Keywords:: feelings of color parting in the times of classical poetess
Li Qingzhao is a dazzling pearl in the history of China's poetry, and her works are wonderful works in the Ci Garden. Although the content of Li Qingzhao's ci is the expression of her personal life interest and sentimental life experience, it is the changes of the times and the turmoil of life that make Li Qingzhao suffer the pain of national mourning and displacement and the changes of the world. Her works eventually become a mirror of society and times.
The poem of Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, is called "the history of poetry" precisely because he reflects the history of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and through his own personal experience, reveals the social reality that "the wine in Zhumen is fragrant, and the bones on the road freeze to death" and the story that "women are mostly in the official army, and they are killed by the Han River". Due to the incompetence of the ruling class, it has caused profound disasters to the people. Li Qingzhao's life spanned the late Northern Song Dynasty and the early Southern Song Dynasty. Sharp ethnic contradictions and turbulent political environment are the most important features of this era. Zhao Gou fled to the south of the Yangtze River. Although he established the Southern Song Dynasty regime in Lin 'an, the threat from the national enemies did not diminish. Although Li Qingzhao, who lived in this turbulent era, was a noble woman who was born in a famous family and married into an official's family, the deep national disaster forced her to "drift away and live with others". During the separation, her husband Zhao Mingcheng died of illness again, and she ran around. How can she live a life of "what a sad sentence" without singing the lamentation of "compassion for the world"! In this era of national tragedy, Li Qingzhao's experience is similar to that of displaced people in Qian Qian. Therefore, her personal tragedy cannot but bear a strong color of the times.
Du Fu and Li Qingzhao lived in similar times. Faced with such social reality, what attitude did they show? Du Fu sang all his life because of his deep concern for the country and the people. Where is Li Qingzhao? As a poetess, a woman who is sensitive to the outside world, she described the era of her life with euphemistic, beautiful, touching and profound brushstrokes. Generally speaking, Li Qingzhao's early ci concentrated on the son-in-law's strong pursuit of life, freedom and love. However, in her later poems, the life experience of the country's ruin and death was more melted.
one
As we know, Zhao and Song Dynasties were an era with the least heroic temperament and extremely heavy slave spirit. From humiliating alliances, giving lucky money every year, to grovelling that nephews are inferior, the corruption and incompetence of this huge bureaucratic system are fully exposed. Nevertheless, the iron hoof of the people of the Northern Jin Dynasty constantly disturbed and shattered the dream of the Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty, a huge and decadent bureaucratic society, can only wait for the fate of extinction. A tragic shadow hangs over all sensitive people. In addition, this society uses Neo-Confucianism to imprison people's feudal moral thoughts, stifle human nature and trample on people's spirit. Neo-Confucianism, a new form of disguised monasticism and asceticism, became active. Zhou Dunyi put forward the feudal morality of "killing people by reason", that is, "starving to death is very small, and dishonour is very large" In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu further clearly put forward the extremely reactionary ethical thought of "preserving justice and destroying human desires". As women, bound by feudal laws and Neo-Confucianism, they suffered more ideological repression and emotional destruction than men.
The pain of the times, the chaos of society, and the suppression of ideas. It left a deep impression on the inner world of the poetess, and the melancholy, sadness and depression were vividly reflected in her writing. Li Qingzhao's ci is the artistic crystallization of a complete era and social emotion. Her personal emotional world reflects that era. "The better the poet, the more he belongs to the society where he grew up ..." (In belinsky) Li Qingzhao's creative activities were in the feudal history of the dynasty, and the people's spirit was tortured. "It's the sorrow in the sky on earth" (Xiangxingzi) and "Lonely Boudoir". A person is deeply worried (butterfly lovers) without a good dream, and the clouds are always worried (drunken flowers). After leaving, he is exhausted with wine and tears (born faults), which has a hazy and tortuous feeling of the shadow of the times and contains the bitterness of a narrow life. Although love songs were the main theme of her early poems, and the passionate feelings in her heart were burning alone, Li Qingzhao did not cut off her emotional vines with the knife of feudal neo-Confucianism, but at the end of the stormy Northern Song Dynasty, even love songs took on the unique melancholy and gloomy tone of the times. This kind of mood is highlighted in the word "I remember playing the flute at Phoenix Station":
The fragrance is cold and golden. When it turns red, get up and comb your hair. Ren Bao is full of dust, curtain hook. I'm afraid to leave my arms. I don't want to say anything. New arrivals are thin, not dry wine, not sad autumn.
