Aesop, Pushkin
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (Александр Сергеевич Пушкин, born on June 6, 1799/May 26, 1837, in Moscow He died in St. Petersburg on January 29, 2011. He was a famous Russian litterateur, great poet, novelist, and the founder of modern Russian literature. He was the main representative of Russian romantic literature in the 19th century and the founder of realist literature. The founder of Standard Russian is known as the "Father of Russian Literature" and "The Sun of Russian Poetry". He is good at all genres and created the Russian national literature and literary language in various literary fields such as poetry, novels, dramas and even fairy tales. All provided models for Russian literature. Pushkin was also hailed by Gorky as "the beginning of everything." He began to write poetry in his childhood and studied at the Tsarskoe Selo School, which was established by the tsarist government to train the children of aristocrats. Influenced by the progressive Decembrists and some progressive thinkers at the time, many of Pushkin's poems later criticized the serfdom system and praised freedom and progress. In addition to poetry, Pushkin's main works include the novel "The Captain's Daughter" and history. The founder of documentary language. "The History of Pugachev", the poetic novel "Yevgeny Onegin", the novella "Dubrovsky", "Berkin's Novels", etc. He was persecuted by the Tsarist government in his creative activities. He was killed in a plotted duel in 1837. His creations had a great influence on the development of Russian literature and language. He is known as the founder of modern standard Russian and the father of Russian literature. The sun of Russian poetry.
Pushkin was born on June 6, 1799, in a declining aristocratic landowner family in Moscow. He was inclined to revolution throughout his life and fought unrelentingly against the dark tyranny. His thoughts and poems attracted the attention of the Tsar. Due to the dissatisfaction and hatred of the Russian rulers, he was exiled twice and refused to give in. He eventually died in a duel under the conspiracy of the tsarist government. He was only 38 years old and grew up in a strong literary atmosphere. At that time, he was trained by French tutors and received an aristocratic education. At the age of 8, he was able to write poems in French. He had experienced the rich Russian language since he was a child and had a strong interest in folk creation.
In 1811, Pushkin entered the Tsarskoe Selo School, a school for aristocratic children, and began his literary creation career in 1815 when he was only 12 years old. In 2000, he recited his own "Memories of Tsarskoe Selo" in the middle school examination, showing his outstanding talent in poetry writing. In particular, the beauty and exquisiteness of his poems were widely appreciated, and he was imitated in his early poems. The romantic poets Bachushkov and Zhukovsky studied the style of the French poet André Chenier of the 17th and 18th centuries. While studying at Tsarskoe Selo Middle School, he also received the influence of French Enlightenment thought and made friends. He recruited some officers of the Praetorian Guard who later became members of the Decembrists. They opposed the tsarist dictatorship and the idea of ??pursuing freedom initially took shape.
After graduating, Pushkin went to work for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Petersburg. During this period, he was deeply infected by the subsequent Decembrists and their ideas of democracy and freedom, and participated in secret cooperation with the Decembrists. He organized the "Green Lantern Society", a literary group with connections, and wrote many poems that opposed serfdom and praised freedom, such as "Ode to Freedom" (1817); "To Chadayev" (1818); "Village", (1819). In 1820, Pushkin created the long fairy tale narrative poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". The story is based on Russian folklore, describing the knight Ruslan overcoming difficulties and obstacles, defeating the enemy, and finally finding his bride Lyudmila. Pushkin used vivid folk language in his poems, which were different from classical poetry in content and form, and challenged the traditional aristocratic literature.
These works of Pushkin aroused the uneasiness of the Tsarist government. In 1820, he was assigned to serve in southern Russia. This was actually a disguised exile. During this period, he had more frequent contacts with the Decembrists and participated in some secret meetings of the Decembrists. His pursuit of freedom became clearer and stronger. Pushkin wrote famous poems such as "The Dagger" (1821), "The Prisoner" (1822), and "To the Sea" (1824). He also wrote a set of "Southern Poems", including "Captives of the Caucasus" (1822), "The Robbers" "Brothers" (1822), "The Fountain of Tears in Bahcesarayi" (1824), and "Gzigan" (1824) are four romantic narrative poems. He also wrote many beautiful lyric poems: "The Sun Sinks" (1820), "Prisoners" and "Dagger" (1821), etc., which express the poet's strong longing for freedom. From this period onwards, Pushkin fully demonstrated his unique style.
