For example:
Essays occupy an important position in Han Wenzhong. The novellas that focus on respecting Confucianism and opposing Buddhism include The Original Road, The Buddha's Bone Table, The Original Nature, The Teacher's Commentary and so on. Most of them are well organized, well organized. Miscellaneous essays such as Miscellaneous Notes and Enlightenment satirize the current social situation, with clever metaphors and profound implications; Novels, such as "Sending Poor Articles" and "Learning Solutions", adopt the form of question and answer, with humorous strokes, strange ideas and sharp edges. Literary thoughts and writing experience are diverse in genre, changeable in writing style, fantastic in image and exquisite in theory. Narrative occupies a large proportion in Han Wenzhong. Scholars who study classics, such as Pinghuai Xibei, use the styles of Shangshu, Ya and Fu, which are large in length and heavy in sentences. Ji Hua directly tells many characters, and its writing style is beyond Shangshu Gu Ming and Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji Zi's Rule of Man. Inherit the tradition of historical prose in Historical Records, such as the famous Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, which combines narration, discussion and lyric in one furnace. Draw lessons from Historical Records and Hanshu to portray vivid and strange characters without discussion, such as the epitaph of Wang Jun in Dali and the epitaph of Zhang Jun in Qinghe. Memorizing literary friends can highlight the characteristics of different writers, such as Epitaph of Liu Zihou, Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu and Epitaph of Mr. Yao Zhen. But in a large number of tombstones and epitaphs, Han Yu also wrote some works of "praising the tomb" (referring to praising the behavior of the deceased and exaggerating all his achievements in the epitaph), which was already ridiculed at that time.
Odes in lyric articles, such as Ode to Twelve Lang, are written in prose, which breaks through the routine of four rhymes. One kind writes about friendship between friends and hardships in life, with four rhymes, such as "Henan Foreign Languages" and "Liu Zihou". In addition, a wild letter with Meng Dongye and a preface to seeing Yang off are also masterpieces with certain appeal. Han Yu's other essays, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Preface to Ding Shilian's Poems, are completely fictional and close to legendary novels. Han Yu's prose is magnificent, vertical and horizontal, odd and even, and clever metaphor; Or cunning, or solemn, with a variety of artistic characteristics; Sweep away the gentle and charming style of writing since the Six Dynasties.
He is good at sublating the language of his predecessors and refining the spoken language at that time, such as "flying as a dog" ("seeing poverty"), "doing different things together" and "taking everything" ("learning to understand"), which are widely used in Han Wenzhong. He advocated "preface", created a written prose language extracted from spoken language, and expanded the expressive function of classical Chinese. But he also has an embarrassing sentence. The self-assertion that "it is impossible to do things in good times and entertain yourself" ("Sending the Poor") has a certain influence on future generations. Han Yu is also a famous poet, whose artistic characteristics are mainly strangeness, heroism and strangeness. For example, Lu Hun's Rhyme of Mountain Fire and Huangfu, Poem of Eclipse, Yuchuan Self-made, etc. have strange and profound contents. Nanshan's poems, Yueyang Tower's four ambitions of fighting, Meng Dongye's lost son, etc. Very spectacular. However, in the pursuit of strangeness, Korean poetry is often full of strange words and rhymes. Han Yu also has an unpretentious poem. Korean poetry is ancient and short, but there are also excellent quatrains. For example, in the Seven Laws, I moved to Languan to show my grandnephew, Answering Zhang's Eleven Palace Exercises, Titing Yiliang, Sending Zhang's Twelve Pavilions to Tongguan and Titing Chu Zhao Wang Dian, etc.
Among the ancient books of Han Dynasty, Wei Huaizhong's Collection of Works of Mr. Changli of the Five Hundred Music School in Southern Song Dynasty and Waiji are the best. The most popular editions are The Collection of Mr. Changli, The Collection Outside and Legacy (reprinted by Xu Shi Dong in Ming Dynasty). In Qing Dynasty, Gu and Fang Shiju each had a single note on a poem. Qian Zhonglian's Annotation of Han Changli's Poems in the Year is another year's collection of notes. In addition, Jing Yun,, Wang, Shen Qinhan, Fang Cheng, Modern Xu Zhen, etc. The Chronicle of Zi Han written by Hong Xingzu in Song Dynasty is the most detailed. The relevant parts of Zhao Yi's Poems of Oubei, Fang's Zhao Mei and Lin Shu's Korean Studies Law are representative works to comment on his poems.
