prose with poetic mood, charm and other characteristics, that is to say, prose is poeticized (but this does not mean that the new prose introduced from the West is Genre "prose poetry").
When we talk about making prose poetic, or writing prose very poetic, it is not limited to writing about natural scenery, lyrical sketches, or typical shaping of characters and artistic descriptions of situations; rather, we can also use the mood and charm of poetry to describe the situation. Write an argumentative or critical essay. This is one of the characteristics of Han Yu's prose.