In 1824--1825, Pushkin was returned by the tsarist authorities to the village of Mikhailovsk, his parents' territory in Pskov Province, where he spent two years. During his confinement, he composed nearly a hundred poems. He collected folk songs and stories, and studied Russian history. His thoughts became more mature, and his realist tendency in creation became more and more obvious. In 1825, he completed the creation of "Boris Godunov", the first realist tragedy in the history of Russian literature.
In 1826, Tsar Nicholas I came to the throne. In order to win over people's hearts, he recalled Pushkin to Moscow, but he was still under the secret surveillance of the tsarist police. Pushkin did not change his attitude towards the Decembrists. He once had illusions about the new tsar and hoped that Nicholas I could pardon the Decembrists who were exiled in Siberia. However, the illusion was quickly shattered and he wrote political lyrics. "To the Prisoners of Siberia" expresses his unswerving loyalty to the ideals of the Decembrist Party.
In the autumn of 1830, Pushkin spent three months in his father's territory. This was a fruitful period of his creative life, and is known as the "Autumn of Bolkino" in literary history. He completed the poetic novel "Eugene Onegin" which he started writing in 1823, creating the first image of "superfluous man" in Russian literature, which became his most important work. He also wrote "Belkin's Novels" and four verse novels "The Stingy Knight", "Mozart and Salieri", "The Plague Banquet", "The Stone Guest", and nearly 30 lyric poems. "The Station Master" in "Belkin's Novels" is a model of Russian short stories, starting the tradition of shaping "little people", and his realist creation is superb.
In 1831, Pushkin moved to Petersburg and still served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He continued to create many works, mainly including the narrative poem "The Bronze Horseman" (1833), the fairy tale poem "The Story of the Fisherman and the Goldfish" (1833), the short story "The Queen of Spades" (1834), etc. He also wrote two novels about peasant issues, "Dubrovsky" (1832-1833) and "The Captain's Daughter" (1836).
In 1836, Pushkin founded the literary magazine "Modern Man". The publication was later edited by Belinsky, Nekrasov, Chernyshevsky, Dubrovryubov, etc., and ran until the 1860s. It not only cultivated a large number of outstanding writers, but also became Russian progressives. mouthpiece.
Pushkin’s creations and activities caused a headache for the Tsarist government. They used conspiracies to incite French Gendarmerie Captain Dantes to blaspheme Pushkin’s wife Natalia Nikolayevna Goncharo The result was the duel between Pushkin and Dantes in 1837. Pushkin was seriously injured in the duel and died on February 8, 1837. He was only 38 years old. His early death made Russian progressive literati once lamented: "The sun of Russian poetry has set."
The lofty ideological nature and perfect artistry of Pushkin's works gave him great influence worldwide. His works have been translated into all major languages ??around the world. Pushkin expressed his love for freedom and life in his works, his firm belief that light will defeat darkness and reason will defeat prejudice, his lofty sense of mission to "light up people's hearts with words" and The great ambition has deeply moved generations of people. This masterpiece of genius has inspired the creative passion and inspiration of so many Russian musicians. Operas based on Pushkin's poems "Evgeny Onegin", "Boris Godunov", "The Queen of Spades", "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "Gypsy", etc., etc. One is not a great musical work; Pushkin's lyric poems were set to music and became popular art songs; some works were also adapted into ballets and became immortal classics on the stage.
To commemorate Pushkin, the Tsarskoye Selo where he was born was renamed Pushkin (the place where Catherine the Great died in 1796). Now it has become a famous tourist attraction, and the famous village of Bolkino is also nearby.