Please ask Han to translate this short version. Han said that people who studied in ancient times must have teachers.
A teacher is a person who teaches truth, studies and solves difficult problems. People are not born to understand reason, who can have no doubts? If you have doubts but don't learn from the teacher, his doubts will never be solved.
People born before me knew the truth earlier than I did, so I followed him and worshipped him as a teacher. If the person born after me understands the truth before me, I will learn from him and regard him as a teacher. I'm learning the truth. Who cares if he is older or younger than me? Therefore, regardless of status or age, the place where truth exists is the place where teachers exist. Alas! The fashion of learning from teachers has not spread for a long time, and it is hard for people not to doubt it! Ancient saints who far exceeded the average person even followed the teacher and asked for advice from the teacher; Nowadays, ordinary people are far from saints, but they are ashamed to learn from their teachers.
Therefore, saints are wiser and fools are more stupid. This is probably why saints become saints and fools become fools! People love their children and choose teachers to educate them; They are ashamed to learn from their teachers. It's really stupid! Children's teachers, who teach them to read and learn the sentences in books, are not what I call teachers who teach people truth and dispel doubts.
If they don't understand sentences, their doubts can't be solved. Some learn from the teacher, and some don't ask for advice (meaning that those who don't understand sentences should learn from the teacher, and those who can't solve problems should not). They learn from small aspects and give up on big ones. I don't see their wisdom. Doctors, musicians and craftsmen of all kinds are not ashamed to learn from each other.
If someone calls others teachers and students, these people will get together and laugh at him. Ask the scoffer (the reason for laughing at him) and they will say, "That person is about the same age as someone, and his cultivation and studies are similar." How can you call him a teacher? It is shameful enough to treat people with low status as teachers, and it is close to flattery to treat people with high status as teachers.
"ah! The fashion of learning from teachers can't be restored, so we can know. Doctors, musicians, craftsmen, scholars and the like all disdain to associate with them, but now scholars are not as smart as them.
Is that weird? A saint has no fixed teacher. Confucius used to learn from Zanzi, Changhong, Shi Xiang and Lao Dan. People like Tan Zi are (of course) inferior to Confucius in moral ability.
Confucius said, "When several people walk together, there must be a teacher." So students are not necessarily inferior to teachers, and teachers are not necessarily better than apprentices. After hearing the truth, they have their own main direction in learning and skills, just like this.
Seventeen-year-old Li Pan likes classical Chinese. He has generally studied the scriptures and biographies of the Six Classics. He is free from worldly restrictions and learns from me. I praised him for following the ancient fashion of learning from teachers, and specially wrote this book "Teacher's Theory" as a gift for him.
Ancient scholars must have teachers. Teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts.
People are not born knowing, who can have no doubt? If you are confused and don't follow the teacher, you will be confused and you will never understand. Before I was born, I studied Tao before I was born, so I learned from Tao. After I was born, I studied Taoism first, so I studied Taoism.
I am a teacher, and I don't know that years were born in me. Therefore, there is no nobility, no inferiority, no length, no shortage, and the existence of Tao and the existence of teachers. Ha ha! It's been a long time since the teacher passed on the Tao! It's hard to be confused! The ancient sages are far away, and they are still in the teacher's question; Today's people are far from saints, and they are ashamed to learn from their teachers.
So saints are good for saints, and fools are good for fools. What makes saints holy and fools stupid? Love his son, choose a teacher and teach him; If you are in your body, you will feel ashamed and confused.
The boy's teacher, the sentence of teaching and learning books, is not the person I am talking about telling his story and solving his confusion. Saint impermanence teacher.
Confucius studied under Tan Zi, Changhong, Shi Xiang and Lao Dan. Scorpions' disciples are not as clever as Confucius.
Confucius said: If there are three people, there must be a teacher. So disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples. They have a good understanding of Taoism and specialize in their skills. That's all.
Seventeen-year-old Li is good at ancient prose and knows all six arts. He has unlimited time to learn from Yu Yu. Yu Jiaqi can follow the ancient road and write Shi Shuo to make it last forever.
Shuowen Jiezi is an argumentative essay written by Han Yu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty. Explain the truth of learning from teachers, satirize the world where teachers are ashamed, educate young people, and play a role in changing the atmosphere.
