The characteristics of farewell poems:
First, there are many kinds and fields: first, express affection and love. For example, Du Fu's Newly Married is about the separation of husband and wife; Liu Zongyuan's parting land, Zong Yi, is the separation of flesh and blood between brothers; Meng Jiao's "Farewell" and Du Mu's "Farewell" describe the lingering feelings between lovers. The second category is friendship and peer affection. Some write to send friends to other places to be officials, such as Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu to Shu Chuan"; Some even wrote about sending friends to other places to be officials, and friends or colleagues were all demoted, such as Farewell and Farewell to Du in Song Dynasty. While seeing off his friends, the poet expressed his political frustration, his dissatisfaction with the court, or his sympathy and relief to his friends. Some wrote about sending friends on expeditions, such as "Sending to the Army" and "Sending Deputy Li to the Western Expedition". These are mostly works of frontier fortress poets, full of lofty sentiments and passions; There is also writing about sending friends to travel far away and expressing that they are free to travel all over the country. For example, seeing friends off to wuyue by Du Xunhe and seeing Meng Haoran off on the way to Yangzhou by Li Bai. These poems are neither sad nor bold, with lofty artistic conception and deep feelings.
In addition, there is a kind of farewell poem in the Tang Dynasty, in which neither the sender nor the sender is the owner, such as "Farewell to Shen Han in Yunyang Inn" by Sikong Shu and "Farewell to Friends in Huaishang" by Zheng Gu. The sender and passer-by here are travelers on the journey, and their special feelings are more interesting.
Second, there are various techniques and profound feelings: first, directly express your chest. For example, Gao Shi's Don't Be Big. The second category is borrowing scenery to express emotion. This is a remarkable feature of Tang people's farewell poems. For example, in Li Bai's "Farewell to Friends", the first couplet is about the farewell place, picturesque and picturesque, but a "horizontal" and "round" expresses the feeling of farewell with the help of mountains and rivers. The two couplets in the middle describe the deep feelings of parting: the couplets imagine the mental journey of a friend after his departure and express his ardent concern for his friend. The "floating clouds" in the necklace symbolize the uncertainty of his friend's whereabouts, and the "sunset" symbolizes the poet's deep feelings for parting, blending scenes and gripping people. The tail is sincere, so is the horse. Why do people feel inferior? The whole poem is lyrical, novel and unconventional, and its feelings are sincere and touching.
Third, there is no sorrow, and each has its own merits: "Affectionate parting from ancient times" is Liu Yong's parting with strong sadness. This kind of poems do not pay attention to the feeling of parting, but write the sad feeling of life experience and political frustration, full of frustration and sadness. For example, the word "sadness" in Lu Lun's poems runs through the whole article, and the farewell environment written in the first couplet greatly aggravates the parting mood and sets a deep and sentimental tone for the whole poem. The farewell scene written in the second couplet still closely follows the word sadness and blends into the feeling of parting; Necklace laments the life experience, but it is still tightly tied to the word sadness, with gloomy feelings, and integrates farewell, feeling the world and sadness, making the mood even sadder.
But Friends are not all sad, such as Wang Bo's Farewell to Du Shaofu Ren Shuchuan, which is sad and sour, with an open artistic conception and bright colors; Chen Ziang's "Send David to the Army" did not fall into the cliche of love, bitterness and sadness. It focuses on the overall situation and expresses the author's generous ambition and enterprising spirit. His feelings are wild and passionate, and his heroic spirit is pressing.
Fourth, the border is near and the meaning is far, and the words are shallow and affectionate.
True literature is pure and sincere feelings are pure. In the farewell poems of the Tang Dynasty, poets often express their sincerity in the simplest language and turn it into a farewell song for generations. For example, Meng Haoran's Farewell to Wang Wei, the whole poem has neither beautiful pictures nor gorgeous rhetoric. The sentence is almost plain to spoken language, and the language is natural, but it is affectionate, touching, shallow and profound, and has a long aftertaste.
"For 20 years, everything has been the same, but today's roads are different." If the emperor agrees to return to the fields, he will become a neighbor at the end of the year. "Liu Zongyuan's" A Farewell to Dreams "contains complex emotions and deep feelings in plain language, which is straightforward and profound." Across the river and across the sea, I haven't seen you for years. Suddenly we found that you were like a dream, and we choked and asked ourselves how old we were. "This is a greeting when friends meet. Natural and unadorned, but the love of acacia is self-evident, and the state of sadness and joy is all in it. This true and pure language is unadorned, and we are moved by that profound friendship.
