Jian 'an period at the end of Han Dynasty? Three Cao Cao (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) and Seven Zi (Kong Rong, RoyceWong, Chen Lin, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Serina Liu) inherited the realistic tradition of folk songs in Han Yuefu, and generally adopted the five-character style, which was famous for its vigorous style and generous and sad masculinity, forming a "Jian 'an style" in the history of literature. No matter "Cao Shi and his son" or "Jian 'an seven sons", they all lived in the land of Heluo for a long time, and this handsome and vigorous style is closely related to Heluo culture.
The word "character" was first widely used in the character comments of Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties, and was later quoted in the theory of calligraphy and painting and literary criticism. Regarding literary criticism, Feng Gu, written by Liu Xie in the Southern Tang Dynasty, is the most accurate: "When you express your ambition, you must start from the wind; Thoughtful words, not before bones. So think of words as bones, such as the skeleton of the body; Love contains wind, and it is still shaped by gas. When the words are straight, the bones become awkward; When the spirit is cool, the style of writing is born. " It means that straight words combined with handsome spirit form a "character" with strong style and strong artistic appeal. Wind is the vitality and internal appeal of an article, while bone refers to the expressive force of an article.
The last title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was "Jian 'an" (A.D. 196 ~ 220), and the Jian 'an period in literary history refers to the period from Jian 'an to Wei Chu. The writers of this era gradually got rid of the shackles of Confucianism and paid attention to the lyricism of their works. In addition, at that time, in the turbulent era of war, their thoughts and feelings were often more passionate. They created a large number of excellent literary works, which formed the characteristics of rich content and rich feelings in literary works, that is, people often say "Jian 'an style".
Literary works in Jian 'an period, especially poems, are the most prominent. Jian 'an Poetry is developed on the basis of the Han Yuefu and Ancient Poems, and these works show the spirit of the times. "Cao Shi and his son" are the leading figures in Jian 'an literary world, and Cao Cao's poems are deep, generous and vigorous. Cao Pi gets along well with the scribes. When Wang Shen died, he led all the scribes to the funeral and said, "Wang Shen liked to listen to donkeys before his death, so we all asked him to see him off." So a donkey barked at the grave. Cao Zhi's literary achievements are the highest. He is brilliant in literary talent, gorgeous in rhetoric and good at using metaphors. Therefore, he has an artistic style of "extremely high personality and adopting Chinese words". His "Ode to the Goddess of Luo" is a masterpiece through the ages, which depicts the peerless beauty and innocent image in the Ode to the Goddess of Luo with refined language and sincere feelings. Among the "Seven Scholars", Wang Shen has the highest achievement, and his masterpiece Seven Wounded Poems is a true portrayal of the war and turmoil in the late Han Dynasty.
The brilliant achievements of Jian 'an literature had a far-reaching impact on the later development of literature and art. Liu Xie and Zhong Rong of Southern Tang Dynasty praised the writing style of Jian 'an period many times. Tang Chenziang praised the "Han and Wei style", and Li Baiyou's poem "The bone of a great writer is your brush, in the school of heaven"; Contemporary Mr. Lu Xun praised: Jian 'an is an era of literary consciousness. From this time on, people began to realize that literature has its own value and independent status. Cao Pi's Canon is the earliest extant literary criticism paper and a symbol of literary consciousness in Jian 'an era. Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi is the earliest existing pure seven-character poem.
"Style" is an important concept in the history of China's literary criticism. From the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, it has always been the main standard of literary criticism. The literature dominated by five-character poems in the Jian 'an period is famous for its style, respected as a model by later generations and often mentioned in the history of literature.
The word "Ti" was first widely used in the character comments in Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties. Generally speaking, "style" emphasizes spiritual temperament, while "bone" emphasizes bone shape. The two are inseparable, and the style of combining them into one. Later, it was also used in calligraphy and painting theory.
As for the theory of characters in literary criticism, it should be described in detail in Wen Xin Diao Long. Wind is the vitality of the article and an inner spiritual force that can infect people. With the wind, the article can be vivid. Of course, "wind" is always vague, which is related to the content and emotion of the work, but it does not represent the content and emotion itself.
Bone refers to the expressive force of the article, which means that the article should be vigorous and powerful. "Bone" is a relatively real concept, which is directly reflected in the use of language. If the language is accurate, concise and clear, the article can have power. The concept of honesty is emphasized. It can be understood from different aspects, but it can't be divided into two.
The style of writing referred to by Jian 'an style is mainly characterized by rich content and rich feelings. The writers in Jian 'an era got rid of the shackles of Confucianism and paid attention to the lyricism of their works. Besides, in wartime, their thoughts and feelings are often impassioned. There is also the clear and vigorous style of Jian' an poetry.
Jian 'an poetry was developed on the basis of Han Yuefu and Ancient Poetry. Although it also pays attention to diction and literary grace, it still maintains the true color of Yuefu folk songs, unlike some later literati poems that are too eager for rhetoric. In addition, Liu Xie also emphasized that the good combination of rhetoric modification and character is the best part of the article.
For example, Cao Zhi's poems are not only gorgeous, but also harmless to the character. Therefore, when people advocate Jian 'an character, they not only affirm its character, but also affirm the combination of its character and algae decoration. Therefore, from the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, people who advocated Jian 'an style, despite their different views, basically pointed to some shortcomings in the literary world at that time, such as too flowery rhetoric, too difficult words, weak style of writing, empty or complicated content, dark feelings and so on. , and asked the works to be lively, full of content, full of emotion, distinctive and vigorous style, which played a beneficial role in the history of literature.
The last title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was "Jian 'an". It was Cao Cao who actually held power at that time. The literature in the Jian 'an period and the period before and after it is generally called "Jian 'an literature".
This is a glorious era in the history of literature, and of course it is also a glorious era in the history of poetry. From this time on, people at that time began to realize that literature had its own value and independent status. Mr. Lu Xun said: This is the "conscious era of literature". In this era, poetry, fu and prose have developed greatly. Poetry, in particular, set off the first climax of literati poetry in the history of China literature, and established the dominant position of literati poetry from then on, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations.