Analysis:
"Liu" in ancient poetry
Jiangsu Zhuqinghe
In ancient poetry, "Liu" and "Sorrow" are often used by poets to express their feelings and give readers infinite reverie because of their homophonic and metaphorical rhetorical meanings. For example, there are countless famous poems of "Chanting Willow" in Tang poetry, among which He's poem "Chanting Willow" is the most famous: "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and ten thousand pieces of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut off the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " Contrary to the previous way of depicting the slim figure of a beautiful woman with the delicate image of a willow, this poem uses anthropomorphic methods to present nature as a beautiful woman "Jasper", vividly depicting the graceful appearance of a willow: the jagged branches and fresh green leaves are charming and moving in the spring breeze. In the Book of Songs, "I have been there, Liu Yiyi; I think about it today, it's raining. " In contrast, the bright spring when the lyric hero went out to war, the willow breeze, the feeling of parting with the beauty, and the harsh environment of rain and snow when he returned, formed a sharp contrast.
Among the poets in the Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin had the deepest feelings for Liu. In his collection of poems, there are more than a dozen poems with the theme of "Liu". The poem "Giving Willow" depicts the charm of spring willow: "The shadow of the platform is heavy, and the road is more uneven. Many people have heard the praise of Liu Feng to the extreme, and now what they see is just the same graceful. The charming willow color has reached the bridge, and my heart is behind me when I watch the willow color cut off and extend across the bridge to the long beach. Endure the flowers like snow, and the brothel flies the wine flag. " "Shade" and "staggered" in the poem describe the lush scene of willow, which is a rhetorical device of carving and copying colors, while "romance" and "graceful and restrained" personify "willow" by anthropomorphic means. Willow posture is light, flying flowers are like "snow", and the prosperity of spring willow is compared to the extreme. The poem "Willow" is about willow in autumn: "I once danced in the east wind and enjoyed a trip to the Spring Garden. How can I bring the sunset and cicada to the clear autumn? " Poets write autumn willows as spring willows. The prosperity of willow in spring reflects the decline of willow in autumn; The more prosperous and proud the spring is, the more haggard the willows in autumn are, which makes people feel melancholy and loving.
The above two capitals are "poems about willow", but the poet shows completely different feelings: writing spring willow highlights his joy and love for the prosperity of spring willow; Writing autumn willow shows the poet's lament and melancholy about the sparse and withered autumn willow.
Speaking of "chanting willow", it is often used as "parting" in Tang poetry. For example, Luo Yin's "Willow" is a farewell scene on a sunny day in late spring, just outside Chang 'an, on the bank of Bashui: "It's hard to say goodbye to the sunny day in Bashan, but it's hard to rely on spring. My own flock of birds is still uncertain, and I am trying to solve the problem of tripping over passers-by. " The poet's sense of things is compared with the willow catkins and silks in the scenic spot of Baqiao Liu Feng outside Chang 'an. The scene of "snuggling up to each other" and holding clothes and feet is like "flying catkins", which is erratic. Far from home, his wife and children are separated. Not just a family. This tragic situation of "struggling to solve the problem of tripping passers-by" lies in the fact that people can see the cruelty of military service and corvee at that time, and the people are extremely helpless.
In farewell poems, poets often express their farewell by "folding willows". Because "Liu" and "Liu" are "homophonic" rhetoric, it has become the aesthetic set of ancient poetry appreciation. For example, Dai Shulun's "Willow on the Dike" says: "Willows are weeping, and spring comes to weave away. Pedestrians climb, and now my heart is breaking. " "Liu" and "Liu" in poetry; The figures of speech of "silk" and "thinking", that is, "homophonic", convey the lovesickness, love and inseparable feelings of a pair of lovers under Liu Yin dike. Li Bai's poem "Smelling the flute in Los Angeles on a Spring Night" uses metonymy and pun. The poem "Folding Willow" is the homesickness caused by the flute sound of the song "Folding Willow": "Whose Yu Di flies secretly and scatters into the spring breeze all over Los Angeles. In this serenade, I heard the willows, and no one can stand the nostalgia. " The previous book "Notes on Tang Poetry in Wangjia Garden" commented on this poem: "The word' folding willow' is the key to the beginning." The original meaning of "folding willow" is "folding willow branches". According to legend, there is a bridge in the east of Chang 'an called Baqiao, which is the place where * * * sees off guests and leaves willows. However, Li Shizhong's "Broken Willow in this Nocturne" is the provincial name of a "Broken Willow" song, which is often used to express farewell and nostalgia. This poem describes that when people are quiet in the spring night, the poet suddenly hears a melodious flute, which is a song called Broken Willow. The author can't help but be moved by it. At this time, it is the season of broken willows. Spring has arrived, but he is wandering outside, which can't help but cause homesickness.
Shi Jianwu's "Folding Willow": "You saw Yang Liuchun by the roadside, so you folded it all. I will still fold last year this year and will not leave others last year. " This is a repetitive and comparative rhetorical device, which evokes readers' reappearance of the ancient scene of parting from sorrow and hatred through the description of the epitome of parting from others. Yong's "Linjiang Willow" is unique: "The ancient embankment is curled up and a tree is full of smoke. If it's silk, keep this boat. " The heroine in the poem not only didn't bid farewell to the willow, but hoped that the willow would continue, so as to be a lover's boat and never part. The poet used the figurative words of "Mo" and the figurative words of color: "madadayo" not only describes the slender femininity of willows swaying in the wind, but also refers to the scene of "madadayo Tingting". A graceful and charming woman lifted her skirt and walked on the dam where Claudia's singing, making love with her sweetheart. "Qingqing", an overlapping word, has a strong image color, which not only vividly depicts the willow cloud like smoke, but also hopes that the love between her husband and herself will never decline, just like this song "Yangliuqing".
In addition, Bai Juyi's "Qinlou West Old Willow" outlines a "tree has the upper hand over the horse" with simple brushstrokes, which is also the poet's self-portrait: "Half-rotted trees face the wind, and they are passionate about people immediately. Kaiyuan is a willow, and Changqing is the spring of two years. " The whole poem symbolically reminds people of Wan Muchun in front of a sick tree. He was once a generation of people with lofty ideals who spoke for the people, but in a blink of an eye he was "semi-decadent" and time waits for no man! However, "the old man crouches and aims at a thousand miles; Martyrs are full of courage in their twilight years. Although they are "semi-decadent", they are still generous in life: "the breeze blows their faces" and they are determined.
And Tang's poem "weeping willows" has another meaning: "Who dares to underestimate the enemy when the spring breeze is stirred?"
The king of Chu planted seeds on the river bank for no reason, and he was so hungry that he lost his waist. "This poem not only wrote the graceful tenderness of weeping willows, but also associated with the story of King Chu Ling's' moving his waist and starving ladies'. It satirizes the feudal emperors and their bureaucratic groups by using allusions and holding things for fun. It is a unique poem of "Chanting Willow" to show one's edge in tenderness and implication.
In a word, "poetry expresses ambition" is implicit and implicit at the same time, so poetry attaches great importance to the beauty of rhetoric implication. Just as Mr. Qian Zhongshu's analysis of "folding willow" in Li He's To Restaurant: "My father was sleepy when he went west, but the willow was broken before he broke the door", he thought that "folding willow" meant "leaving a legacy" and "folding plum for luck" and "folding willow for a long time", which showed that folding willow had a long history.