As a wonderful flower in the grand view garden of Tang poetry, the farewell poems of Tang people greatly enriched the theme and content of Tang poetry in terms of ideological content; In terms of artistic expression, the style is bold or implicit, broad or profound, explicit or implicit, or borrowing scenery or supporting things, and the language is shallow without carving, which truly embodies the artistic characteristics of "the edge is near and the meaning is far, and the words are shallow and affectionate".
Characteristics of landscape poems: Compared with the previous generation, the landscape poems in the early Tang Dynasty showed distinct characteristics: first, they were no longer limited to the detailed description and depiction of specific scenery, but focused on expressing the overall climate of landscape, and the landscape image contained a strong sense of subject and universe, so the poet's understanding and experience of landscape not only deepened, but also became more skilled in artistic techniques; Second, the combination of natural scenery and life feelings, the landscape image contains the beauty of life and the beauty of the poet's personality; Third, we don't stick to physical images, but pay attention to expressing our understanding of the nature of mountains and rivers, thus creating a poetic realm with endless charm. Mountains and rivers are both illusory and emotional; Fourth, the styles are diverse. Although the landscape poems in the early and prosperous Tang Dynasty were mainly vigorous and elegant, they were not eclectic.
Love poems, as the name implies, are poems praising the love between lovers and lovers. They are called "love songs" and are the natural expression of lovers' feelings. For example, concurrent wars, Altair all the way, untitled (time was long before I met her, but it was Li Shangyin after we broke up), Queqiaoxian (Bo Yun clever) and so on. Love, as an eternal theme, has been sung by poets throughout the ages, and has devoted their emotions, life and art to it. The content of love is almost as broad as life, but as unpredictable as disaster. It came and went suddenly, and only the people in it can report the real news to us. China's ancient love poems have distinct aesthetic characteristics. The essence of love she praises is pure and sincere, the form of love she expresses is subtle and elegant, the quality of love she embodies is loyal and firm, and the will of love she shows is affectionate and persistent.
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Frontier poems (when the moon passed in the Qin Dynasty, and people didn't return on the Long March) refer to poems that mainly reflect the life in the frontier war, and reflect the mental outlook of soldiers from scenes such as desert, bonfire, Great Wall and yellow sand. Specifically, frontier fortress poems mainly have the following characteristics in content and thought: reflecting the landscape, customs and military life of frontier fortress soldiers; It shows the will to join the frontier fortress to kill the enemy and serve the country, eulogizes the fighting spirit of the frontier fortress soldiers who have made unremitting efforts to defend the frontier, and expresses their desire to make contributions; Reflect the homesickness of soldiers, expose the unreasonable phenomenon of disparity between soldiers and soldiers, and reflect the profound disaster brought to the people by war.
Frontier poems can best reflect the rise and fall of national luck. Poems on frontier fortress in the prosperous Tang Dynasty (who knows that I don't suffer from frontier court, but I still smell chivalrous when I die. -Wang Wei was drunk and lying on the battlefield. He didn't laugh. He fought several wars in ancient times. -William Wang Huangsha wore shining armor in hundreds of battles, but Loulan was not returned. -Wang Changling) Most of them are brave and indomitable! Even a hard war is magnificent; Even if it is far away, it is lively and lively; Even if it is a heroic sacrifice, it will die without regret. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, there were 300,000 frontier poems. I looked back at the bright moon for a while. -Li yiqiong, there is no bone by the river. He is still a dream girl. -Chen Tao) Although poets still maintain a high-spirited tone, they are inevitably mixed with a lot of sadness and sorrow. Song dynasty frontier poems (the great wall is empty and confident, and the temple in the mirror has long faded. -Lu You Ran Yan didn't return and accomplished nothing, but the tube was covered with frost. -Fan Zhongyan) Although he is still full of patriotic enthusiasm, he is more angry about serving the country and hopeless grief about returning home. Compared with the prosperous Tang dynasty, it is inevitable that there will be more sadness and melancholy.
In art, frontier fortress poems are characterized by bold and unconstrained style, or lyrical by scenery, or satirical by ancient times, or both narrative and discussion.
