The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove refer to the seven celebrities in the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms: Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Shan Tao, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian, and Wang Rong.
They often gathered under the bamboo forest in Shanyang (now Xiuwu, Henan), where they enjoyed themselves as much as they wanted. They were called the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest in old times. Most of them admire the learning of Lao and Zhuang, do not adhere to etiquette and laws, and are open-minded by nature. Politically, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, and Ji Kang all held an uncooperative attitude towards the Sima Group, and Ji Kang was even killed because of this. On the contrary, Wang Rong, Shan Tao, etc. successively took refuge in the Sima family, served as senior officials, and became the confidants of his regime. In terms of article creation, Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are the representatives. For example, Ji Kang's "A Letter on Breaking Diplomacy with Shan Juyuan" used Lao and Zhuang's admiration for nature as an argument to explain that he was not worthy of being an official, and publicly stated his political attitude of not cooperating with the Sima family. The article is quite famous; another example is Ruan Ji's " The eighty-two poems "Yong Huai" use metaphors, sustenance and other techniques to implicitly expose the evil deeds of the highest ruling group and satirize the hypocritical etiquette people. Through the creation of the articles of the Seven Sages, we can get a glimpse of their respective ambitions and interests.
Ji Kang
Ji Kang (223～263), a writer of Cao and Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. One of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove". The word is Shuye. A native of Qiaoguo County (now Suxian County, Anhui Province). He lost his father in his early years and his family was poor, but he was still motivated and diligent in studying, and he was knowledgeable in literature, metaphysics, music, etc. He married Cao Cao's great-granddaughter, the owner of Changle Pavilion. He once served as the doctor of Zhongsan and was known as "Ji Zhongsan" in history. Sima Zhao once wanted to win over Ji Kang, but Ji Kang leaned towards the royal family in the political dispute at that time and adopted an uncooperative attitude towards the Sima family, so he was quite jealous. Sima Zhao's confidant Zhong Hui wanted to make friends with Ji Kang, but was treated coldly, and the feud started. Ji Kang's friend Lu An was falsely accused of being unfilial by his brother. Ji Kang came forward to defend Lu An. Zhong Hui immediately persuaded Sima Zhao to take the opportunity to get rid of Lu and Ji. One of the evidences of his crime is the "Book of Severance of Diplomacy with Shan Juyuan". At that time, 3,000 Tai students requested Ji Kang's pardon and made him their teacher, but Sima Zhao refused. Before execution, Ji Kang looked calm. Play the song "Guangling San" and die calmly.
In terms of philosophy of life, his opinion is: Instead of Tang and Wu, Zhou Li is weak, and he should go beyond the famous teachings and let nature take its course. He has a sharp and arrogant personality, and is uninhibited.
Interestingly, before Ji Kang was executed, the most reassuring arrangement for his children was to ask them to seek refuge with Shan Tao (Shan Juyuan). After Ji Kang's death, Shan Tao took good care of and raised his children. Deduced a story about "gentlemen are harmonious but different".
Ruan Ji---Wei Ni (report part: Ruan Xian)
1. Family background and early years Zhishang
Ruan Ji's courtesy name is Sizong, and his surname is Chen Liuwei people (now in Henan). Born in Jian'an 15 years. His father, Ruan Yu, was a poet and essayist, "one of the seven sons of Jian'an". He was a member of Cao Cao's personal staff. At that time, most of the military and state documents were written by him and Chen Lin. Ruan Ji's father passed away when he was three years old, but because of the long-term friendship between the Cao family and Ruan Yu, they had deep sympathy for Ruan Ji and his mother and took care of them. When Ruan Ji was young, he followed the example of Yan Hui and Min Ziqian, the ancient readers who were eager to learn, not envious of glory, wealth, and noble morals, and studied hard. In addition, he also practices martial arts. But the young Ruan Ji was also infected with some flashy young master's style. At that time, there were a group of wealthy young men from Qi's ancestry, who were very ostentatious. He Yan and Li Sheng were connected with each other in Luoyang to stir up the atmosphere. Ruan Ji was close to them in age, so he was inevitably affected by some trends, but Ruan Ji never let it slip.
Ruan Ji despises people of etiquette and law very much. The so-called people of etiquette and law are mainly some people who have taken refuge in the Sima family. Most of these people are literati. "Cultivation, only etiquette is the only restraint", using etiquette, law and famous religion as tools to consolidate the usurped rights and at the same time restrain the hands and feet of political opponents. This kind of etiquette is a political method used by the Sima Group to coordinate with its bloody massacre policy to attack dissidents. Ruan Ji is most famous for his green and white eyes when dealing with these people of etiquette and law.
