How to summarize the spirit of ancient Greek and Roman culture

"Brilliant Greece, Great Rome" is a high generalization of the cultural characteristics of ancient Greece and Rome. 1. Ancient Greek culture and its cultural characteristics As a representative of classical culture, ancient Greek culture occupies an extremely important position in the West and even the world. Although Aegean civilization was later than ancient Egyptian civilization, ancient Babylonian civilization, ancient Hebrew civilization and ancient Indian civilization, it had greater influence. In other words, the above-mentioned civilizations have been eliminated in the long river of history, while the cultural spirit of ancient Greece has not been annihilated, which shows that its cultural connotation is profound and profound. Greece is a federal city, each city is an independent slave country, and there is no unified political system. The so-called Greek civilization is an all-encompassing civilization, including Athenian civilization, Trojan civilization, Spartan civilization and so on. Pay more attention to literature, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and other sciences, which are generally advanced. Let's talk about ancient Greek literature and philosophy. Ancient Greek literature refers to the literature of the ancient Greek world. Ancient Greek literature in a broad sense covers literature from clan Greek society to Hellenistic era, which lasted nearly 1000 years. It is the source of the whole western literature and the first peak of European literature. Ancient Greek literature reflects the real life in Europe during the transition from clan society to slavery society, especially the people in the ancient world's thinking about the relationship between war and peace and between man and nature. The outstanding heroic behavior of ancient Greece and the great changes in social history are deeply reflected in literary works. These literary works not only laid the foundation for the development of the whole western literature, but also provided rich literature materials for people to study the history and society of the ancient Greek world. The period from 12 century BC to the 8th century BC is representative, which is the transitional period from clan commune system to slavery society in ancient Greece. It is called "heroic era" or "Homer era" in history. The main achievements of literature in this period are myths and epics, such as Homer's epic. Classical Greek philosophy, or early Greek philosophy, focuses on the task of debate and investigation. In many ways, it paved the way for modern science and philosophy. The influence of early Greek philosophers on later generations never stopped, from early Muslim philosophy to Renaissance, to Enlightenment and modern general science. The famous philosophers in ancient Greece mainly included Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Ancient Greek culture has four main characteristics: 1 and idealism. An important aesthetic thought in ancient Greece is that harmony is beauty. The ancient Greeks put forward the idea of golden ratio very early and applied it to painting and sculpture. One of the most fundamental ideas of Pythagoras school philosophy is that the universe and the world are formed according to the relationship and principle of "number", so they are the most harmonious and have the regularity of number. In literary works, most men have extraordinary strength, handsome appearance and developed muscles. Women have amazing appearance and charming figure. In fact, God has emotional shortcomings like people, but they have divine power that people don't have. In other words, God is just an idealized person. 2. humanism. The core idea of the Renaissance is that humanism is by no means accidental. Ancient Greek culture played an important role. Greeks attach importance to personal values and pursue freedom and enjoyment. There are often demigod heroes in Greek mythology, such as Heracles, theseus, Poerxiusi, etc. There is no need to mention them. God, like people, pursues femininity and is competitive. 3. Rationalism. The Greeks are unrestrained and have the so-called "Dionysian sentiment". However, compared with other ethnic groups, the rational color is still more prominent. Ancient Hebrews believed in God, Egyptians revered the sun god, and Indians worshipped it even more. The attitude of the Greeks towards God is not so much worship as yearning. People even dare to play jokes on God. This rationalism made Socrates drink the poisoned wine of truth. The Greeks applied this to philosophy, thinking about the origin of the world and exploring the logic of paradox; Apply it to science, study the buoyancy of lever pulley and discover the mystery of numbers. 4. tragedy. The contradiction between one's own pursuit and fate has formed a tragedy. Strictly speaking, every nation has a tragedy, but Greece is the strongest, and it seems that only Japan is close. Homer's epic is a representative of tragedy. Achilles and Hecktor are two typical tragic figures. The former is the contradiction between self-pursuit and destiny, while the latter is the contradiction between self-thought and national mission. Here is an ominous introduction. 