Hugh. I will go to Yangguan a thousand times, but it is difficult to stay. Read Wu Lingren, smoke locks Qin Lou, there is running water in front of the building, you have to read me and stare at me all day. Looking at that place, I added a new sadness from now on. (On the Phoenix Platform, I remember playing the flute)
It can be seen that the inner feelings of the poetess are profound and complicated, which makes it difficult for her to explain clearly and explain clearly. In my opinion, this is by no means a simple separation and parting between men and women. She clearly said "how much she wants to say", which shows that the complexity of her mood can never be summarized by the parting of lovers. "Gaze all day", thinking deeply. Now I'm leaving, so I wrote, "Looking at that place, I've added new worries since then." The poetess's melancholy and "staring at her eyes all day" may not be limited to love itself. Is there any deeper social reason for her sadness? Although the Northern Song Dynasty did not collapse, the poets were getting thinner and thinner: "Newcomers are thin, not dry wine, not sad autumn. This wandering love can not be separated from that era with tragic factors.
If you read through Li Qingzhao's poems, you will find that farewell words account for a large proportion, but don't think that these words only write farewell, but also pay attention to the hidden social significance. If you read between the lines carefully, you will ask some questions: Why did the author write such a strong sadness about the couple's parting? "I can't shake off this feeling, but I frown, but I feel it." What does her "myriad worries" include? What are her old worries and new worries? Wait, to answer these questions, we have to look at her time and her family experience. As mentioned above, when the author wrote these words, the Northern Song Dynasty was on the eve of collapse, and various very sharp social contradictions had to have an impact on the author. Her father, Li, was hit by the old and new party struggles and inner-party struggles, and the struggle between her father-in-law and Cai Jing also had an impact on her. A series of political events between Li and Zhao have a direct or indirect relationship with her. When he was in the "government", he pushed out the "old party" and Li was excluded, so he was dismissed. "Preface to Luoyang Famous Gardens" records that "Uncle Wen (Li) was an official and business school, and in (11kloc-0/) years, he used evil parties and fled to party member. A woman who is suitable for Zhao Xiangting's son can also write poems and go to Zhao to save his father: not to mention the relationship between father and son. Those who know it mourn. " Tingzhi Zhao and Cai Jing, a traitor to power, were at loggerheads, so they broke up. After his death, he was disintegrated by Cai Jing and given away as a gift. Therefore, Li Qingzhao and his wife lived in the village for ten years. Judging from the performance, the blow to Li Qingzhao's two families seems to be only her family's business, which has nothing to do with the overall situation of the world. In fact, the blow suffered by her family reflects the decadent performance of the Northern Song Dynasty. The decay of the Song Dynasty and the blow to her family stimulated and influenced her. After her husband left, she thought about it alone, and all the old worries and new worries came to her mind. Her sadness is naturally complicated and thick, and it is difficult to say clearly and explain clearly. So these words may imply that the author was dissatisfied and worried about the current affairs and politics at that time when writing the couple's parting.
Depressed courtyard, oblique wind and drizzle, heavy doors must be closed. Fondling willow flowers to eat cold food, all kinds of nasty weather. Writing a poem is a leisurely taste. Ambition is too great to worry about.
It was chilly in the spring for a few days upstairs, with curtains hanging all around and jade railings leaning casually. Dream Leng Xiang's new dream. Go to sleep and don't be sad. The morning dew is clear, the new barrel is fresh, and the spring is a little bit. The sky is crisp and the smoke is rolling. Is it sunny today? (Slow in the pot)
The tune of this word is also called Niannujiao. According to the meaning of the word, before crossing the south, the word says slightly oblique wind and continuous drizzle, which is annoying. The gates are closed layer by layer, and the courtyard is locked in a depressed scene: although the spring flowers and green willows are graceful and affectionate, they are helplessly attacked by the cold wind and rain, and they cannot stretch and relax. The description of the gloomy weather in early spring highlights the mood of women in boudoir, which is as troublesome as fondling willow flowers. In order to get rid of all kinds of troubles, she wrote poems with dangerous rhymes and drowned them with ghosts and gods, but when her poems woke up, she felt more empty and bored, and a lonely and sad atmosphere came into being. Xia Tan continued to write about the coldness of spring and the sadness of spring. The meaning of spring is increasing and deepening in my heart forever. The sun is high and the smoke is collected. This is a fine sunny day, but the poet wants to "see if it is sunny today", which shows that the cold in late spring is long and the rain is uncertain. Even though it has cleared up, she still can't help worrying. The word "wind and rain" is not only natural wind and rain, but also political wind and rain. Her husband Zhao Mingcheng is an official outside, and the domestic situation is changing. Her worries naturally include political worries. Therefore, the ideological depth of these words is not limited to general boudoir feelings and parting. It is always inappropriate to just understand them as "My Heart" and "Sifu Ci".
two
The comfortable living conditions of scholar-officials are probably a kind of "happiness" for those who have no brains but only know pleasure. But for those who are good at feeling and thinking, it is often a kind of mental pain. Although this kind of mental pain is different from the working people, it is all dissatisfaction and resentment against that evil society.