Friendship farewell poem (Somewhere in life tomorrow, "We met. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? " ; "People have joys and sorrows, and the moon is full of rain or shine. This accident is very difficult. " The people of China have a long tradition of attaching importance to friendship and friendship. In China's ancient poems, there are many poems expressing friendship and describing farewell. ) In the content of friendship farewell poems, there are sadness of traveling, sadness of parting, nostalgia of relatives and friends, etc. For example, Liu Yong's Yulin Ling, Wang Wei's Farewell to Twenty Years of Peace (also a famous song), Li Bai's Farewell to Nanjing Restaurant and Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou are all reluctant to leave. Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu to Sichuan" and Gao Shi's "Biedongda" set up profound encouragement; Wang Changling's "The Parting of Lotus Inn and Xin Jian" is an honest confession. Friendship farewell poems mostly use artistic techniques, such as touching the scene, containing feelings in the scene, blending scenes and so on.
Landscape pastoral poetry (the water is bright and sunny, the mountains are cloudy and rainy; Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops. Landscape pastoral poetry refers to poetry with landscape, pastoral scenery and pastoral life as its main aesthetic objects. China's pastoral poems have a long history. Cao Cao's Looking at the Sea is the first landscape poem in the history of China's poetry, and the poet who laid the foundation of landscape poetry was Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasties. Pastoral poetry, represented by Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, created a school of poetry that expressed quiet feelings by describing pastoral natural scenery. Generally speaking, pastoral poets take natural scenery, rural scenery and rural life as the performance objects of their poems, and throw delicate brushstrokes into quiet mountains and leisurely fields to create a kind of rural life, so as to express their dissatisfaction with reality, their love for nature, and their yearning for returning to nature and quiet simple living, which reflects the poet's broad-minded mood of not seeking fame and fortune and his resentment against social reality.
In terms of artistic techniques, it advocates plainness and richness, and pursues simplicity and nature. When reading pastoral poems, we should appreciate the artistic conception of the blending of scenes and scenes in the poems. The most commonly used artistic technique is to express feelings through images or scenery described, or to melt feelings into the scenery, or to express feelings through the scenery, or to express feelings in the scenery. "All the scenery is in love." Once the natural scenery is absorbed by the poet, it will inevitably bring the poet's emotional color to serve the expression of the poet's specific feelings, thus making the poem have artistic conception. To appreciate the artistic conception of poetry, we should be able to grasp what kind of scenery and life pictures are described in the poem. For example, Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou" "The old friend resigned from the West Yellow Crane Tower, and the fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. The lonely sail is far from the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows in the sky. " This is a good poem that blends feelings into the scenery and contains feelings in the scenery. Fireworks are full of sadness, solitary sails, clear water and sky, which take away the poet's endless thoughts and feelings of parting and penetrate from every picture. Second, we should understand the feelings expressed by poets in their landscape writing, especially some simple pastoral poems. For example, Li Bai's "Send Bai Di City Early" says: "Thousands of miles away in Jiangling, I will return it in one day. The apes on both sides of the strait can't stop crying, and the canoe has passed Chung Shan Man. " The whole poem is rich in color, vivid in poetry and rich in images. On the surface, it seems to be a simple scenery narrative, but in fact it expresses the author's mood. Another example is Du Fu's quatrain: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " What we directly feel about this poem is the author's love for mountains and rivers. Further contact with the writing background of this poem (after the Anshi Rebellion was put down), we can also realize that the author's improvisation actually contains a kind of expectation and joy for the renewal of Vientiane. Thirdly, it is necessary to analyze the writing skills and language characteristics of poetry. There are many ways to write landscapes in pastoral poems. We should pay attention to the angle of the author's observation and description of the scenery (such as height, height, distance and proximity), master and analyze the specific methods of the author's description of the scenery (such as drawing shapes, sounds and colors), and understand and explain the specific methods of describing the scenery (such as the combination of static and dynamic, contrast between light and dark). 〕
Love poems, as the name implies, are poems praising the love between lovers and lovers. They are called "love songs" and are the natural expression of lovers' feelings. For example, concurrent wars, Altair all the way, untitled (time was long before I met her, but it was Li Shangyin after we broke up), Queqiaoxian (Bo Yun clever) and so on. Love, as an eternal theme, has been sung by poets throughout the ages, and has devoted their emotions, life and art to it. The content of love is almost as broad as life, but as unpredictable as disaster. It came and went suddenly, and only the people in it can report the real news to us. China's ancient love poems have distinct aesthetic characteristics. The essence of love she praises is pure and sincere, the form of love she expresses is subtle and elegant, the quality of love she embodies is loyal and firm, and the will of love she shows is affectionate and persistent.