5. majestic. This is a continuation of the above viewpoint. Tragedy lies not in writing sadness, but in writing tragic and majestic. Greek epic plays are mostly heroic and lyrical. The language is high and the sentence pattern is short. The Parthenon, a Greek building, is tall and spectacular, and the image of the sculpture "Stone Thrower" is strong and handsome, which reflects this. Second, ancient Roman culture and its cultural characteristics Roman civilization is more complicated. Generally speaking, the ancient Roman civilization we are talking about seems to be the first Roman Empire and the former Roman Republic. Rome is unified in political system and implements federal democracy. The concept of democracy was put forward and practiced earlier. Politically, it is very similar to the United States now. Compared with Greek civilization, Rome is a powerful country, but its civilization lags far behind Greece. So Roman civilization was inherited from Greece. This is similar to the Yuan and Qing Dynasties in ancient China. Ancient Rome was greatly influenced by Sparta, which advocated will and had potential embryonic form of idealism philosophy. In addition, the vast territory of Rome makes Roman civilization more diverse, including inheriting and absorbing Greek civilization, Carthage civilization, Phoenician civilization, Germanic civilization, Egyptian civilization and even early Christian civilization. Typical strong culture has great influence, diversity and openness. In philosophy, literature, architecture and other aspects, it has created great spiritual wealth for all mankind. I mainly talk about the philosophy and culture of ancient Rome. From the first half of the 2nd century BC, Rome defeated Macedonia and annexed the ancient Greek city-states, until the demise of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, which was the "ancient Roman period" in history. Philosophers in ancient Rome mostly expounded their thoughts by annotating the works of their predecessors. Although there are many insightful opinions, in general, they only synthesize the previous philosophy in different forms and lack originality. The important philosophical schools in this period include skepticism, Epicurism, Stoicism and Neo-Plato, all of which contain certain psychological thoughts. We focus on understanding the skepticism school. The founder of this school is Pyrrho (about 365-275 BC). Rationalism and empiricism bred by early ancient Greek philosophy provide two completely different ways to seek truth, either believing in internal rationality or relying on external perceptual experience. However, Pyrrho believes that neither reason nor feeling can provide real knowledge. Therefore, people had better be skeptical about everything, keep silent and don't judge easily. In this way, you can be ignorant and content with ignorance. Pursuing peace of mind is the purpose of life. Pyrrho represented the early skepticism, and later the ancient Rome's Ainasid Hume (about BC 1 century) represented the late neo-skepticism. Ancient Greece and Rome, two great civilizations, are the cradles of western culture, two eternal monuments in the history of world culture, and the moderns that westerners talk about. The industrious people of ancient Greece and Rome used their wisdom to create amazing masterpieces for us, leaving us a height that could not be surpassed in the history of culture and art. The characteristics of Roman culture ancient Rome rose in the Italian peninsula, adjacent to Greece. When the Greek classical culture was highly prosperous in the 5th century BC, Rome was still a city-state that had just entered civilization. With the external expansion of Rome, the influence of Roman culture is growing. Roman culture is an important part of western classical culture, which is inextricably linked with Greek culture. No matter in architecture, religion, science, literature and art, we can see the influence and imprint of Greek culture, which is the inheritance and development of Greek culture, but its achievements in these aspects are better than those of Greece. The Romans were an agricultural country in the early days. For a long time, they maintained a vigorous, simple, hardworking and pragmatic folk custom. * * * And the early Romans lived frugally, not luxuriously, and people dressed simply and ate simply. Under the influence of Roman national spirit, simplicity and practicality became the most important feature of Roman culture. For example, Roman art tends to be practical, pursuing grandeur in form and emphasizing individuality in character expression. The outstanding achievements of Roman art are manifested in architecture and sculpture. Roman architecture has greatly surpassed Greece in overall planning, complex technical structure and diverse uses, forming a Roman-style architecture. Large cylindrical