Writing skills generally include expression, rhetoric and expression:
Expression:
Narration: Describe the occurrence, development and change of characters experience or something.
"The boat crossed Guazhou at night, and the iron horse dispersed in the autumn wind" (Lu You's book of grief and indignation)
Write an unforgettable story that I personally went to the front line of anti-gold in a narrative way.
Description: A concrete description and depiction of people, events and environment in vivid language.
"Jiang month go to people only a few feet, lantern according to the night. The heron on the sand head stays silent, and the fish jumps at the stern and stirs "(Du Fu's" Mancheng Yi ")
The poem, with the theme of the moon shadow in the water, vividly describes the egrets winding and quietly staying on the beach in the moonlight. The big fish at the stern jumped out of the water and made a harsh sound, which constituted the quiet beauty of the moonlit night on the river.
Comment: Opinions expressed on the nature, right and wrong, value, characteristics and functions of people and things.
"It's not that chrysanthemum is preferred among flowers, and this flower has no flowers" (Yuan Zhen's Chrysanthemum)
These are the last two sentences of the poem, pointing out the reasons for loving chrysanthemums and praising their unswerving character after weathering and withering.
Lyric: express the author's strong subjective feelings such as love, hate, likes and dislikes, emotions and love. There are direct lyric and indirect lyric.
"Tudor in the morning, the guest line sad hometown. When a chicken crows at the Maodian Moon, people walk on the Banqiao Frost. Mistletoe leaves fall on the mountain road, and orange flowers are on the wall of the post. Because of thinking about Ling Du's dream, the geese return to the pool. " (Wen Tingjun's "Walking in the Morning")
The first sentence of the first couplet takes care of time, events and environment, writes about the hardships of tourists and directly expresses the poet's feelings. Compared with "hometown", "Hakka" will naturally give birth to a "sad" word.
An Overview of Writing Skills (2)
Rhetoric (figure of speech):
Metaphor: Compare one thing or situation with another. It can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy. It can highlight the characteristics of things and visualize abstract things.
"Looking at Dongting from afar, there are green snails in the silver plate" (Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting from afar")
Poetry skillfully compares "snail" to the mountain under the bright moon Yin Hui, and compares it to a green snail in a silver plate. The colors are elegant and the mountains and rivers are integrated.
Metonymy: borrowing related things, not what you want to express. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit.
"Know, know? It should be green and fat and red and thin "(Li Qingzhao's Dream")
In the poem, "green" and "red" are used to replace leaves and flowers respectively, and to describe lush leaves and withered flowers respectively.
Exaggeration: an enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function and degree of things. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly.
"White hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is as long as long" (Li Bai's Song of Autumn Pu)
Worry gives birth to white hair, and the poet exaggerates to write white hair as long as "three thousands of feet", which shows the depth of worry.
Duality: Use a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
"Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward" (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain)
From the structure of the article, this poem consists of four sections and eight sentences, each sentence is a antithesis, round and natural, without the trace of an axe. "Boundless falling trees" and "endless Yangtze River" make the artistic conception of the poem appear broad and far-reaching, and the rustling leaves make people feel more colorful about the rolling water. More importantly, from here, I feel the pain that the poet's youth is fleeting and his ambition is hard to pay.
Analogy: people are called anthropomorphic, or crops are called simulacra. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid and vivid.
"The frost bird wants to see first, and the pink butterfly seems to know each other." (Lin Bu's Xiaomei in the Mountain Garden)
This couplet is personified. "Steal a glimpse first" wrote that the white crane loves plums very much. Before it could fly down, it couldn't wait to peek at the plum blossom first. The word "broken soul" describes the butterfly's love for Mei, exaggerating the butterfly's love for Mei to the extreme.
Parallelism: Say several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone in succession.
"Dead vines and old trees faint crows, small bridges and flowing water, thin horses in the west wind at sunset" (Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha")
The combination of pure nouns constitutes a typical environment.
Ask questions: ask questions first, and then express your opinions. The introduction of the question led to the whole article, with the question in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following, and the question at the end, which deepened the theme and made people memorable.
"Ask the world who is a hero? There is wine on the river, which is fair to Cao. " (Yuan Xiao Qu's "Spirit", by Aruvi)
Start with a question, point out the topic, and lead to the following hierarchical description of the heroic achievements of the Three Kingdoms.
Rhetorical question: express clear meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.
"Although the disciples of Jiangdong are here today, are they willing to make a comeback for you?" (Wang Anshi's Overlapping Wujiang Pavilion)
The rhetorical question uses a cold tone, emphasizing the inevitability of history.