Li Qingzhao's attitude towards the narrow, closed and boring life circle is not as good as Xue Baochai's, nor is it self-deception and intoxication, but a sober and serious attitude towards life. She wrote rich inner feelings into her poems, and deep dissatisfaction and melancholy, narrow and depressed life and mental depression were always revealed, which made her early poems have such a feature; Most of them are closed small gardens and boudoir with hanging curtains, such as "the idle windows in small courtyards are dark in spring and the hanging curtains are not heavy" and "the small pavilions hide spring and the idle windows are locked on the day". She can't feel the pulse of life, but she feels depressed and suffocated, and her desire for life is deeply suppressed. She can only send her feelings to the plum blossom in front of the hall, the begonia outside the curtain and the seal of the boudoir. How can this claustrophobic little courtyard "slam the door every month" not make the poetess who yearn for life depressed all day? In desperation, she couldn't help being lazy.
However, the author has his own ideal, free personality and passionate desire, and sometimes breaks through the narrow realm of the small courtyard boudoir, sweeping away the troubles and disappointments of incense burners, cigarettes, seals, begonia and plum blossoms, and stepping into the restricted area outside the boudoir. Like a man, he is addicted to mountains and rivers, wine and boats, and has a good time. After that, we must be honest:
I always remember the sunset in Xiting. I was intoxicated and didn't know the way home. I'm glad to be back on the boat at night. Fighting for crossing the river, fighting for crossing the river, created a beach of seagulls and herons. (like a dream)
This word has four key words: often, drunk, wrong and surprised. The beginning of the word "Chang" shows the joy and deep impression left by a girl in the boudoir, as well as the poet's yearning for nature. Xiting, lotus root and gull heron make the heroine pleasing to the eye and happy, so they add wine to the fun and get drunk. "Drunk" refers to both wine and mind, which is why you get drunk when you drink. I drank enough wine and had a good time, but it was late, so I rowed home, but I didn't know I had broken into the depths of the lotus root. The "mistake" here emphasizes the degree of drunkenness and joy of the heroine. It embodies the lovely state of the heroine, and also shows the deep attraction of nature to her. For a lonely boudoir, this is her paradise. Who would want to leave such a paradise? But seagulls and herons by the water are afraid of flying. Paddling and paddling, lotus leaves tilting, gulls and herons making a noise, so lively! The girl's "shock" is not only a gull heron, but also a loyal guardian of ci and feudal law.
How Li Qingzhao wished that she had wings under her ribs, flew out of the narrow circle of life, broke through the shackles of real life and flew to the ideal kingdom like a Dapeng bird;
When the sky meets the clouds, the Milky Way wants to turn to Qian Fan dance. It's as if the dream soul belongs to the emperor, asking heaven and eagerly asking where I belong. I report the long night and study poetry. There are amazing sentences. 90,000 Li Fengpeng lifts, the wind stops, Pengzhou blows away the three mountains. (Fisherman's Pride)
Li Qingzhao showed us a more magnificent scene here. With a romantic passion and fantasy, she poured out her uncontrollable emotional torrent. The sentence "I reported" expresses my confidence and pride in my literary talent, as well as the grievances and anguish of being suppressed, suffocated and unable to find a way out in reality. The three sentences in Nine Wan Li show the amazing artistic courage of female poets living in feudal society, as well as their yearning for freedom and brightness and their strong desire to get rid of reality. This heavy heart is expressed in her words. Can we say that she is moaning without illness? On the other hand, this state of mind is manifested in her creation and actions, that is, she dares to write about a girl's love, "O, O, O, she is easily guessed"; Dare to write the couple's ambiguity, "The tulle kitchen is cold tonight"; Dare to laugh at a man with social status, "Gui Zixiang Zhang Jiucheng", and dare to sharply criticize many old-timers in the literary world ... which ordinary women dared not at that time. So although she didn't break the consciousness of feudal neo-Confucianism and ethics, at that time, men thought these were "deviant" behaviors without ethics. Wang Zhuo, her contemporary, wrote "Lan Feng Man Zhi", denouncing her as "unreasonable" ... the dissolute language in the hutongs and writing at will. Since ancient times, the gentry's family has been able to have children. I have never seen such carelessness! These reprimands just show the spirit of daring to think and speak in her works.