Pei Kai went to hang him, and he was sitting on a dustpan, and he looked straight at him when he was drunk... Ji Xi came to hang him, and he rolled his eyes, but he was not happy and left. , because of great joy, I saw blue eyes.
It is said that after his mother passed away, Jikang’s brother Jixi came to express his condolences. However, because Jixi was an official in the court and a person of etiquette and law in Ruan Ji’s eyes, he did not care about the mourning. As a courtesy during this period, Ji Xi gave Ji Xi a big look. Later, when Jikang came with wine and a harp, he was overjoyed and immediately turned from a look of shame into a blue eye. From this story, we can not only discover Ruan Ji's disdain for people of etiquette and law, but also clearly see that he is not restricted by etiquette and customs, and the same is true for Jikang. He would not hide his emotions just because of mourning, and would let others know clearly if he didn't like it. I think this was also a special phenomenon of that era. Ruan Ji's hatred for people of etiquette and law is not only reflected in his blue and white eyes, but also in his poems.
2. Medicine and wine
Ruan Ji seems not to take medicine. He rarely mentions this matter in his works. He only writes about it in No. 70 of his poem: "There is no anti-reaction in picking medicine, and the will of the gods is not in line with it. It is confusing to force this good thing, which makes me hesitate for a long time." From here, it can be seen that even his belief in the gods sometimes wavers, and there is a sense of confusion and hesitation, and about taking medicine. Not to mention that he was not as convinced and enthusiastic about it as Jikang. Ruan Ji didn't take medicine, but he had a feeling of "doing things for wine, how can you know the rest". He drank to his heart's content, quaffed, and guzzled, regardless of the occasion, and would get drunk if he had wine.
Ruan Ji is addicted to alcohol, and his starting point is the same as Jikang's taking medicine. They both hope to use this as a way to transcend reality and resolve conflicts. Ruan Ji had used the cover of drunkenness several times to escape the hands of the Sima Group that sometimes tried to pull him in, sometimes to harm him. From a personality point of view, taking medicine is quite a troublesome thing. You have to collect the medicine first, prepare the prescription, and there are many rules. The steps must not be messed up in the slightest, otherwise you may be poisoned or even die. People who are not careful and patient should not take it casually. Ruan Ji has a simple and open-minded personality and cannot adapt to this kind of sophisticated and dangerous high-level enjoyment. He would rather engage in drinking which is much simpler and easier. Politically speaking, Ruan Ji's attitude was relatively weak. He saw that the Cao Wei royal family was over and the Sima family's rule had become an unchangeable reality. He understood that it was too slim to take medicine and get promoted, and he had to spend his days under the rule of the R family. , he is neither willing to join the crowd, nor lacks the courage to challenge the Sima Group politically or clearly draw a clear line, so for Ruan Ji, getting drunk is the best way to get out of political difficulties.
Here are a few short stories about Ruan Ji’s drinking.
Ruan Ji buried his mother, steamed a fat gizzard, drank two measures of wine, and then said his farewell bluntly: "I'm so poor!" He was ranked No. 1 because he vomited blood and was wasted for a long time.
From this story, we can see that Ruan Ji violated etiquette and law. After his mother passed away, he not only insisted on finishing the chess game, but also ate meat and drank wine. Although he did this deliberately, I felt that he was also quite painful. He had to suppress the pain of losing his mother in his heart to show that he was not bound by etiquette and law. On the other hand, from my point of view, he could have cried loudly and felt happy after crying, because Ruan Ji admired Lao Zhuang very much. After the death of his wife, Zhuangzi not only did not feel sad, but also relieved his wife from the pain in the world. feel happy. So I think he can follow Zhuangzi's example and improve it. In this way, not only can he reach the state he wants, but he doesn't have to suppress the pain in his heart.
The young woman next door to Mr. Ruan is so beautiful that she likes to drink wine. Ruan and Wang Anfeng often drank wine from their wives. When Ruan was drunk, he would sleep next to his wife. The husband was suspicious at first, but in the end he had no other intention.
