1in mid-July, 927, he served as the secretary of the former enemy Committee of China, and served as the party representative of the 11th Army of the Rebel Army after taking part in the Nanchang Uprising. In February of the same year, he participated in leading the Guangzhou Uprising. 1928 served as secretary of the Military Commission of Guangdong Provincial Party Committee, and 1930 served as minister of the Organization Department of Shunzhi Provincial Party Committee at the beginning. After May of the same year, he worked in the Central Special Branch and the Central Military Commission, and persisted in secret struggles in Hong Kong, Tianjin and Shanghai. 193 1 entered the central Soviet area in February. 1932, he served as deputy director of the General Political Department of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army and political commissar of the First Corps. He was elected as an executive member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Soviet Union. In April of the same year, the political commissar of Ren Hongjun East Road Army participated in the command of Zhangzhou Campaign. /KLOC-After the winter of 0/932, he led the fourth and fifth counter-campaigns against "encirclement and suppression" with the army chief Lin Biao. 1935, he supported Mao Zedong's ideas at the Zunyi meeting. After crossing the Jinsha River, he served as the political commissar of the Central Red Army Advance Team. He led his troops to take part in two expeditionary campaigns in Zhiluo Town and East and West. 1936165438+1October, participated in commanding the Battle of Mountain Castle.
After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he served as the deputy commander and political commissar of the Eighth Route Army 1 15 Division, participated in the command of the Pingxingguan Campaign, and won the first great victory after the start of the Anti-Japanese War. 1937165438+1October, served as commander and political commissar of the Jinchaji Military Region and secretary of the Central Jinchaji Branch. The Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region established the first anti-Japanese base area behind enemy lines. /kloc-in the winter of 0/939, he commanded the battle between Yin Suya and Huangtuling, and killed the head of Lieutenant General Abe, who was called the flower of a famous soldier by the Japanese army. 1August, 940, during the Hundred Regiments War, organized and commanded troops to carry out customs-breaking operations on Zheng Tai, Jinpu, Pinghan and Beining railway lines. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/943, I returned to Yan 'an to participate in the rectification movement. 1945, the troops of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region deployed to counterattack Japan.
During the War of Liberation, he served as Secretary of the Central Bureau of Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei, Commander of the North China Military Region, Second Secretary of the Central North China Bureau, Commander of the North China Field Army and Deputy Chief of Staff of the China People's Liberation Army Military Commission. From 65438 to 0949, he served as the garrison commander of Pingjin and the director of Beiping Military Management Committee. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he served as mayor of Beiping (now Beijing) and vice chairman of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission. He has participated in and commanded battles in Zheng Tai, Qingfengdian, Shijiazhuang and Ping Jin.
1950 Acting Chief of General Staff of the People's Liberation Army at the beginning, assisting the Central Military Commission to lead the deployment of the People's Liberation Army to continue to liberate the southwest region and the southeast coastal islands and eliminate the remnants of Kuomintang armed forces and bandits. In the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, he participated in the deployment, training, transportation, supply and rotation of Chinese people's Volunteer Army's going abroad. Participated in the establishment of leading bodies of various services and arms and a number of military academies, and organized the formulation of military rules and regulations. 1954 vice chairman of the people's revolutionary military commission of the central people's government. 1955 was awarded the rank of Marshal People's Republic of China (PRC), the 1st Class August 1st Medal, the 1st Class Medal of Independence and Freedom, and the 1st Class Medal of Liberation. 1956 1 1 served as the deputy prime minister of the State Council. 1958 concurrently serves as the director of the State Council science and technology commission. 1959 concurrently serves as the director of the National Defense Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of National Defense, leading scientific and technological research and organizing state cooperation. It took only five years to successfully develop various missiles and atomic bombs, and soon developed hydrogen bombs. He was elected as the vice chairman of the 4th and 5th the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), a member of the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th Central Committee, and was elected as a member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and the 11th and 12th members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee at the 11th plenary session of the 8th Central Committee.
During the Cultural Revolution, we fought against the counter-revolutionary groups of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing. 1983 ~ 1988 served as the vice chairman of the central military commission. 1988 was awarded the first-class Red Star Meritorious Medal of China People's Liberation Army in July.