When expressing this warm and deep human affection, Li Qingzhao is quite elegant and dignified, and also makes people see a real woman without Taoist spirit and a heart full of yearning for life and love.
When you sell flowers, you can buy a spring flower. Tears are dyed evenly, and there are still traces of rosy clouds. Afraid lang guessed, slave noodles are not as good as flower noodles. Inclined hairpin on the temples, only to teach Langbi to see. (Subtract Magnolia)
What an interesting, naive, naive and lovely girl she is! Unfortunately, this girl, who loves life, is frank, lively and full of interest, was deeply suppressed and destroyed by the inhuman feudal society during her growth. Her enthusiasm for life, longing for life and cheerful personality were all buried by sadness and tears, and she became introverted under the blow of a series of social and family tragedies:
Lonely boudoir, one inch sad and tender. Cherish the spring to go, when to rush the rain. Leaning over, just not in the mood. Where people are, even the sky and grass are everywhere, and the way home is broken. ()
The lonely boudoir is about to kill her youth, and the spring rain that urges flowers indicates the return of spring. Faced with this situation, she felt full of sadness and anxiety, and her husband's departure added to her deep sadness. The mood of the poem is low, which shows her dissatisfaction with the lonely boudoir life.
three
If Li Qingzhao's early poems show the spiritual depression, love psychology and vague desire for individual freedom of sensitive young women; Then her later poems (Du Nan) are based on national feelings and patriotic feelings. In the sad tone of her earlier poems, she is more inclined to be sad and depressed, and even changed the "staring at her eyes all day" in the earlier period to "crying first" in the later period. In Shaoxing for five years, the poet lived in Jinhua and wrote the famous Wuling Spring:
The wind has stopped the dust, the fragrant flowers have blossomed, and I am tired of combing my hair at night. Things are people, not everything, and tears flow first. It is said that Shuangxi Spring is still good, and it is also planned to make canoes. I'm afraid the ship can't carry much worry.
Facing the beautiful scenery of Shuangxi in the evening, the author wrote this poem full of sadness with tears. Seeing the scene of falling red on the ground after the storm, the poetess who drank the bitter wine of life saw things and thought about feelings, and all kinds of past events came to mind, deeply feeling the vicissitudes of the times, the state affairs and family affairs were unbearable, and everything could not be redeemed. Facing the spring scenery, she was also aroused by her interest in boating, but was overwhelmed by deep sadness in an instant. "I'm worried that the ship will run in two streams." The word points out that "things are people, not everything", which shows that the poet's worries are condensed from the life experience of broken mountains and rivers and the bleak scenery at dusk, and are the refraction and reflection of the country's ruin. The life tragedy of the country's ruin and death made her even more sad after crossing the south. "I'm tired of combing my hair" and "I took off everything", even to "tears flow first"! This word can be clearly seen, the poet did not have such a deep and broad sadness in his early years; At the same time, it strongly tells people that it was that tragic social era that cast the character of a poetess.
Li Qingzhao and his wife lived in Jiankang for three years after crossing the south. Every winter with heavy snow, she wears hemp fiber and hat, walks up to the wall of Jiankang and looks into the distance. At this time, her heart is full of worries and resentment, but she wants to send her infinite worries by words. However, with Hu Ma's drive, the Central Plains swaying in his mind is the prosperity of the old capital, but what is presented to him is the fragmentation of mountains and rivers. Reality does not allow nostalgia for old dreams. The stronger the contrast between past and present, the more painful it will be. "Yong Yule? Yuanxiao is also sad and gloomy, which makes people feel bitter;
The sunset melts gold and the sunset melts jade. Where are people? Dye willow smoke and play plum flute. What do you know about spring? Is there no wind and rain when the weather is harmonious during the Lantern Festival? Come and greet BMW and thank his drinking buddies and poems. Zhongzhou is in its prime, and the boudoir is full of leisure. Remember points three to five. Pave the green crown, twist the golden snow willow, cluster and fight for Chu. Now I am haggard, windy and frosty, and I dare not go out at night. Might as well go under the curtain and listen to people laugh.