I think this was rare in society at that time. Lying down next to a young woman when she was drunk. In the previous society, where men and women were bound by the concept of incompatibility, this situation was unacceptable to the world. (4) A talented and beautiful soldier's daughter died before she was married. She did not know her father or brother, so she went to her and wept, and returned in mourning. If something like this happened in modern times, it would probably be hard to accept! If a person who doesn't know the deceased comes to mourn and cries very sadly, we will definitely think that he is crazy, or he is just here to cause trouble. It is rare for someone like Ruan Ji to completely ignore other people's opinions and do what he thinks is worth it. However, this makes me wonder why he pretended to be so strong after his mother passed away, but he felt so sad about the death of a girl he didn't know. I am very sad. I think this is not only against etiquette, but also against human nature.
3. Literary achievements
Zhengshi literature appeared in the late Three Kingdoms period, and people are accustomed to using it to represent the entire literature of the late Wei period. The most important writers of Zhengshi literature are Ruan Ji and Jikang. Ruan Ji is not only a poet, but also a prose writer and an author of poems. His poetic achievements are mainly eighty-two poems about love. In terms of content, "worrying about life" and "aiming to ridicule" play a large role in the eulogies. In addition to these two major contents, there are also descriptions of self-reported life experiences, friends, and reclusive gods. In terms of art, Yonghuai poetry has two extremely significant features: implicitness and natural elegance. Implication and implicitness are directly related to the concealment of literary works. In order to avoid serious practical consequences, Ruan Ji wrote the poem in a vague and evasive way. This kind of implicitness is completely consistent with his style of "speaking mysteriously" and "not talking about people" in life. Therefore, the implicitness of chanting poems is a product of the reality of the times, and also a reflection of Ruan Ji's own ideological style and attitude towards things. From the perspective of artistic creation, implicitness is a style. Its advantage is that it can avoid rigid explicitness, increase the depth of the poem, and give readers room for association and aftertaste. In the history of poetry, chanting poetry occupies a very important position. Ruan Ji's poems about poetry are not as good as Jian'an poems in reflecting major social realities, but they surpass their predecessors in the depth of personal lyricism, the description of inner twists and turns, and the use of Bixing techniques. It can be called one of the most representative five-character poems in the entire Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties era. There are ten of Ruan Ji's proses that are relatively complete in existence today. His most important prose work should be regarded as "The Biography of Mr. Adult". The writing method is close to a poem and is developed in a dialogue manner. Although it is famous as a biography, it is not actually a biography in the true sense. Generally speaking, Ruan Ji is an important poet and essayist in the history of Chinese literature. He especially made outstanding contributions to the development of five-character poetry.
IV. Conclusion
After preparing Ruan Ji, I feel that the general environment at that time created many people like Ruan Ji who have conflicts between their hearts and real life. Perhaps Ruan Ji heard this when he heard When his mother passed away, he also wanted to cry loudly, but due to the contradictory personality created by the environment at that time, he expressed his inner sorrow by vomiting blood.
I think, since he is such a brave person to express his emotions, why not just burst into tears? But having said that, I also admire Ruan Ji's courage to challenge the times, the government, and society. Even in today's open social atmosphere, I don't think there are many people like Ruan Ji and Jikang! I think after preparing for the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, my impression of them is no longer just about being undressed and dissolute. There are many more in-depth aspects, all of which can be understood in this report. Although I don’t have the courage to challenge society like them, I am touched by the uniqueness of each of them!
Wang Rong---Ziling
1. Life
1. Born in a wealthy family
Wang Rong, courtesy name Jun Chong is from Linxi, Langya, Shandong Province. The Wang family is a prestigious family in Linxi. Among his relatives, there are Wang Yan, Wang Cheng, Wang Dao, Wang Dun, etc., who control the political arena of the Eastern and Western Jin governments, including the "Eight Kings" It is also called "Bafei" of the Fei family, who is also a famous clan in Shanxi. The royal family also has a close relationship with the Fei family. Wang Rong's daughter married Fei Yi as his wife. Wang Rong's grandfather was the governor of Liangzhou and the Marquis of Zhenlingting in the Wei Dynasty, so he lived in a favorable family environment since he was a child. Therefore, under such influence, we can also know to some extent his personality when he grows up.