Enlightenment: Enlightenment is to say something else first to arouse the words to be sung.
"I want to know why my Jinse has fifty strings, and each string has a youthful interval" (Jinse by Li Shangyin)
The first couplet was inspired by this instrument, and the idea of "New Year" came into being.
Overview of Writing Skills (3)
Expression skills:
Citation: There are two kinds of allusions: using useful things and quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings.
The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words.
"In those days, Jin Ge was an iron horse, swallowing Wan Li like a tiger" (Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Le Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia")
"After ten miles in the spring breeze, the wheat turns green" (Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow)
This word is practical except recalling the author's experience of going south 43 years ago. "When Jin Ge was an iron horse and swallowed Wan Li like a tiger" is about the heroic deeds of Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition against the enemy. By praising Emperor Wu of Song and satirizing the shameless behavior of the pacifists in the Southern Song Dynasty, the author showed his determination to oppose Jin Zhuzhang and restore the Central Plains.
Du Mu's poem quoted in "Spring Breeze Shili" shows the prosperity of Shili Long Street in Yangzhou in the past. Let the Wheat Green, the bleak situation that the writer saw today, is the real writing. These two contrasting pictures convey the poet's feelings about the prosperity and decline of the past.
Correlation: linking one thing with another related thing, or linking similar features in things to form a model.
"Jasper makeup into a tree high, hanging green silk sash in ten thousand. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " (He Zhangzhi's Liu Yong)
The poet linked the graceful willow branches with the green ribbon, and used clever metaphors to create a novel image with unique romantic color, which changed the symbolic meaning of willow leaves.
Imagination: People create new ideas through association, reasoning, analysis and synthesis on the basis of existing materials and ideas.
"The lake is full of moonlight, and there is no windless mirror on the pool surface. Look at the Dongting landscape, there are green snails in the silver plate. " (Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting")
This poem chooses the perspective of looking at the moonlit night, and skillfully reproduces the lakes and mountains of Dongting on paper through extremely imaginative description.
The combination of reality and fiction: it refers to the fact that realistic scenes and events and imaginary scenes and events set off each other, interweave together and express the same feelings.
The cicadas in autumn are so sad and urgent, facing the pavilion, it is in the evening and a sudden rain has just stopped. All the accounts are in no mood, and the blue boat in homesickness is urging. Holding hands and staring at tears, I was speechless. ..... (Liu Yong's Lin Yuling)
In the last part, I wrote all the real facts in front of my eyes except "I miss thousands of miles of smoke and waves, and the dusk is heavy" The writer and his beloved cannot bear to be separated, and they have to start a new mood. This is the real writing; The next idea about future life is an empty article, deliberately depicting the poet's feeling of loneliness. The combination of reality and reality vividly writes about the reluctance to leave.
Set-off: or contrast: refers to supporting nails with ethidium to make the characteristics of nails more prominent. There are two kinds: front lining and back lining.
"The river of no return, waves scouring, eternal romantic figures. To the west of the old base, humanity is the Red Cliff in Zhou Lang. (Su Shi's "Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia")
"In Fuzhou, far away, she was watching the moonlight, looking at it alone from the window of her room. For our boys and girls, poor little baby, unsolved Chang 'an. Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? . (Du Fu's Moonlit Night)
Zhou Yu is the character to be portrayed in this poem, but from the beginning of "the romantic figure of the ages", how many heroes are drawn from Battle of Red Cliffs, and finally concentrated on Zhou Yu, which highlights Zhou Yu's dominant position in the author's mind.
Couplets and necklaces describe the beauty of his wife, reflecting the poet's melancholy and painful mood.
Rendering: Describe the environment and scenery in various ways to highlight the image and strengthen the artistic effect.
"The sky is high and the wind is urgent, apes crow and birds crow, and the blue lake and white sand return" (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain)
What I saw and heard in the first pitch, six close-ups appeared one after another, rendering the characteristics of the scenery of Qiujiang River.
Symbol: to express concepts, thoughts and feelings with similar or similar characteristics through concrete and easy-to-associate images.
"Castle Peak seems to want to keep people around the county" (Li Deyu's Cliff Climbing City)
These two sentences describe that green hills are surrounded by mountains, and the counties and cities where they are located are being tightly blocked and blocked. It symbolizes the persecution of political opponents and the sorrow of writing.
An Overview of Writing Skills (4)
Contrast: Compare two different things or situations and compare them with each other.
"Goujian king break Wu Gui, soldiers are home. Maid-in-waiting is like full spring palace, but only partridges fly today. "(Li Bai's Visit to the Ancient Vietnam)
The first three sentences describe the prosperity of the past, and the last sentence describes the coldness and desolation of today, which makes readers feel particularly profound and contains the poet's profound historical thinking.