This paper lists positive and negative examples, compares and demonstrates repeatedly, discusses the necessity and principle of learning from teachers, criticizes the bad habit of "being ashamed to learn from teachers" in society at that time, shows extraordinary courage and fighting spirit, and also shows the spirit of expressing opinions independently regardless of the secular. Creative background: Shi Shuo was written by Zhen Yuan from 17 to 18 years (80 1-802), when he was a doctor in the Fourth Hospital of imperial academy.
In the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (80 1), the author who was dismissed from Xuzhou and lived in Luoyang to preach and teach, was twice transferred to Beijing as a candidate, and was awarded the position of imperial academy's fourth doctor in October of that year. At this time, the author is determined to use imperial academy as a platform to revive Confucianism and reform the literary world, so as to realize his ambition of serving the country.
However, when I came to imperial academy to take office, I found that the imperial examination hall was dark, and there were many drawbacks in the official system, which led many students to lose confidence in the imperial examination and relax their studies. At that time, the upper class looked down on teachers.
In the scholar-bureaucrat class, there is a concept of "being ashamed to be a teacher", which directly affects the teaching and management in imperial academy. The author is saddened by this and clarifies people's vague understanding of "seeking a teacher" and "being a teacher" by answering Li Pan's question.
About the author: Han Yu (768-824, 65438+February 25th), a native of Heyang, Henan (now mengzhou city, Henan), Han nationality, called himself "County King Changli", known as "Han Changli" and "Mr Changli" in the world. An outstanding writer, thinker, philosopher and politician in the Tang Dynasty.
Han Yu was revered by later generations as the head of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties", and was also called "Liu Han" with Liu Zongyuan, and was known as "a great writer of articles" and "a hundred generations of literate scholars". He is the author of 40 volumes of Han Changli's Collected Works, Foreign Collected Works 10, Teachers' Comments, etc.
Please ask Han to translate this short version. Han said that people who studied in ancient times must have teachers.
A teacher is a person who teaches truth, studies and solves difficult problems. People are not born to understand reason, who can have no doubts? If you have doubts but don't learn from the teacher, his doubts will never be solved.
People born before me knew the truth earlier than I did, so I followed him and worshipped him as a teacher. If the person born after me understands the truth before me, I will learn from him and regard him as a teacher. I'm learning the truth. Who cares if he is older or younger than me? Therefore, regardless of status or age, the place where truth exists is the place where teachers exist. Alas! The fashion of learning from teachers has not spread for a long time, and it is hard for people not to doubt it! Ancient saints who far exceeded the average person even followed the teacher and asked for advice from the teacher; Nowadays, ordinary people are far from saints, but they are ashamed to learn from their teachers.
Therefore, saints are wiser and fools are more stupid. This is probably why saints become saints and fools become fools! People love their children and choose teachers to educate them; They are ashamed to learn from their teachers. It's really stupid! Children's teachers, who teach them to read and learn the sentences in books, are not what I call teachers who teach people truth and dispel doubts.
If they don't understand sentences, their doubts can't be solved. Some learn from the teacher, and some don't ask for advice (meaning that those who don't understand sentences should learn from the teacher, and those who can't solve problems should not). They learn from small aspects and give up on big ones. I don't see their wisdom. Doctors, musicians and craftsmen of all kinds are not ashamed to learn from each other.
If someone calls others teachers and students, these people will get together and laugh at him. Ask the scoffer (the reason for laughing at him) and they will say, "That person is about the same age as someone, and his cultivation and studies are similar." How can you call him a teacher? It is shameful enough to treat people with low status as teachers, and it is close to flattery to treat people with high status as teachers.
"ah! The fashion of learning from teachers can't be restored, so we can know. Doctors, musicians, craftsmen, scholars and the like all disdain to associate with them, but now scholars are not as smart as them.
Is that weird? A saint has no fixed teacher. Confucius used to learn from Zanzi, Changhong, Shi Xiang and Lao Dan. People like Tan Zi are (of course) inferior to Confucius in moral ability.
Confucius said, "When several people walk together, there must be a teacher." So students are not necessarily inferior to teachers, and teachers are not necessarily better than apprentices. After hearing the truth, they have their own main direction in learning and skills, just like this.
Seventeen-year-old Li Pan likes classical Chinese. He has generally studied the scriptures and biographies of the Six Classics. He is free from worldly restrictions and learns from me. I praised him for following the ancient fashion of learning from teachers, and specially wrote this book "Teacher's Theory" as a gift for him.