2. Child prodigy---Wang Rong
Wang Rong was seven years old. He went out with other children and saw many branches of a plum tree on the roadside. The children raced to get them, but Rong If it doesn't move, people ask about it, and the answer is: "The tree beside the road has many seeds, so the plum trees will suffer." Take it, and believe it. Elegant chapter. 4
From then on, Wang Rong was known as the "child prodigy". Another incident happened when Wang Rong was seven years old. According to Shihuo Xinyu, Emperor Wei Ming cut off the claws of a tiger on the Xuanwu Field and let the people watch. When Wang Rong was seven years old, he also went to watch. The tiger climbed up the railing and roared. From the descriptions of Wang Rong in these two articles, we can know that Wang Rong can indeed be said to be a smart child. Although it may be a bit exaggerated, we can also know that Wang Rong has been a smart child since he was a child. Children are extremely smart. It is also recorded in the Jin Dynasty that Wang Rong's eyes were extremely bright and he could see without dazzling. When Fei Kai saw it, he was amazed and said: "His eyes are as bad as rocks and lightning in summer." This means that his eyes are brilliant. There is God.
Wang Junchong and Pei Shuze met Zhong Shiji. After a while, the guest asked Zhong, "How are you doing with the two boys?" Zhong said, "Pei Kai is clear and clear, Wang Rong is brief, and later In twenty years, these two sages will be appointed Ministers of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, hoping that there will be no shortage of talents in the world. 6
What is recorded in this article is that as Zhong Hui expected, Wang Rong and Fei Kai became important figures in the political arena of the Western Jin Dynasty at that time. It can also be seen that their achievements in childhood were extraordinary. .
2. Among the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest
1. Join the Seven Sages
Among the Seven Sages, Wang Rong is the youngest. Tao is twenty-nine years younger, twenty-four years younger than Ruan Ji, and eleven years younger than Jikang.
Wang Rongyun said: "I have lived with Ji Kang for twenty years, and I have never seen him happy or angry." Chapter of Virtue. 16
It can be known that Wang Rong was twenty-nine years old when Jikang was tortured and died, so Wang Rong knew Jikang when he was nine years old, and they had a close relationship with him at the same time. Wang Rongzhi met Ruan Ji when he was fifteen years old. His father, Wang Hun, was an official secretary and Ruan Ji was a colleague and a close friend. Wang Rong also lived with his father in Shangshu Lang's official residence. Every time Ruan Ji came to visit Wang Hun, he would go to Wang Rong's room after barely talking for a few words. The pair, who had been friends for many years, talked for most of the day. Ruan Ji said to Wang Hun: "Jun Chong is so handsome that you cannot match him. Talking to A Rong is much more interesting than talking to you." Despite this, Wang Rong is, after all, the same temperament and ambition. Ruan Ji and Jikang are very different.
2. Common things among the Seven Sages.
Ji, Ruan, Shan, and Liu were having a drink in the bamboo forest. Wang Rong went back. The infantry said: "Vulgar things have come back to defeat people's will!" Wang laughed and said: "Young people's wishes, can they defeat evil again? ”Pai Tiao Chapter. 4
In this article, we can learn that compared with these predecessors, Wang Rong lacks the temperament and demeanor of a thinker and a writer, but on the contrary is full of worldly He had ambitions to be an official, so Ruan Ji ridiculed him as a vulgar creature. But Wang Rong also retorted, saying, "For people like you, who else can disappoint you?" We can know that Ruan Ji, Jikang, etc., no matter what happens to these people, it doesn't matter to them. Maybe we can know that Wang Rong's character may not be such a person. In Wang Rong's background, he was a wealthy family. As a son, he had ideal ambitions. He wanted to be promoted to an official career. We can know how much family background influenced Wang Rong.
3. Entering the world and becoming an official
1. Official career, ups and downs in the world
Born in a wealthy family, with a profound family background, he has been regarded as As a child prodigy, he also had ambitions to become an official, so it was natural for him to enter the officialdom.
In the second year of Wei Ganlu (AD 257), when Wang Rong was twenty-four years old, he was competed by Sima Zhao to be the prime minister (an official subordinate to the prime minister), and the person who recommended him was Zhong Hui, a popular figure before Sima Zhao. , Zhonghui is a representative figure of Qingtan of the Mingli School. He is basically opposed to the Seven Sages. That is to say, he is the one who led Jikang to the road of death. However, Wang Rong, one of the "Seven Sages", actually accepted his recommendation. Official, from here, we can see that Wang Rong's secular nature enabled him to turn danger into danger several times in the ups and downs of the political world, and rose to the noble status of Situ, and finally ended his life as an old bureaucrat.
