Pushkin (1799- 1837) is a great Russian poet, the founder of modern Russian literature and the founder of Russian literary language. His works played an important role in the Russian liberation movement and occupied a glorious position in the history of Russian literature.
Gorky praised Pushkin as "the ancestor of Russian literature" and "the great Russian poet". He began to write poems when he was a student, and wrote more than 800 lyric poems in his life, which were rich in content and varied in forms.
For example, there is a beautiful fairy tale poem "The Story of the Fisherman and the Golden Fish" and a poetic novel "yevgeni onegin". As belinsky said: "Russian literature didn't begin until Pushkin, and his poems jumped the pulse of Russian life."
Pushkin is the first master in the history of Russian literature and an outstanding representative of Russian literature.
2. What are the common sense of foreign literature?
1. Aesop's Fables is a collection of ancient Greek fables, which is said to have been written by the slave Aesop.
2. The Divine Comedy written by Dante, a great Italian poet in the Middle Ages, was originally called comedy, including three parts: hell, purgatory and heaven.
3. The representative figure of Italian Renaissance, Boccaccio's masterpiece is decameron.
During the Renaissance, Cervantes was the most outstanding writer in Spain, and his masterpiece Don Quixote was an immortal masterpiece of world literature.
Shakespeare was a great English playwright and poet in the European Renaissance. His masterpiece is the satirical comedy The Merchant of Venice. These four tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.
6. rabelais was the most important French writer in16th century, and his masterpiece was the novel Biography of the Giant.
7./kloc-The masterpiece of Moliere, a famous French comedian in the 0/7th century, is the satirical comedy Hypocrite.
8. Defoe was a representative writer of English enlightenment literature in the18th century, represented by Robinson Crusoe.
9. Swift was an satirical novelist during the English Enlightenment, and his masterpiece was Gulliver's Travels.
Goethe is a great German poet, novelist and dramatist. His representative works include the epistolary novel Young Werther and the poetic drama Faust, which lasted for 60 years.
Schiller is a famous German poet and playwright. His masterpieces include the plays Robber, Conspiracy and Love.
12, Byron is an English progressive romantic poet, and his masterpiece is the poetic novel Don Juan.
13, Shelley is an English poet as famous as Byron, and Prometheus Liberated is his best work.
14 Germany, a winter fairy tale and Silesia's Textile Workers are the representative works of German poet Heine.
15, Hugo is the founder and outstanding representative of French positive romantic literature. His most famous novels are Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables.
16, Stendhal was the founder of French critical realism literature in 19 century, and the novel Red and Black was his masterpiece.
Balzac is a great French writer of critical realism. The representative work "Human Comedy" includes 96 novels and short stories, among which the important works are "The Old Man" and "Eugenie Grandet".
18, Flaubert is a famous French realistic writer, and Madame Bovary is his masterpiece.
Dickens is an outstanding representative of English critical realism literature in the19th century. His first novel was The Story of Pickwick, his first autobiographical novel was david copperfield, and Hard Times and A Tale of Two Cities were his later masterpieces.
Thackeray is an outstanding British critical realism writer, and his masterpiece is the satirical novel Vanity Fair.
Charlotte Brontexq and her sister emily bronte are both outstanding English realistic novelists. The former wrote the autobiographical novel Jane Eyre, while the latter wrote the novel Wuthering Heights.
22. Mo Bosang was an outstanding French critical realist writer at the end of19th century. The Road to Suicide is his masterpiece, and Necklace and My Uncle Yule are his masterpieces.
23. romain rolland is a famous French writer of critical realism in his later period, and the novel John Christophe is his masterpiece.
24. Zola is a famous French writer. Lu Gong-magal Family (including 20 novels such as Nana, Germination and Money) is his masterpiece.
Ibsen is a Norwegian dramatist, and A Doll's House is his most influential work.
26. Andersen is a famous Danish fairy tale writer. The Emperor's New Clothes and The Little Match Girl are well-known masterpieces.
27. Mrs. Stowe is a famous American female novelist in the19th century. Her masterpiece Uncle Tom's Cabin accuses the southern reactionary slavery through the fate of the old black slave Tom.
Whitman was a famous American democratic poet in the19th century, and his collection of poems Leaves of Grass had an influence on China's new poetry.
29. Mark Twain was an outstanding American critical realism writer in the19th century. His masterpieces include the novel The Gilded Age, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, One Million Pounds and the short story Running for Governor.
30. The representative works of Pushkin, a great Russian poet, include the poetic novel yevgeni onegin, the historical novel Shang Wei's Daughter and the fairy tale The Story of the Fisherman and the Goldfish.