1May 1992 14 at 22: 43, died of heart failure in Beijing at the age of 93. Author of Memoirs of Nie. He is the vice chairman of the First, Second and Third National Defense Committees, the fourth and fifth NPC Standing Committees, the seventh to twelfth Central Committees, the eighth the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, the ninth and tenth Central Committees and the eleventh and twelfth the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee.
Nie Shuai
1919165438+an early morning by the Chuanjiang River in late October. A small ship, with a whoosh, left the dock in Chongqing, split the muddy river and sailed downstream. On the deck stood Nie Rong Zhen, who was twenty years old.
He held the railing and looked at the mountain city hidden by green trees and buildings for a long time. My hometown slowly moved backward, and the familiar scenery gradually disappeared into the mist. He stood thinking, feeling excited, and how many thoughts and past events came to mind like running water.
1899 65438+On February 29th, Nie was born in Shiyuanzi, Wutan Town, Jiangjin County, Sichuan Province.
Shi Yuanzi originally belonged to a big landlord of Wang Xing. It is a nine-hall residence with simple and elegant architectural style. The courtyard is surrounded by fertile land, with bamboo inside and outside the courtyard wall, and a sparkling weir pond on each side. Nie's ancestors moved from Jiangxi to Guizhou, and then turned to Jiangjin, Sichuan. At this point, the landlord has lost everything, and there are only three floors left in the wine hall in the stone yard. Nie bought it and settled down. After several generations of reproduction, Nie became a wealthy family in Jiangjin. But by the time Nie Rongzhen was born, his family had declined. The stone courtyard has been in disrepair for a long time, and it is even more dilapidated. Only the bamboo forest is still full of vitality, woven into green curtains, and people can see the houses in the shade almost as soon as they step on the courtyard door.
When the ancestral property passed to Nie Shixian, Nie's father, only 65,438+00 mu of land remained. Nie Shixian rented a small part of the land, and most of it was cultivated by himself to maintain the livelihood of the whole family. Nie Shixian is cautious and taciturn. His wife, Tang Yushan, is a housewife like a good wife and mother. When Nie was born at the full moon, the couple discussed giving their son an auspicious name. After studying in a private school for several years, Nie Shixian opened his personal collection, pointed to the last sentence of the book, "You can have both blessings", and said to his wife while reading it: "This is an auspicious sentence. According to the genealogy, our son is Rong. What do you think of naming him Rongzhen, Shuangquan? " The wife smiled with satisfaction.
When Nie Rongzhen was two years old, his mother gave birth to his sister Nie Rongchang.
The auspicious name of the child did not bring good luck to Nie's family. Due to family disputes, Nie Shixian had to sell his land and make a living by renting the land of the landlord. 1909, the landlord reclaimed cultivated land, making life more difficult, so he had to partner with others to open a small dye house to make a living. Nie Shixian and his wife are kind-hearted and full of sympathy for the hard-working villagers.
Influenced by his parents and family environment, Nie was kind and sympathetic to the working people since he was a child, and often took the initiative to do some housework to share his parents' worries. When I was 8 years old, I went to my grandfather Tang Yuchu's house for three years. Here he received the enlightenment education. Nie's third uncle Tang Haitan studied in Chongqing University of Political Science and Law. He has an active mind and knows a lot about the outside world. He often discusses current affairs and politics with his classmates at home. Nie, who has been exposed to the news, has also been influenced by some factors.
19 1 1 year, due to the death of grandma, grandpa mourned at home and the private school was closed. Nie Rong Zhen was transferred to Comte No.3 School in Shabu. After the Revolution of 1911, his yearning for new learning made him transfer to Wutan Zhaqi Temple Primary School on 19 13. Soon, he moved to Chen Shi Middle School in Yongchuan County, which is15km away from home.
Senior primary schools in Chen Shi offer many subjects, and most teachers have received new education. Nie came here and felt refreshed. He cherishes time very much and studies hard. In addition to learning the required courses well, he also read extensively, broadening the breadth and depth of his knowledge. In the second semester, he carved the words "midnight is the time for men to make up their minds" on his desk as his motto. Every night, I often hear his reading. Others have fallen asleep, and he is still sitting under the small oil lamp. One night, Liu Jixiu, a Chinese teacher, came to his little oil lamp and saw him reading a book about the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He said, "As a young student, it is very good to read a lot and know the past and the present." On a sunny morning, the headmaster Zhao saw him walking in the corridor reciting Qu Yuan's "National Mourning" and nodded in praise: "Good, good, all the poems of Qu Yuan's ancestors should be familiar." With tenacious perseverance, Nie Rongzhen studied hard in this primary school for two and a half years. 19 17 transferred to Jiuru Town Senior High School in Jiangjin County and graduated in the summer of the same year. After three years of high school study, Nie achieved excellent results in all subjects.