2. Looking at Wang Rong from becoming an official
In fact, there is no need to be too surprised about Wang Rong's becoming an official, because judging from Wang Rong's background, he was born in an officialdom. Wang Rong, who belongs to the family, can be said to have been influenced by his ears and eyes since he was a child. It can also be said that he has accepted many of his father's ideas. At the same time, it can also be said that he has seen too much about the so-called warmth and coldness of officialdom, so Wang Rong has his own special way of protecting himself. In this ups and downs of the official world, Wang Rong's thought of avoiding disaster had a great influence on his political career.
4. Filial piety comes first among all good deeds
1. Worry about mother's death
Wang Rong and He Qiao suffered a great loss at the same time, so they were both called filial piety. The king's chicken bones support the bed, and he cries to prepare gifts. Emperor Wu said to Liu Zhongxiong, "How do you agree with the king of the province? Hearing that He Qiao mourned and had to pay too much attention to rituals makes people worried!" Zhongxiong said, "Although He Qiao prepares rituals, his spirit is not damaged; although Wang Rong does not prepare rituals, he mourns. The bones are established. The ministers are filial to Qiao, and the king is filial to Rong. Your Majesty should not worry about Qiao, but worry about Rong." Chapter of Virtue. 17
In this record, we can know that although Heqiao obeyed the funeral etiquette, compared to Wang Rong, Wang Rong can be said to be more sad mentally than Heqiao. Wang Rong Although his sadness may not necessarily conform to the etiquette, it does not mean that he is not sad enough. On the contrary, on the spiritual level, it is better than He Qiaoyi. It is a kind of great spiritual sadness, which means that his sadness has reached the point where he cannot express it through actions, and has even reached the point where he is so called unable to cry. Maybe this is a bit sad, but in the records in the theory of living We can know that it is indeed excessive sadness.
2. The frame world’s false reputation and well-deserved reputation.
In the trend of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, we can know that because of the influence of the Nine-Rank Officials Law, because there were many scholars who wanted to advance to officialdom, there were many people who had the so-called false filial piety and false filial piety. Compassion, false compassion, and false righteousness are better than false righteousness. They have gained a reputation in the world and used it as one of the ways to advance their career. Therefore, we can know that Wang Rong is not pretentious at all, he lets go of his emotions without any pretense, and does not follow worldly views.
Wang Rong lost ten thousand sons, so he went to the mountain to save them. The king was so sad that he couldn't bear it. The jian said: "Why is it that the child is holding something in his arms?" The king said: "A saint forgets his love, and the worst is less than love. "My love is with my generation." Jian was convinced by his words and even more mournful. Sadness and loss. 4
We can see that Wang Rong is an emotional person, no matter for his newborn son, although the newborn son has no so-called feelings for Wang Rong, Wang Rong still He has deep feelings for his son, which shows that Wang Rong is a passionate person.
5. Frugalness
(1) The fault of stinginess
Wang Rong was frugal and stingy. He married his son and gave him a single piece of clothing, but he was later blamed. Frugality chapter. 2
Wang Rong had some good plums and sold them. He was afraid that someone would get the seeds and kept drilling the seeds. Frugality chapter. 4
Wang Rong's daughter, Pei Yu, loaned tens of thousands of dollars to her. When her daughter came back, she didn't say anything about Rong's appearance. She quickly paid back the money and was relieved. Frugality chapter. 5
Situ Wangrong was both noble and wealthy. He was a boy shepherd in the district’s house, and he was a member of the Shui Lei in the field. He was incomparable under the Luo River. Frugality chapter. 3
From these four records, we can know that Wang Rong was extremely stingy.
6. The wise old bureaucrat who protects himself
In the ninth year of Yuankang (AD 299), Wang Rong was sixty-six years old. Because Empress Jia wanted to monopolize power, she became jealous. Regarding the abolition of the pregnant prince, Wang Rong, who was the imperial tutor, remained silent. The next year, King Zhao Sima Lun and others rose up again to kill Empress Jia. At this time, dozens of senior court officials who were regarded as Empress Jia's accomplices were also implicated and executed. Wang Rong's son-in-law, Shangshu Zuopushe, Fei Yu was one of them, and Wang Rong was implicated. However, because of his wiseness to protect himself, he only resigned and resigned without risking his life. Afterwards, the Eight Kings Rebellion occurred, and the Jin royal family faced an unprecedented crisis. Although Wang Rong was also involved in this political whirlpool, he followed the example of the ancient gentleman Boyu and tried his best to avoid being involved in this storm. , emptiness and arrogance revolve around each other.