structure and arch coupon structure are the remarkable characteristics of Roman architecture, and gradually formed the Roman architectural system and national style. Whether it is temples, palaces, theaters, squares, bathing places, etc. The Romans have made pioneering innovations in advance, and these buildings themselves contain the meaning of public facilities, so cultural construction can be further promoted. The Romans transformed the absorbed buildings according to their own national characteristics, inherited the essence of the column system of Greek architecture and developed the collective style. For example, the Pantheon is indispensable in Roman architecture. At the same time, Rome also absorbed the artistic essence of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt. Roman architectural features generally embody this style in the imperial capital, which is a great pride of Roman culture and an important symbol of the unification and integration of architectural art in a wider range. The architectural art of ancient Rome has made great achievements. Large-scale buildings have rich and dignified style, harmonious and unified composition and various forms. The Romans opened up new fields of architectural art and enriched architectural technology. Due to the development and perfection of Roman political system, its influence on culture is also very prominent. Roman society has gone through three stages: the monarchical era, the imperial era and the imperial era. Therefore, the political practice of the Romans added many new factors to the western political tradition. High achievements have been made in national concepts, ruling skills, laws, military technology, engineering, etc. Advocate perseverance, obedience and sense of responsibility among citizens. It contributed to the promotion and development of Roman culture. Therefore, its social life and customs are increasingly rich. Rome has also made great achievements in writing and literature. The ancient Romans used characters earlier, but the real literary works came into being later. Before the 3rd century BC, there were primitive folk literature in Rome, but these oral poems were rarely preserved. The development of Roman literature was realized on the basis of accepting the influence of Greek culture, transplanting and transforming Greek poetry, drama and other literary forms in the process of unifying Italy and expanding overseas. Roman cultural works are very rich, such as comedies "The Merchant" and "The Boatman", which left 57 speeches and more than 800 letters to Cicero's works. In the 7th century BC, the Romans created the Latin alphabet on the basis of the Etruscan alphabet (converted from the Greek alphabet). After continuous improvement, the Latin alphabet has become the basis for many other nationalities to create their own characters. This is one of the great contributions of the ancient Romans to world culture. There are also many different factions in philosophy, and different factions have formed different theories. Roman materialist philosophy exposes and criticizes religious superstitions and fools people. The idealist philosophy in the late Roman Empire put forward that "Taiyi" is the origin of the world, and the means of practice is abstinence and asceticism, which purified the soul, realized the unity of soul and Taiyi, and realized the transition to religious theology, which had a great influence on Christian theology and left wisdom for mankind. In terms of natural science, the Roman people have a strong spirit of practical scientific rationality, which is manifested in two aspects: (1) integrating the knowledge since ancient Greece, and even integrating it into a knowledge system; Second, it pays attention to the application of scientific knowledge to production practice, thus creating the most highly developed productive forces in the ancient western world. The Romans attached importance to practicality, which made practical science and technology closely related to people's lives, such as agriculture, architecture, military, medicine, surveying and mapping, etc., which developed in Rome and made great achievements. The development of practical science and technology in Rome is the most prominent in agriculture. Intensive Cultivation by Old Cato, On Agriculture by Varo and On Agriculture by Mullai are three famous agricultural books in Rome. They not only discuss agricultural production technology and methods of managing agriculture through price, but also discuss social and economic relations. In the golden age of science and technology in Rome for more than 100 years, all kinds of science and technology have made remarkable progress, especially the technical engineering knowledge that serves production and is closely combined with the Roman spirit of attaching importance to practicality is fruitful. Rome has many cultural characteristics, various forms and many fields. The Romans developed Roman culture with pioneering spirit, enriched Roman culture and made outstanding contributions to all mankind ~