There is a story circulating in Chen Shi High School about "beating Bodhisattva to expand the school building". In this story, the fighting spirit of young Nie Rong Zhen is described.
Chen Shi Primary School is located in a temple called "Sanguan Temple", and many statues are arranged on the walls of the temple. There are many primary school students in the temple, and teachers and students all want to tear down the clay sculpture and expand the school building. The headmaster also made representations to the temple leaders many times, but they were all rejected. This summer, a new teacher, Yang, lives far from home. There is no room in the school. Rongzhen discussed with several students to make room for Teacher Yang at the temple side. That night, they quietly smashed the bodhisattva in the room and moved it away, and posted a note at the door: "Jade Emperor Oracle: the three officials of heaven, earth and water will move today." The next morning, the whole school was shocked and talked for a while. Some said, "The Bodhisattva has ascended to heaven." Some said, "The Bodhisattva moved." Teachers and students tacitly said, "Since it is the will of the Jade Emperor, we should help the Bodhisattva in Sanguan Hall move." So all the bodhisattvas that affected teaching were knocked out and removed. The temple leaders became angry and asked local officials to check. However, the results have never been found out. Finally, the headmaster came forward and bought incense sticks as sacrifices to send the bodhisattva to "ascend to heaven", and the matter went away. In this way, not only teacher Yang has a dormitory, but also teachers have offices and more classrooms. The school building is much more spacious, and teachers and students are very happy. Decades later, the story of Nie Da Bodhisattva is still circulating in the local area.
19 17 Summer, Nie was admitted to Jiangjin Middle School.
Jiangjin Middle School was the only middle school in the county at that time. Established in April 1906. It is a four-year middle school studying Japanese modern education system under the influence of the reform trend of thought. The school site is located in Huangjing Street, the county seat. The school buildings are civil structures, all of which are bungalows. The school gate zigzagged from south to north. There are two rare elms in Bashu in front of the school gate, and mulberry trees, willow trees and phoenix trees are shaded in the campus. At that time, the school's equipment and teachers were first-class in Sichuan.
Nie Rongzhen cherishes the opportunity to study in Jiangjin Middle School and studies very hard. He absorbed cultural and scientific knowledge seriously.
In the books he has read, there are often all kinds of comments, in small font, which are very serious. For knowledge, he tries to understand it and does not dispute the score. He is meticulous in all kinds of homework, drawing clearly and writing neatly.
He has a good memory, but he doesn't memorize it by rote, thinking it over and over again until he understands it thoroughly. On the examination paper of conduct kept by the school, there are comments about his conduct: tolerance-plain clothes; Action-lively and focused in class; Words-not overbearing, gentle; Quality-gentle and natural; Intelligence-strong memory; Emotion-enterprising; Determined.
His spirit of reading against the wall was highly praised at school. Once, when the classroom was empty, he was still reading aloud in front of the wall. Chinese teacher Du saw it and said, "Rongzhen, you should have a rest, too! Do you do this every day? "
"Yes, sir."
"Why?"
"Teacher, students think that learning is like a thick wall, which you can't cut through without great efforts."
"How ambitious!"
Teacher Du also gave him an essay "On Internal Trouble and Foreign Aggression" which had just been corrected, and said, "Rong Zhen, you wrote this article well! It tells the root of China's weakness and poverty, which is convincing.
The article is novel, insightful, fluent in writing and fluent in meaning. I gave you full marks. I'm going to post it on nave for the students to see! Rongzhen, where did you learn so many new terms and principles? "
Nie Rongzhen pointed to some books on the wooden bench. Teacher Du flipped through it and saw Evolution, Origin of Species, New Youth and so on. , smiled kindly.
Jiangjin Middle School is very strict in management. All students live on campus and are not allowed to leave the school gate at ordinary times, let alone go to the streets.
There are 6 to 8 people in each study room. In such an environment, Nie devoted himself to studying and reading extensively. His family is in financial difficulties and scrimps, but he doesn't hesitate to buy books. After he left school, the school also received a set of encyclopedias he ordered from Shanghai Commercial Press. He spent a lot of money on this set of books.