During his life, Wang Rong had a prosperous official career, rose to prominence, held a high position, and held important national responsibilities. However, he made no contribution to the government. He just blindly avoided seeking glory and flattery for perfection. For Wang Rong, it is a pity that his previous political ambitions, when he took power, he blindly avoided disaster and did not contribute to the country and the people. It is a pity; but I I think this may be a way to survive in troubled times! As far as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest are concerned, Wang Rong is somewhat ashamed of the word "sage".
Because both Wang Rongzhi and Shan Tao were officials, although Shan Tao was rated as "another official" by later generations, he fulfilled his responsibilities as an official and selected talents and talents. This action was beneficial to the common people. In such an era , many people serve as officials in the government just to enjoy the glory and wealth, but his willingness to work hard for the welfare of the people is really touching, at least bringing a glimmer of light to the dark period of Wei and Jin politics; therefore, in comparison, I am more The way to appreciate and identify with the mountain waves.
Liu Ling---Zhi Qing
1. Life
Liu Ling is the most unclear biography among the Seven Sages. His birth and death dates Neither his son's name has survived. His courtesy name was Bolun, and he was from Pei, Jiangsu Province.
Liu Ling is six feet long and looks very drunk and haggard; but he is wandering and wandering, and the shape of his earth and wood remains. 13
He is only one meter and forty tall. Not only is he short, but he is also extremely ugly. But his temperament is bold, broad-minded, and informal. He usually doesn't socialize with others, is taciturn, and doesn't care about human affairs at all. He only gets along well with Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, and they talk and laugh when they meet him, so he also joins the ranks of the Seven Sages.
2. Official career
In terms of official position, he achieved Jianwei and joined the army. It is said that during the Taishi period, he first submitted an opinion letter advocating the theory of "transformation by doing nothing", but he was dismissed as a useless strategy. At that time, all his peers were given high-ranking official positions, but he was the only one who was dismissed from office. After Liu Ling retired from office, she was frequently seen on the road to drunkenness every day, and finally died of alcoholism. On the contrary, in those troubled times when scholars were often killed, he was able to survive and die, which can be said to be "the greatest blessing among misfortunes."
3. In the name of wine
His family is very poor, but he does not care about it, but he is addicted to alcohol.
The biography of "Book of Jin" records that he often rode in a deer cart, holding a jug of wine in his hand, and ordered his servant to run behind the cart with a hoe, and said: "If I die drunk Then he buried me on the spot." This shows that he was addicted to alcohol and was dissolute.
Once, when he was drunk, he quarreled with people in the town. The other person rolled up his sleeves angrily and punched him, but Liu Ling calmly said: "I feel like a useless person." With such a thin body, there is room for my fist to rest." After hearing this, the other party laughed and finally put his fist down.
Liu Ling was ill and thirsty, so he asked his wife for wine. The woman donated wine and destroyed the utensils. She cried and remonstrated, "You drink too much. It is not a way to maintain your health. You must stop drinking!" Ling said: "It's very good." I can't help myself, I can only wish the ghosts and gods to cut off my ears. Then you can have wine and meat. "The woman said, "I respect your orders. ” Offer wine and meat in front of the gods, and ask the singer to swear an oath. Ling knelt down and congratulated, saying: "Liu Ling was born, named after wine; one drink of dendrobium, five buckets of dendrobium will relieve the pain." Be careful not to listen to what a woman says. ’ Then he introduced the wine into the meat, and he was already drunk. "Ren Dan Chapter." 3
(Once, he had a severe alcohol attack and asked his wife to get some wine. His wife cried and spilled the remaining wine on the ground, broke the bottle, and burst into tears. Zongheng persuaded him: "You drink too much. This is not a way to maintain health. Please stop drinking!" Liu Ling replied: "Okay! But I can't quit drinking on my own." You must swear before the gods to quit. Please prepare wine and meat to sacrifice to the gods.” His wife believed him and obeyed his instructions, so she knelt down and offered her blessings to the gods. Liu Ling was born in the name of wine. One drink of dendrobium will make you drink five cups of wine. Don't listen to the woman's words." After saying this, he got drunk again.)
From this incident of defrauding food and wine, we can see his funny, wise and bohemian side. Not only humans, but also ghosts and gods are not taken seriously.