3 1. Nikolai Nikolai Gogol was one of the founders of Russian critical realism literature in the19th century. His representative works include the five-act comedy "An Imperial Envoy" and the novel "Dead Soul".
32. lev tolstoy is a great Russian writer of critical realism. His masterpieces include the novels War and Peace, Anna karenin and Resurrection.
33. Chekhov was an outstanding Russian critical realist writer in the19th century. His representative works include novella Grassland, Ward 6, short stories Chameleon, Wanka, Trapped, Playing Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters, cherry orchard and so on.
3. What are the common sense of foreign literature?
1. Aesop's Fables is a collection of ancient Greek fables, which is said to have been written by the slave Aesop.
2. The Divine Comedy written by Dante, a great Italian poet in the Middle Ages, was originally called comedy, including three parts: hell, purgatory and heaven. 3. The representative figure of Italian Renaissance, Boccaccio's masterpiece is decameron.
During the Renaissance, Cervantes was the most outstanding writer in Spain, and his masterpiece Don Quixote was an immortal masterpiece of world literature. Shakespeare was a great English playwright and poet in the European Renaissance. His masterpiece is the satirical comedy The Merchant of Venice. These four tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.
6. rabelais was the most important French writer in16th century, and his masterpiece was the novel Biography of the Giant. 7./kloc-The masterpiece of Moliere, a famous French comedian in the 0/7th century, is the satirical comedy Hypocrite.
8. Defoe was a representative writer of English enlightenment literature in the18th century, represented by Robinson Crusoe. 9. Swift was an satirical novelist during the English Enlightenment, and his masterpiece was Gulliver's Travels.
Goethe is a great German poet, novelist and dramatist. His representative works include the epistolary novel Young Werther and the poetic drama Faust, which lasted for 60 years. Schiller is a famous German poet and playwright.
His masterpieces include the plays Robber, Conspiracy and Love. 12, Byron is an English progressive romantic poet, and his masterpiece is the poetic novel Don Juan.
13, Shelley is an English poet as famous as Byron, and Prometheus Liberated is his best work. 14 Germany, a winter fairy tale and Silesia's Textile Workers are the representative works of German poet Heine.
15, Hugo is the founder and outstanding representative of French positive romantic literature. His most famous novels are Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables. 16, Stendhal was the founder of French critical realism literature in 19 century, and the novel Red and Black was his masterpiece.
Balzac is a great French writer of critical realism. The representative work "Human Comedy" includes 96 novels and short stories, among which the important works are "The Old Man" and "Eugenie Grandet". 18, Flaubert is a famous French realistic writer, and Madame Bovary is his masterpiece.
Dickens is an outstanding representative of English critical realism literature in the19th century. His first novel was The Story of Pickwick, his first autobiographical novel was david copperfield, and Hard Times and A Tale of Two Cities were his later masterpieces. Thackeray is an outstanding British critical realism writer, and his masterpiece is the satirical novel Vanity Fair.
Charlotte Brontexq and her sister emily bronte are both outstanding English realistic novelists. The former wrote the autobiographical novel Jane Eyre, while the latter wrote the novel Wuthering Heights.
22. Mo Bosang was an outstanding French critical realist writer at the end of19th century. The Road to Suicide is his masterpiece, and Necklace and My Uncle Yule are his masterpieces. 23. romain rolland is a famous French writer of critical realism in his later period, and the novel John Christophe is his masterpiece.
24. Zola is a famous French writer. Lu Gong-magal Family (including 20 novels such as Nana, Germination and Money) is his masterpiece. Ibsen is a Norwegian dramatist, and A Doll's House is his most influential work.
26. Andersen is a famous Danish fairy tale writer. The Emperor's New Clothes and The Little Match Girl are well-known masterpieces. 27. Mrs. Stowe is a famous American female novelist in the19th century. Her masterpiece Uncle Tom's Cabin accuses the southern reactionary slavery through the fate of the old black slave Tom.
Whitman was a famous American democratic poet in the19th century, and his collection of poems Leaves of Grass had an influence on China's new poetry. 29. Mark Twain was an outstanding American critical realism writer in the19th century. His masterpieces include the novel The Gilded Age, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, One Million Pounds and the short story Running for Governor.
30. The representative works of Pushkin, a great Russian poet, include the poetic novel yevgeni onegin, the historical novel Shang Wei's Daughter and the fairy tale The Story of the Fisherman and the Goldfish. 3 1. Nikolai Nikolai Gogol was one of the founders of Russian critical realism literature in the19th century. His representative works include the five-act comedy "An Imperial Envoy" and the novel "Dead Soul".