Nie Rongzhen studied hard to find a way to save the country. Facing the semi-colonial and semi-feudal China slaughtered by the imperialist powers, he thought about how to make the poor and backward motherland prosperous in connection with the revitalization of Europe and America brought by the industrial revolution and the rise of Japan brought by the Meiji Restoration.
19 17, the powerful political shock wave of Russian "October Revolution" shook China. Nie came into contact with new ideas from magazines such as New Youth, and he actively joined the ranks of progressive students.
19 18 On the Dragon Boat Festival, he invited seven or eight classmates and friends to Youxi, rented a boat, swam the vast Yangtze River and watched the dragon boat race. When the boat reached the middle of the river, put the paddle in and the boat went with the flow. At this time, I saw the vast sky and the surging river. Nie Rongzhen, a young boy, remembers the ambition of Qu Yuan and his ancestors to reform laws and regulations. He can't help but have a boiling passion. So I drank wine and recited the poem in Li Sao: I don't care about the strong, but I dislike filth. Why not change this level?
Riding at a gallop,
First me, doffer!
They talked about current politics while drinking on the boat. After a full meal, Nie said passionately: "Our generation should take serving the country as the foundation and make contributions to the rise of the Chinese nation. If we get together again in the future, we must achieve something and live up to our classmates. "
1919 65438+1October 18, the Paris peace conference was held, with 27 countries participating. This is a meeting of imperialist powers such as Britain, the United States, France and Japan to carve up the world again. Ignoring China's sovereignty and victorious status, the meeting illegally decided to let Japan inherit German privileges in Shandong before World War I.. The news reached China and shocked the whole country. When it arrived in Jiangjin, the students were extremely angry and gathered on campus, shouting slogans and protesting strongly.
The May 4th patriotic movement finally broke out. This powerful historical trend has influenced a generation of radical youths and Nie in China. Nie and his classmates marched, gathered, distributed leaflets and posted slogans. The streets and alleys of Jiangjin are full of "resisting foreign powers and punishing domestic thieves" and "resolutely resisting Japanese goods! Don't buy enemy goods! Don't hate goods! " Slogan.
Boycott of Japanese goods is the biggest action that Nie Rongzhen experienced in middle school. Jiangjin county is located on the edge of the Yangtze River, and its business is relatively developed. Almost all the shops are full of Japanese goods, which caused strong dissatisfaction among the students. Student representatives from Jiangjin Middle School and Jiangjin A Agricultural School joined forces to actively carry out actions to boycott Japanese goods. They mobilized some shopkeepers not to sell Japanese goods. Hypermarkets such as "Gankuntai" and "Mingshenghe" ignored students' demands, and some small vendors followed suit. As a result, the students' anger was aroused. Representatives of the student union formed a team to search the big stores, registered the Japanese goods one by one, sealed them in Wenchang Palace, and prepared to burn them. The Federation also sent representatives to patrol along the river, and all ships carrying Japanese goods were not allowed to dock. When several big shops heard that the students were going to burn Japanese goods, they panicked and took various measures to resist, and colluded with the military and political leaders in Jiangjin in an attempt to subdue the students by force. Nie, the county magistrate, and Wang Tianpei, the commander of the garrison, held a meeting attended by representatives from academia and business circles. Nie is a representative of Jiangjin Middle School. Wang Tianpei was surrounded by soldiers with live ammunition in an attempt to subdue the students. Businessmen demanded compensation for economic losses, and student representatives insisted on burning Japanese goods. The two sides are deadlocked.
At the end of June, the Treaty of Versailles was formally signed. When the news came, it even angered Jiangjin students. They immediately gathered and took to the streets to March. The headmaster and the inspector tried every means to stop them, closed the school gate and prohibited students from going to the streets.
At this juncture, progressive students such as Nie and Fu Rulin encouraged their classmates: "Don't be afraid! Rush out! "
The students opened the school gate, and more than 200 people rushed out to form a 4-way column, which, together with students from the first-class agricultural school and other schools, merged into a huge team. The students' union sent representatives, holding small flags, to maintain order along the street. More and more people took part in the parade, which caused a sensation in Jiangjin city. The parade arrived at Wenchang Palace, moved all the Japanese goods sealed, arrived at Dongmenhe, set up a high platform, surrounded by students and the masses, and student representatives from the two schools took the stage to preside over the meeting. Nie and others gave a fierce speech at the meeting, which aroused the audience's strong patriotic enthusiasm. Everyone was indignant and was bound to burn all Japanese goods.