As for drinking, everyone in the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove likes to drink, but Liu Ling is famous for his wine alone, which shows that he drinks a lot. Like Ruan Ji, his drinking may be due to the dark politics and dirty society, but he is indeed able to indulge in the chaotic world of the wine country. Unlike Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, who are full of resentment, Ruan Ji He even vomited blood after drinking. The way he drinks is also extremely heroic. Naturally, along with binge drinking comes debauchery.
4. The heaven and earth are houses, and the houses are clothes.
Liu Ling is a drunkard, and his thoughts are close to Zhuangzi. Liu Ling often indulged in drinking, ignored etiquette, and acted willfully. Those who learned some superficial knowledge from Ji Kang and Ruan Ji were debauched, absurd, and cynical, but had no knowledge or courage and were drunk all day long. He was so naked that he often took off his clothes and drank alcohol at home.
"Liu Lingheng drank too much, or took off his clothes naked in the house. When people saw it, they laughed at him. Ling said: "I use the heaven and the earth as a building, and the rooms as robes, why do you come into me? "Ren Dan chapter?" 6
(Guests came into the house to look for him. If someone came to ridicule him, Liu Ling was not ashamed of his words. He said proudly: "Heaven and earth are my house, and the indoors are my clothes. Why do you want to get in?" In my crotch?") In addition, he expressed this situation in his famous article-"Ode to Wine".
5. Ode to the virtues of wine
"Shishuo" "Liu Ling wrote the Ode to the virtues of wine, which expresses his spirit." Living in dirty and troubled times, but unable to save the society at that time, Liu Ling had no choice but to live a wild life, and at the same time, he used drunken words and actions to express his hatred of hypocritical ethics and his inner pursuit of nature and innocence.
There is a gentleman who regards the heaven and the earth as a dynasty, ten thousand periods as a moment, the sun and the moon as a canopy, and the eight wastelands as a courtyard. When he stops, he holds the goblet, and when he moves, he picks up the goblet and lifts the pot. Wine is the only thing he does. If wine is his thing, he doesn't know the rest.
A noble gentleman, a gentry and a minister, heard about me and discussed the reason. He stood up with arms and legs, angry eyes and gnashing teeth, expounding etiquette and right and wrong. The teacher then held the poppy in the trough, held the cup in his mouth to rinse the mash, stretched out his beard and squatted on the basket, rested on the koji to borrow the mash, without thinking or worrying, he was so happy.
I was suddenly drunk, but suddenly I woke up. Listening quietly without hearing the sound of lightning, not seeing the shape of Mount Tai with familiar eyes, not feeling the cuts of cold and heat, the emotions of lust, looking down at all things, the turmoil is like duckweeds in Jianghan, the two heroes are standing aside, like ankles Win it with a borer. Ode to Wine
The general idea of ??this article is: "There is a so-called gentleman. He regards the universe as his own home and thinks that ten thousand years is just a blink of an eye. He follows his own path. He can go wherever he wants to go, whether traveling or not, only wine is his pleasure, and he doesn't care about other pleasures. No one among the noble gentlemen or gentry and virgins heard his comments. He looked at him angrily and used etiquette to criticize him, but the gentleman kept picking up the wine glass and brushing away the dirty wine that fell on his beard. He was so drunk that he didn't feel the cold and heat, and he didn't feel any lust. All the miscellaneous things are regarded as nothing more than duckweeds floating on the river."
This outlook on life is nothing more than the Lao-Zhuang thought of "all misfortunes and blessings come together, life and death." "Book of Jin" originally said of him: "Although Tao Wu was in a coma, his timing was good. He didn't have any writings about Cuo Yi, but he only wrote an article "Ode to the Virtue of Wine"." In the article, he used the so-called "Mr. Sir" It expresses his pursuit of spiritual freedom and attacks the noble princes and gentry in the hypocritical secular ethics. The whole text is full of unrestrained irony.
Although Ruan Ji hated that society, he had to live in the bureaucratic society of the Wei Dynasty, especially his close relationship with the authoritarian Sima family, which made him full of depression. Once he vented it out . It became a sharp and cheerful curse ("The Biography of Mr. Adult"). Liu Ling, on the other hand, was unhappy in the officialdom from the beginning and was not accepted by the bureaucratic society. Therefore, his disdain for the people of etiquette and law in "Ode to Wine" was full of ridicule. attitude.