Ancient scholars must have teachers. Teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts.
People are not born knowing, who can have no doubt? If you are confused and don't follow the teacher, you will be confused and you will never understand. Before I was born, I studied Tao before I was born, so I learned from Tao. After I was born, I studied Taoism first, so I studied Taoism.
I am a teacher, and I don't know that years were born in me. Therefore, there is no nobility, no inferiority, no length, no shortage, and the existence of Tao and the existence of teachers. Ha ha! It's been a long time since the teacher passed on the Tao! It's hard to be confused! The ancient sages are far away, and they are still in the teacher's question; Today's people are far from saints, and they are ashamed to learn from their teachers.
So saints are good for saints, and fools are good for fools. What makes saints holy and fools stupid? Love his son, choose a teacher and teach him; If you are in your body, you will feel ashamed and confused.
The boy's teacher, the sentence of teaching and learning books, is not the person I am talking about telling his story and solving his confusion. Saint impermanence teacher.
Confucius studied under Tan Zi, Changhong, Shi Xiang and Lao Dan. Scorpions' disciples are not as clever as Confucius.
Confucius said: If there are three people, there must be a teacher. So disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples. They have a good understanding of Taoism and specialize in their skills. That's all.
Seventeen-year-old Li is good at ancient prose and knows all six arts. He has unlimited time to learn from Yu Yu. Yu Jiaqi can follow the ancient road and write Shi Shuo to make it last forever.
Shuowen Jiezi is an argumentative essay written by Han Yu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty. Explain the truth of learning from teachers, satirize the world where teachers are ashamed, educate young people, and play a role in changing the atmosphere.
This paper lists positive and negative examples, compares and demonstrates repeatedly, discusses the necessity and principle of learning from teachers, criticizes the bad habit of "being ashamed to learn from teachers" in society at that time, shows extraordinary courage and fighting spirit, and also shows the spirit of expressing opinions independently regardless of the secular. Creative background: Shi Shuo was written by Zhen Yuan from 17 to 18 years (80 1-802), when he was a doctor in the Fourth Hospital of imperial academy.
In the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (80 1), the author who was dismissed from Xuzhou and lived in Luoyang to preach and teach, was twice transferred to Beijing as a candidate, and was awarded the position of imperial academy's fourth doctor in October of that year. At this time, the author is determined to use imperial academy as a platform to revive Confucianism and reform the literary world, so as to realize his ambition of serving the country.
However, when I came to imperial academy to take office, I found that the imperial examination hall was dark, and there were many drawbacks in the official system, which led many students to lose confidence in the imperial examination and relax their studies. At that time, the upper class looked down on teachers.
In the scholar-bureaucrat class, there is a concept of "being ashamed to be a teacher", which directly affects the teaching and management in imperial academy. The author is saddened by this and clarifies people's vague understanding of "seeking a teacher" and "being a teacher" by answering Li Pan's question.
About the author: Han Yu (768-824, 65438+February 25th), a native of Heyang, Henan (now mengzhou city, Henan), Han nationality, called himself "County King Changli", known as "Han Changli" and "Mr Changli" in the world. An outstanding writer, thinker, philosopher and politician in the Tang Dynasty.
Han Yu was revered by later generations as the head of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties", and was also called "Liu Han" with Liu Zongyuan, and was known as "a great writer of articles" and "a hundred generations of literate scholars". He is the author of 40 volumes of Han Changli's Collected Works, Foreign Collected Works 10, Teachers' Comments, etc.
4. Briefly introduce Han Yu Han Yu (768~824), a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty.
Hui Zi was born in Heyang (now mengzhou city, Jiaozuo, Henan), Han nationality. Originally from Changli, Hebei Province, he was known as Han Changli in the world.
In his later years, he served as assistant minister of the official department, also known as the Korean official department. Posthumous title "Wen", also known as Han Wengong.
He was an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, and advocated learning the prose language of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, breaking parallel prose into pieces and expanding the expressive function of classical Chinese. In Song Dynasty, Su Shi called him "the decline of eight generations of literature"; in Ming Dynasty, he was regarded as the head of eight great writers in Tang and Song Dynasties, and he was also called "Liu Han" with Liu Zongyuan, and was known as "a great writer" and "a literary master of one hundred generations".
All works are collected in Mr. Changli's portfolio. Han Yu is also a master of languages.