Most businessmen are educated by boycotting Japanese goods. But some big shopkeepers are very unfriendly. They bribed the police and suppressed the students. On the second day of burning Japanese goods, Wang Tianpei, the head of the delegation, came to Jiangjin Middle School with soldiers armed with live ammunition. At Wang Tianpei's behest, the school first expelled Fu Rulin, and the rest of the student representatives were prepared to be expelled or ordered to leave school at the end of the semester.
Shortly after the summer vacation came, Nie and the leaders of the Jiang Yang Student Union drafted an open letter, calling on the students to publicize widely after returning home, mobilize the people, boycott Japanese goods, and go to the national disaster together.
In July, Nie returned to his hometown, accompanied by Tang Jiaxiu, Ye Chucai and others, and went to Wutan and Shimen for publicity. He mostly takes advantage of market opportunities and speaks from a height. The patriotic enthusiasm in his speeches often won warm applause from the audience present.
Only when I returned to school after the summer vacation did I know that the reactionary forces wanted to suppress the progressive students. Radical students can no longer continue their studies, and where to go becomes a serious problem. At this time, Nie wanted to go to France to work and study.
At that time, Sichuan's work-study program developed rapidly, and young students actively sought the truth of saving the country and the people from the west. From the May 4th Movement to the end of 192 1, there were 492 students studying in France, the highest in China. In Sichuan, the largest number of people went to Jiangjin, and more than 40 people went to Jiangjin.
Nie, Zhong Rumei and other students went to Chongqing to inquire about the procedures and travel expenses of going to France for work-study programs, and then returned to China to make preparations before going abroad.
He first went to his uncle's house for support. Don's uncle is willing to help. But when I got home, my parents didn't want to let my son stay away from home, fearing that something would happen, and they disagreed. Nie Rongzhen affirmed his parents' will to change the status quo and the danger of being caught, and resolutely said: "I will die!" With the help of my uncle, my parents finally agreed to my son's request. With the help of my uncle, I raised 300 silver dollars for this trip and made all the preparations.
Mid-Autumn Festival, family reunion, wine preparation.
One morning after the Lunar Double Ninth Festival, Nie took the ideal of saving the country by industry, bid farewell to his parents and uncle, and left his hometown.
On the day when her son left home, the mother buried an altar of wine in the ground and prepared to use it to send her son back to school. However, this jar of wine has never been taken out by the old man. Nie Rongzhen's parents died in the 1930s. As soon as Nie left his hometown, he never set foot in this stone courtyard surrounded by bamboo. Until may 1955, he went to Sichuan to inspect the military factory and returned to Jiangjin county by the way.
The small steamboat is sailing on the surging Yangtze River. The scenery of the great river quickly swept away his depression.
After Wanxian, he and his classmates saw Baidicheng, looked up at the Twelve Peaks of Wushan and enjoyed the scenery of the Three Gorges. The magnificent mountains and rivers of the motherland and the magical and beautiful legends make them relaxed and happy. A classmate said to Zhuang Jing, "Go back to Jiangling a thousand miles a day and bid farewell to Bai Di." I don't know when I will return to a foreign country. Nie Rongzhen said: "Determined to serve the country, then he will be immortal." . "
The ship arrived in Hankou and stopped at the dock. Several students got off the ship to see what the train looked like. In Sichuan, the construction of railways has been brewing for many years, and there have been movements to protect railways, but I have never seen railways, let alone trains. They rushed to the railway station. Unfortunately, there are no trains at the station. Some people say that the sound of distant trains can be heard on the tracks. Nie Rongzhen then came down, put his ear on the cold railing, and only heard the sound of "buzzing". Everyone was very excited when they got out of the railway station, saying that they would build a railway in Sichuan when they came back from France, so that their trains could run on Bashu land.
After arriving in Shanghai, they stayed 10 days.
At that time, Shanghai, known as the "Ten Miles Tide", was an "adventurer's paradise". Here, Nie saw the concession within a country, the privileges enjoyed by foreigners, casinos, nightclubs and opium dens enjoyed by foreigners and the rich. These have strengthened his ambition to be rich and powerful, and also made him feel that he has embarked on the right path of studying abroad.