Ruan Xian
1. Life and Anecdotes
Ruan Xian, courtesy name Zhongrong, was born in the Chenliuwei clan of Henan Province (near Kaifeng, Henan Province today), and his elder brother was Wu. The son of Xi, the governor of the capital. His father Ruan Xi was an official and the prefect of Wudu. In "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove", there are very few historical materials about Ruan Xian, so it is more difficult to study him. After consulting some books, it can be seen that Ruan Xian There are two very important characteristics: first, he is informal, and second, he is a master of phonology.
Ruan Zhongrong and the infantry lived in the south of the road, and all the Ruan lived in the north. The northern Ruan were all rich, and the southern Ruan was poor. On July 7th, Bei Ruan Sheng was drying clothes, all gauze and brocade; Zhong Rong hung a large cloth robe on a pole in the atrium. People may be surprised and reply: "I can't avoid the vulgarity, let's talk about it!" Chapter Ren Dan. 10
On July 7th, there is a custom of drying clothes. Ruan Xian's family was poor, so he used a long pole to hang shorts (shorts, the clothes of the poor and humble). Celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties liked to wear shorts in summer. , indicating freedom and ease) in the courtyard, in contrast to the Northern Ruan Shaluo Jinqi, naturally showing Ruan Xian's informality, but it also shows that although Ruan Xian's family is poor, his superior family status and status as a nobleman have not diminished. Although Ruan Xian is not exempt from vulgarity, his actions are also different from vulgarity. At this time, he was actually just a teenager, but his style was comparable to that of Ruan Ji. Ruan Ji, who was famous for his "crying at the end of the road", was his uncle, and the two of them were collectively called "Big and Little Ruan". Although there is a generation gap between uncle and nephew, they are informal and often hang out together like friends. Their bohemian life styles do have their own merits.
Like Ruan Ji, Ruan Xian also despised etiquette in his life. On the one hand, it is certainly because they admire the teachings of Lao Zhuang and despise all kinds of so-called red tape; on the other hand, this is also a practical protest against the contemporary powerful. Because the political mainstream at this time was mainly based on etiquette and law, it advocated "ruling the world with filial piety", which was different from Cao Cao's idea at that time that "someone is not benevolent or unfilial, but has the art of governing the country and using military force." The originally abandoned etiquette and law were used as a way to consolidate An excuse for power and position. Ruan Ji once said angrily: "How can ethics and education be designed for our generation?" And Ruan Xian also wore mourning clothes during his mother's funeral, and rode a donkey to chase a Xianbei maid with whom he had a secret love.
Ruan Zhongrong was fortunate enough to have a maidservant in Xianbei, his aunt's family. Since his mother died, my aunt should move far away. Chuyun should keep her maidservant. Once she leaves, she will definitely leave. Zhongrong borrowed a donkey to obey and chased after it. He rode back tiredly and said: "The human race cannot be lost!" She was the mother of Yaoji. Ren's birthday chapter. 15
This kind of traditional etiquette system that transcends ancient times is actually a great irony of the dignity of etiquette and law. Because the etiquette at that time had lost its original meaning.
At that time, etiquette and laws were very strict, and Ruan Xian indulged in excessive etiquette, indulged in debauchery, drank and enjoyed himself, which more or less hindered his official career.
Every Ruan can drink. When Zhongrong Zhizong came together, he no longer drank from ordinary cups, but used large urns to hold wine. They sat around and drank towards each other. Sometimes a group of pigs come to drink. They go directly to the table and drink it. Ren's birthday chapter. 12
After reading this article, in fact, pigs are also born from all things in the world, so there is no need to distinguish between high and low status and humbleness.
Thinking about the grand scene of Zhong Rong drinking from an urn with a group of pigs, you can also understand his uninhibited heroic spirit of "the heaven and the earth are coexisting with me, and all things are one with me." Moreover, Ruan Xian's "Da" was done arbitrarily and as he pleased, which is different from Ruan Ji's "Da" because he had no choice but to accept secular etiquette. This is the difference between the two.
However, in the Mingjiao society, these behaviors have a positive effect on impacting etiquette and liberating individuality. Because at that time, some etiquette people were despicable and lacked integrity. The celebrities' informality in etiquette was just an exposure and protest against the hypocrisy of etiquette and law. Therefore, informality is only one aspect of it, and there is another aspect.
Monkey promoted Ruan Xian as an official