At the beginning, I wrote the beautiful scenery of "the sunset melts into gold and the dusk clouds merge". Although the scenery is beautiful, it is not my hometown. Lonely poets clearly pronounce their own voice "where are people", and their sadness is even worse with the beautiful scenery; Facing the spring scenery, the poet put forward the cold and harsh realistic question of "how big is the meaning of spring". She extended her feelings to the broad society. The bright spring of the Lantern Festival symbolizes false prosperity. Who would have expected that there would be "wind and rain" in "integrated weather"? On the Lantern Festival, people celebrate with poems and wine. At this time, the poetess felt more and more unspeakable pain in her heart. Friends and companions came to invite each other, but the poet politely declined. What the poet thinks at this time is not personal pleasure, not liberation, but evokes the feeling that her country is ruined and her life is confused. She can't help but miss the old grand occasion of "Zhongzhou heyday" and women's "struggle for Chu". However, this is a thing of the past after all. Seeing that "today is haggard, windy and frosty, and afraid to go out at night", she had to "take a curtain call" and "Song of Eternal Sorrow" expressed the bleak feeling of her personal life in her later years, which contained deep worries about the country's prosperity. This is the mood that every patriot should have. No wonder Liu Chenweng, a famous poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, read the word "tears for it" and "every time he hears this word, it can't be compared" (Xu Xi's Ci). It can be seen that his feelings for his old country are deep and moving.
"The misfortunes of those who are closest to our situation will inevitably penetrate the depths of our souls the most deeply." Li Qingzhao's sadness touched the heartstrings of every unfortunate person. The famous "Slow Voice" is a famous piece in Li Qingzhao's later poems;
Looking around, cold and lonely, sad and sad. When it's warm and cold, it's the hardest to rest. Three glasses and two glasses of wine, how can you compare with it? It's too late to worry. Yan Guo is also the saddest, but he is an old acquaintance! Yellow flowers are all over the ground, withered and damaged. Who can pick them now? Looking out the window, how can a person be dark? Indus is drizzling, and at dusk, it is falling. This time, the first one, how about one, learn the word well!
Here, the author summarizes and focuses on her own life characteristics and mental outlook after crossing the south in concise language. In just 97 words, she used amazing description methods to show her tortuous and complicated inner world. Yes, everything is gone: the day I made tea and went back to church to guess books, I laughed and laughed; Flowers are blooming, and the original Spring Festival Gala of the ancients is shown ... But it is hard to rule out that the decline of the homeland of the Central Plains, the death of her husband, sinister framing and slander, and the bleak night view of Jiangnan are all wounds and shadows trapped in her heart. In the bleak autumn evening, she is thoughtful and waiting for something. The first warm and cold season, the late cold wind, the geese from the south and the withered flowers are all touching the poet's melancholy. At dusk, a lonely and desolate atmosphere hung over her. The ensuing drizzle of phoenix tree, like endless sad tears, made her sigh without hair. The repressed worries in my heart churned with the rain. ..... There is no doubt that there are too many sorrows and tears in this poem, full of sadness and sorrow, for oneself and for the motherland, but it is precisely the story of the poet's tortured mind and the sad song of the times and national suffering.
Li Qingzhao's passionate pursuit of love and boredom with narrow gardens in the early stage turned to love for the motherland and the pain of national destruction in the later stage. This turning point in her mind is of far-reaching significance. At this time, she has left the boudoir and lived in exile, and her life has changed dramatically. The poetess no longer sings the songs of personality and love that were suppressed in the early stage, but turns to the homesickness that is more attractive and fascinating than this ideological requirement. She inspires us to understand the inseparable relationship between personal destiny, social system and time life. Li Qingzhao's "Trouble" has won countless sympathy and aroused strong thinking. Her sadness and tears are precious symbols of Li Qingzhao as a sober social figure. Deep pain is far more valuable and meaningful than shallow happiness. In the history of China's poetry, Li Qingzhao occupied a high artistic position for the first time by lyrical singing of poetess or even poet. She reflected that era and that society for us with her rich, complete, bold, profound and melancholy inner emotional world. She is like a bright meteor, shining in the history of China's thought and culture. "It's none of a woman's business to smell words from seaweed. Occasionally, I have beautiful hair and gentle spirit, which is not as good as a strange man. Although I want to remain anonymous, I can't get it. ..... Modern Li Yian is particularly famous. " (preface to Wei Zhonggong's heartbroken poems).
refer to
1, appreciation of famous sentences in Song Dynasty, Zangzhu Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House.
2. Selected Works of China Ancient Literature, Peking University Publishing House.
3. Selected readings of China's ancient literary works in Tianjin Open University.
4. Selected translation of Tang and Song Ci: Yu Pingbo People's Education Publishing House.