32. lev tolstoy is a great Russian writer of critical realism. His masterpieces include the novels War and Peace, Anna karenin and Resurrection. 33. Chekhov was an outstanding Russian critical realist writer in the19th century. His representative works include novella Grassland, Ward 6, short stories Chameleon, Wanka, Trapped, Playing Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters, cherry orchard and so on.
4. Turgenev's literary common sense
Ivan sergeevich turgeneve Gregorian calendar1818165438+19 October-13 September 883, Russian realistic novelist, poet and playwright.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/843, Turgenev and his earliest master Li Gen (translated in Chinese) * * * published a long narrative poem "Balasha", which was well received by belinsky, and they established a profound friendship.
The fifties and seventies of 19 were the heyday of Turgenev's creation. He has published novels one after another: Luo Ting (1856), Noble House (1859), The Night Before (1860) and Father and Son (for). Among them, Luo Ting is his first novel, which created another "superfluous man" image after onegin and Pi Qinlin.
Father and Son is Turgenev's masterpiece. It reflects the "father-son" relationship representing different social class forces, describes the "old times" of Kirsha Novo, a representative of the pro-British liberal aristocracy, and shapes a new generation of representative-civilian intellectual Bazarov.
Turgenev is a writer with unique artistic style. He is good at both delicate psychological description and lyricism. The novel is rigorous in structure, compact in plot and vivid in characters, especially good at depicting women's artistic images in detail, and his description of charming nature is also poetic.
5. Common sense of literature
Russian famous writer, great poet and novelist, founder of modern Russian literature.
Dagger (182 1), prisoner (1822), Xianghai (1824), etc., and also wrote a group of Southern Poems, among which "Captives of the Caucasus" (1822
Yevgeni onegin is a poetic novel, which created the image of the first "superfluous man" in the history of Russian literature.
The Postman is the first work in Russian literature that reflects the fate of "little people".
6./kloc-the basic characteristics of Russian literature in the 0/9th century
/kloc-The revolutionary democratic philosophy represented by herzen, belinsky, Chernyshevski and Dobro Lyubov in the 20th century tried to apply dialectics on the basis of materialism, and its influence still existed in the 20th century. By the Soviet stage, the study of materialism had gone deep into the discussion of human nature, the analysis of the essence of artistic beauty and aesthetic consciousness, and the philosophical summary of the basic theories of modern natural science (such as relativity, quantum mechanics, genetics and biology). The evaluation of various schools of modern western philosophy can not only reveal the essence of subjective idealism, but also absorb reasonable factors.
19 is another name of Russian critical realism literature school in the 1940s and 1960s. Its basic feature is faithful description of reality, with exposing the darkness and ugliness of criticizing the czar's autocratic system as the main content of its works. The protagonists in the works are mostly lower-class figures, and the author describes their poverty and humiliation and sympathizes with their unfortunate fate. New achievements have been made in nationalization of subject matter and popularization of language. Belinsky believed that "naturalism" was the most urgently needed and valuable literary school in Russia at that time. The main writers are Goncharov, Turgenev, herzen, Dostoevsky and Necrasov.
7. Introduction to Russian Literature History
Russian literature is one of the greatest literary heritages in the world, and every stage of it reflects Russian tragedy, comedy and glorious history.
In the Russian literary world, five writers once won the Nobel Prize in Literature. They are Ivan Bunin, Mikhail sholokhov, Boris Pasternak (who refused under the pressure of the Soviet Union), Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and joseph brodsky.
The Russian state was formed at the end of the 9th century during the Russian period in Kiev. In 882 AD, Oleg, the Grand Duke of New Golod, conquered Kiev and other tribes, and gradually established a country centered on Kiev, known as Kiev Ross in history.
In 998, the then Archduke Vladimir designated Christianity as the state religion, which had a great influence on the development of ancient Russian culture. From the end of 10 to the beginning of10/0, Russian literature began its initial stage.
The main literary forms in this period are historical stories, chronicles, heroic epics, biographies and travel notes. The most famous works are Chronology of Russia and Expedition of Igor.
Mongolian ruling forces? Br>/kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, Russia in Kiev disintegrated. 1237, Badou, the grandson of Genghis Khan, conquered Ryazan and other places, and then conquered Kiev, beginning the period of Mongolian rule.