He is good at borrowing predecessors' words and paying attention to the refinement of contemporary spoken language, and he can create many new sentences, many of which have become idioms so far, such as "falling when it hurts", "being easily blamed" and "losing your mind". Ideologically, he is the founder of China's "orthodoxy" concept and a symbolic figure who respects Confucianism and opposes Buddhism.
5. The classical Chinese works written by Han can be roughly divided into the following categories:
(1) Essays can be divided into two categories: one is to promote orthodoxy and Confucianism, such as The Original Road, Primitive Nature and Primitive Man; The other kind also has a more or less Ming Dow tendency, but it focuses on reflecting reality and creating dissatisfaction. Moreover, many articles have a kind of anti-vulgar and anti-traditional power, and have a strong emotional tendency in writing, such as the most representative Shi Shuo and Ma Shuo.
2 Essays, compared with essays, essays are more free and casual, long or short, Zhuang or harmonic, and essays vary from thing to thing and have their own uses. For example, "Jin Xuejie" uses questions and answers for irony, and the full text uses rhetoric and prose for comparison and confrontation, so the writing is relaxed and lively. The most famous essays are those that mock reality and have sharp arguments, such as ZaShuo and Huo, which are lively and eclectic in form and have high literary value.
(3) Preface (that is, the gift preface) is concise and ingenious, showing all kinds of feelings about the real society, such as the postscript to Zhang Zhongcheng's Biography, the preface to seeing off Li Pangu and the preface to seeing off Meng Dongye. In addition, Han Yu also showed outstanding material narrative ability in biographies and epitaphs, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Epitaph of Liu Zihou.
6. Introduction to Han Yu, a 25-year-old scholar, entered the official career at the age of 29, but suffered repeated setbacks in fame and career.
In the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803), Dezong was demoted to Yangshan County (now Yangshan County, Guangdong Province). In the first year of Shunzong Yongzhen (805), he moved to Jiangling County to join the army.
On his way from Chen to Heng, he passed Leiyang and went to Du Fu's grave specially, and made a long poem "The Tomb of Du Gongbu" to hang in the grave. He was the first to realize the value of Du Fu's poems.
He and Zou Ruhui, the secretariat of Hengzhou, gathered in Hejiang Pavilion in Shigushan, leaving 20 rhymes of ancient poems. The whole poem, Zou Jun, is named "The Stab of Hejiang Pavilion", with 200 words, one rhyme to the end, one breath, sonorous tone and magnificent momentum. It is a masterpiece of chanting the stone drum in the past dynasties since the Tang Dynasty, and it is also highly praised by later scholars, and many people sing it with its rhyme. In particular, the phrase "overlooking the boundless expanse, lush and green" has become a famous sentence widely read by later generations. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1587~ 1598), among the seven sages of Shigu Academy, Li Shizhen, Zhou Dunyi, Zhu, Zhang Qian, and Zhu are known as the seven sages of Shigu in the world.
Climbing Zhurong Peak, "Han Yu Kai Yun" is a legendary story of Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue for thousands of years, and literati in past dynasties also sang about "Kai Yun".
He was also the first scholar to chant Wang Yu tablet. In the Ming Dynasty, Yang Shen called his poem "The Mountain of the Mountain" "Is it a tribute under the stone drum?"
Therefore, the four major events have become the most influential and greatest writers in Hengyang's human history.
7. The more urgent it is to translate Han Yu's article into ancient Chinese, does it mean that single-sentence reading is different from today's evil? Is it just because the ancient prose is different from the current article in terms of sentence breaks and styles? I admire the ancients very much, but I can't satisfy them, learn their manners, and want to know their way of speaking (there must be mistakes in punctuation here); I want to learn the style of ancient Chinese, just to understand the style of the ancients. Reading more is learning, and the language accumulates into articles, but it is also good not to say much. Studying and writing articles is to understand the truth. If you act properly and speak appropriately, it's not my face (there is no context and the sentence is not very smooth, is it really the original text of Han Yu? Although I have never met him, I also know that he is a good writer. Someone asked: Who is a better writer? I must say carefully: it is best to learn from ancient sages. Someone asked: ancient sages (ancient sages keep books, what is this, modern Chinese? Transcription error? ), the text format is different, how to learn? I also answered carefully: only learn the inside of the article, not the outside. Others asked: Is writing an article easy to understand or obscure? I still humbly answer: don't worry about simplicity and obscurity, just conform to the content of the article.