Suppress: Speak negative aspects and positive aspects at the same time, and only emphasize one of them to achieve the purpose of suppressing this or that. There are two kinds: first rising and then restraining, first restraining and then rising.
"Boudoir young woman don't know sorrow, spring makeup tall buildings. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. " (Wang Changling's in my heart forever)
This poem first describes the young woman's "no worries" and then her "regrets". Through the description of the subtle changes of young women's mood, this paper profoundly expresses the sentimental feelings of young women caused by touching the scene and highlights the theme of "in my heart forever".
Concern: refers to the necessary answer to the previous writing in the poem. This method is used properly to make the structure compact and rigorous.
The Chu River is shrouded in thin rain, and the companion city rings in the dusk. The rain is heavy, the sky is not right, and the birds fly slowly. (Wei's "Farewell to Li Zhou in the Night Rain")
In the first two sentences, the poet stood by the drizzling river at dusk, pointed out the "dusk rain" in the poem title, and took care of the word "send" in the poem title.
Dynamic and static: the dynamic and static description of things and scenery set off each other and constitute a kind of interest.
The sand-headed bird is silent, and the fish at the stern is whistling. (Du Fu's "Mancheng Yi")
The fourth sentence "dynamic" of fish jumping sets off the "static" of the first three sentences.
Positive description: the direct description of the object of description is positive description; Describe the things around the object to make it more vivid and prominent.
"There are thousands of spring branches on a tree, which are softer than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng all day? " (Bai Juyi's Yang Liuzhi Ci)
"The desert dusty sky is faint, and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Hebei at night and has been reported alive. " (Wang Changling's "Joining the Army")
The first sentence and the second sentence of the white poem describe the beautiful form of willow in spring by means of positive description.
The second sentence of Wang's poem describes the side of the war situation. On the one hand, poetry is windy, which is convenient for rolling up the red flag and marching in a hurry. On the other hand, it is highly alert and unobtrusive, which highlights the tension of war.
Express one's feelings directly: express one's feelings immediately, face the natural scenery and express the poet's philosophical thoughts.
"The mountain covers the day, and the sea drains the golden river. But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. " (Wang Zhihuan's "In the Heron Villa")
The first two sentences describe the scenery, and the last two sentences directly express the feelings generated in such an environment. The natural situation, the vast weather and the poet's philosophy in front of this scene are integrated.
Borrowing scenery to express emotion and melt scenery: the thoughts and feelings that the poet wants to express are not positive, but completely reside in the natural scenery in front of him and express his feelings through the natural scenery.
"The lonely sail is far away, the blue sky is full, and the sky is only flowing along the Yangtze River" (Li Bai's Yellow Crane Tower, Don't be Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou)
The figure of the old friend is getting farther and farther, and finally disappears completely. The rolling river is like thinking about friends constantly.
Send things to express one's will: on the basis of trying to describe things, integrate the author's feelings and entrust the author's mind.
"There are thousands of spring branches on a tree, which are softer than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in Yongfeng Xiyuan all day? " (Bai Juyi's Yang Liuzhi Ci)
Entrust ambition with things, and write that Liu is left alone in the wilderness, expressing the feeling that talents are buried.
Image: Image is what casts the author's thoughts and feelings in poetry.
"The lack of a month to drain the tung, leaking people in Jing Chu. Who saw you alone? Fuzzy and lonely. Looking back in shock, no one can save it, and the lonely sandbar is cold. " (Su Shi's "Bu Operator Huang Huiyuan's Dwelling Work")
The words "lack of moon", "sparse trees", "secluded people", "lonely hanging" and "cold branches" are all images.
Artistic conception: the artistic realm formed by the author's rich imagination, which integrates his thoughts and feelings with the life picture of his works. This is the poet's subjective feeling, feeling and understanding of life, and it is the integration and unity of the external morphological characteristics and internal implications of objective things.
"The lack of a month to drain the tung, leaking people in Jing Chu. Who saw you alone? Fuzzy and lonely. Looking back in shock, no one can save it, and the lonely sandbar is cold. " (Su Shi's "Bu Operator Huang Huiyuan's Dwelling Work")
The image in the above example combines the emotional color of words such as "independence", "ethereal", "hate", "loneliness" and "cold" with the symbolic poem of "picking up all the cold branches and refusing to live", which constitutes a lonely and desolate atmosphere, but the poet's heart is very firm, expressing the author's attitude towards life that he is arrogant and self-admiring and unwilling to die with the world.