Unit 1 Prosperity and Open Society
Lesson 1 The Prosperous Sui Dynasty
1. In 581, Yang Jian, a relative of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, seized power and established During the Sui Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty was established and its capital was Chang'an. Yang Jian was Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty. In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed the Chen Dynasty, the last dynasty of the Southern Dynasty, and the north and south were reunited.
2. During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty experienced economic prosperity and many large warehouses for storing grain and cloth were built in Chang'an and Luoyang.
3. During the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty, a grand canal was dug from north to south. The purpose of the excavation was to strengthen north-south transportation and consolidate the Sui Dynasty's rule over the country. The Grand Canal is centered on Luoyang, extending to Zhuojun in the north and Yuhang in the south. It is more than 2,000 kilometers long and is the longest canal in the ancient world. The opening of the Grand Canal promoted economic exchanges between the north and the south and consolidated the reunification of the country.
Lesson 2: The Rule of Zhenguan
1. The Sui Dynasty was very similar to the Qin Dynasty, with only two emperors. The second emperor, Sui Yang, implemented tyranny in the later period of his reign, which eventually led to a peasant uprising in the late Sui Dynasty and the collapse of the Sui Dynasty. Sui Dynasty: 581~618 years
2. In 618, the Tang Dynasty was established. The founder was Li Yuan. The capital was Chang'an. Li Yuan was the emperor of Tang Dynasty.
3. After Tang Gaozu abdicated, he was succeeded by Li Shimin, namely Tang Taizong, with the reign name Zhenguan. During his reign, he took many consolidation measures to make the politics of the Tang Dynasty relatively clear. The economy developed rapidly and the national power gradually became stronger. Historically, the rule at that time was called the "Reign of Zhenguan." The measures taken by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty include: 1. Paying great attention to the lessons learned from the Sui Dynasty and understanding that rulers should not overly exploit farmers; 2. Paying attention to the development of production, ③ Pay attention to "avoid extravagance and be simple"; ④ rectify the administration of officials; ⑤ appoint talented people and accept advice with an open mind.
4. "Fangmou Duduan" refers to the two prime ministers who were reused during the Taizong period of the Tang Dynasty: Fang Xuanling and Du Ruhui. The most famous remonstrator at that time was Wei Zheng. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty compared him to a mirror that could "know gains and losses."
5 Wu Zetian is the only female emperor in the history of our country. She changed the name of the Tang Dynasty to Zhou. During her reign, she continued to implement Tang Taizong's policy of developing agriculture and selecting talents, which further developed the Tang Dynasty's social economy and strengthened its national strength. People call her rule "the political enlightenment of Kaiyuan and the governance of Macro Zhenguan".
6. The boat is more powerful than a human being, and the water is more powerful than a commoner. Water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it. ——Taizong of the Tang Dynasty
The meaning of this sentence is: The ruler is like a boat, and the people are like water; water can make the boat sail on the water, but it can also overturn the boat. This sentence shows the power of the people.
Lesson 3: The Prosperous Age of Kaiyuan
1. The early reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty was called Kaiyuan. In the early period of his rule, the politics were clear and the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous. The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, known in history as the "Kaiyuan Heyday".
2. The similarities between Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty in the early period of his reign include: he was good at appointing good ministers, attached great importance to local governance, agricultural production, and frugality.
3. The economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty is reflected in: (1) Agriculture: ① developed water conservancy; ② progress in farming technology and cultivation methods; ③ emergence of new plant varieties (including new vegetable varieties and tea . During the Tang Dynasty, tea drinking became popular across the country, and Jiangnan became an important producing area for growing rice and tea.) ④ Improvements in production tools - curved shaft plows and barrel carts. (2) In terms of handicraft industry: ① The silk weaving industry is developed; ② The ceramic industry is developed (Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang Sancai are the most famous). (3) Business: Business is prosperous, and the metropolises include Chang'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou, and Yangzhou. Chang'an was not only the center of exchanges between various ethnic groups at that time, but also an international metropolis.
Lesson 4 The Creation of the Imperial Examination System
1. The emergence of the imperial examination system: ① Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty began to select officials through subject examinations ② Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty established the Jinshi Department, and the imperial examination system was born
2. The improvement of the imperial examination system: ① Taizong of the Tang Dynasty greatly expanded the scale of Chinese studies; ② Wu Zetian pioneered palace examinations and martial arts examinations; ③ Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty made poetry and poetry the main content of the Jinshi subjects.
3. The impact of the imperial examination system on the Sui and Tang Dynasties: ① Improved the employment system ② Promoted the development of education ③ Promoted the development of literature and art
Lesson 5 and We Are the Same Family< /p>
1. The Tubo people are the ancestors of the Tibetan people. In the early 7th century, Songtsen Gampo, the outstanding Tubo ruler, unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and established Luoche as its capital.
2. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty married Princess Wencheng to Songtsen Gampo. Princess Wencheng's entry into Tubo intensified the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Tibet and enhanced the friendly relations between Han and Tibet. At the beginning of the 8th century, Tang married Princess Jincheng to Tubo. Tubo Zanpu wrote to the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, saying that Tubo and the Tang Dynasty had become "one family".
3. The Uighurs are the ancestors of the Uighurs. Their leader was named Huairen Khan by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Later, the Uighurs were renamed the Uighurs.
4. At the end of the 7th century, Sumo Mohe, a branch of the Mohe tribe, unified the tribes and established a political power. Later Tang Xuanzong established a state there, with its leader as the governor and granted the title of Bohai County King.
5. The residents of Liuzhao are the ancestors of the Yi and Bai people. Later, Nanzhao unified the Six Zhaos, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named its leader the King of Yunnan.
6. Why was Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty respected by various ethnic minorities?
Answer: He implemented an enlightened minority policy that treated all ethnic minorities equally, regardless of high or low status, so he was supported by all ethnic groups.
Lesson 6: Friendly Exchanges with Foreign Countries
1. The Tang Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation in the world, and all countries called the Chinese "Tang people".
2. "Tianzhu" refers to today's Indian Peninsula; "Dashi" refers to today's Arabian Peninsula; "Persia" refers to today's Iran.
3. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China and Japan had very frequent exchanges. In order to learn from the advanced culture of our Tang Dynasty, Japan sent many envoys to China. These envoys were called "envoys to the Tang Dynasty".
4. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the eminent monk Jianzhen traveled east to Japan. In Japan for ten years, he worked tirelessly to spread the culture of the Tang Dynasty and made significant contributions to the friendship and cultural dissemination between China and Japan.
5. The countries on the Korean Peninsula had frequent contacts with the Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the prosperity of Silla, a large number of foreign students were sent to the Tang Dynasty to study Chinese culture.
6. During the Tang Dynasty, China and Tianzhu had frequent exchanges. The eminent monk Xuanzang traveled to the west to learn Buddhist scriptures and wrote "The Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty".
Lesson 7: The Glorious Culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties (1)
1. The Zhaozhou Bridge designed and built by Li Chun, an outstanding craftsman of the Sui Dynasty, is the oldest existing stone arch bridge in the world. .
2. Printing is one of the four great inventions in ancient my country. The Diamond Sutra printed in the Tang Dynasty is the earliest extant woodblock print with an exact date in the world.
3. The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of poetry creation in my country. The poets with the highest achievements and greatest influence include Li Bai (immortal of poetry), Du Fu (sage of poetry), and Bai Juyi. Li Bai's poems are rich in imagination, wonderful in artistic conception, and brisk in language. He is called the Immortal of Poetry. Du Fu's poems reflect profoundly and are called "History of Poetry" by later generations. His representative works are "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". He is called the "Sage of Poetry". Bai Juyi lived in the middle of the Tang Dynasty and advocated that poetry should reflect more real life and achieve educational purposes. "Qin Zhongyin" and "New Yuefu" are representative works of this type of poetry, which satirize society and sympathize with the people.
Lesson 8 The Brilliant Culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties (2)
1. There were many famous calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty, the most famous ones being Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan. After Wang Xizhi, the most accomplished calligrapher in the history of Chinese calligraphy is Yan Zhenqing. He created his own "Yan style" masterpiece: "Yan Family Temple Stele". Liu Gongquan created his own "Liu style" and his representative work is "Mysterious Tower Stele". Later generations called them "Yan Jin Liu Gu".
2. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the art of painting was highly developed, and figure paintings, landscape paintings, and flower-and-bird paintings appeared in large numbers. Those who had greater influence include Yan Liben and Wu Daozi of the Tang Dynasty. Yan Liben is good at painting characters and stories, and his representative works are "Portraits of Emperors of the Past Dynasties" and "Picture of a Walking Chariot". Wu Daozi pioneered freehand painting and was known as the "Sage of Painting" by later generations. His representative work is "The Picture of the King Sending His Son to Heaven".
3. Grotto art developed greatly during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The most famous of them is the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, located in today's western Gansu Province. There are a large number of exquisite colored sculptures and murals in it, and their content is mainly to promote Buddhism. It can be called one of the largest art treasures in the world.
4. The music and dance of the Sui and Tang Dynasties absorbed a large number of traditional music and dances from all ethnic groups in the Western Regions and surrounding countries and innovated them to present the characteristics of the prosperous age. The main ones include "The Song of Colorful Clothes and Feather Clothes", "The Music of King Qin's Breaking Formation", etc.