/kloc-At the end of 0/4, the Moscow Principality became stronger, and Archduke Dmitry led the army to defeat the Mongols in the Don River Plain. /kloc-At the end of 0/5, the Russian Ivan III of Russia confronted the Mongolian army, and the Mongolian army retreated because of the cold, ending 240 years of alien rule.
During this period, the cultural development of Russia was seriously damaged, and there were few literary works. It is worth mentioning that most of them record the historical stories of famous battles, such as the story of Batou's capture of Ryazan, The Biography of alexander nevsky, The Battle across the Don River and so on.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, a unified Russian state centered on Moscow was formed during the period of Moscow Principality. In order to strengthen centralization, Ivan IV took severe measures to suppress big noble who advocated decentralization.
This struggle between centralization and anti-centralization is reflected in the cultural life of16th century. Contemporary political essays occupy an important position.
The most famous is the correspondence between Ivan the Terrier and Kurbski. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, Russia conquered Siberia and established legal serfdom.
At this time, literature began to break through the pattern of the Middle Ages, and some secular stories with democratic tendencies appeared. Avakum's biography vividly describes his conflict with Archbishop Nikon, which embodies the new features of religious literature.
/kloc-in the first half of 0/8th century, in the first half of 65438+8th century, Peter I came to power. He made great efforts at home, strengthened centralization, developed relations with western Europe and strengthened Russia's strength, thus gradually getting rid of the closed and backward state of ancient Russia in the Middle Ages.
In the first twenty-five years, the struggle between the old and the new in Russian society was fierce, but the development of literature was relatively slow. No outstanding literary achievements except political papers.
After 1930s, classicism rose. The historical background of Russian classical literature is similar to that of western Europe, but it is influenced by the Enlightenment and has the characteristics of enlightenment.
Kantemir (1708- 1744) was the first satirist in the formation of Russian classical literature. Lomonosov (1711-1765) is the first famous Russian scholar and a representative writer of classical literature.
One of the more important classical writers in this period was Su marov (1717-1777), who mainly wrote plays. /kloc-Russia in the second half of the 0/8th century 65438+The second half of the 8th century was mainly ruled by Catherine II.
The queen inherited Peter I's domestic and foreign policies. During this period, Russia's economy and economy developed greatly, but the social contradictions were also quite acute, so that 1773 broke out the biggest peasant uprising in Russian history-Pugachev Uprising. During this period, social thoughts were active, and many satirical magazines appeared, the most prominent of which was the publication UAV sponsored by Novikov.
In 1990s, Russian sentimentalism literature appeared, and karamzin was its representative writer. Jerchavin is a poet in the transitional period of Russian literature from classicism to romanticism and realism.
Feng Weixin was the most outstanding Russian dramatist in the18th century. Radich Chev was the first noble revolutionary and enlightenment writer in Russian history.
/kloc-at the beginning of 0/9th century, it entered19th century. With the development of society and the progress of literature itself, Russian literature began to show a new atmosphere. There are many dangers.
Alexander I, who came to power in 180 1, failed to touch the foundation of this system. 18 12 years, Napoleon led an army to invade Russia, which aroused the patriotic feelings of the Russian people.
After Napoleon's defeat, Russian troops went on an expedition to Western Europe. After returning to China, some young aristocratic officers set up secret groups with the aim of overthrowing the autocratic regime.
1825, 12 In February, they launched an uprising in Petersburg, which was called "The Decemberists Uprising" in history. The uprising was suppressed by the tsar, but it opened the stage of Russian aristocratic revolution and awakened a generation of young people.
The new czar Nicholas I adopted a high-handed policy at home, but the struggle against autocratic serfdom did not stop. For example, Moscow University had the activities of progressive organizations such as herzen-Ogarev Group and belinsky 1 1. In the 1940s, there was a dispute between Slavs and Western Europeans in Russian ideological circles.
/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, romantic literary thoughts began to appear in Russia. The early representative writers were Rukovski (1783- 1852) and Bachu Skov (1787- 1855). Later, more radical "The Decemberists poets" and outstanding Pushkin and lermontov appeared.
The influential writers at that time, krylov (1768- 1844) and Gao Rui Bao Ye Tofu (1795- 1829), respectively, promoted the development of Russian literature to realism with their fables and plays. Around 1930s, Russian critical realism literature ("naturalism") began to take shape.
Nicholas Nikolai Gogol's creation finally established the position of this literary trend of thought. Belinsky, an outstanding critic, added fuel to the flames with his theoretical works.
Other famous writers at that time were herzen (1812-1870), Krizov (1809-1842) and Gori Golovic (1822-/). 1mid-9th century, 65438+mid-9th century, Russia criticized reality.