. According to historical materialism, people should first eat, wear and live, and then engage in politics, science, art and religion. Therefore, the economic base determines the superstructure, and literature, as one of the superstructures, is also restricted by the economic base. (Economic base determines and restricts literature) It is shown in (1) that literature meets the requirements of economic base and changes with the change of economic base. For example, in the late Middle Ages, due to the development of science and technology, the feudal society in Europe began to disintegrate, and humanistic literature in the Renaissance appeared. Writers such as rabelais, Boccaccio, Cervantes and Shakespeare are representatives of the emerging bourgeoisie who oppose theocracy. With the establishment and consolidation of the capitalist economic foundation, its contradictions were further exposed and highlighted, and the intensification of commodity exchange and monetary relations led to the emergence of critical realism literature in the19th century, with Stendhal, Balzac, Dickens and Tolstoy as representatives to expose the dark phenomenon. In the October Revolution, there was revolutionary realism headed by Gorky.
The literature of the superstructure reacts on the economy and is relatively independent. )
The reaction is manifested in three aspects: (1) promoting the consolidation and development of the economic foundation, such as praising the works of the feudal dynasty, which are achieved by maintaining the feudal system and ethics. (2) It plays a role in destroying and disintegrating the economic foundation, such as works falsely accused by the ruling classes of past dynasties as "teaching and stealing prostitution", such as The Red Chamber, The West Chamber and The Water Margin. (3) While destroying the old economic base, it also promotes the establishment and development of the new economic base. Such as the May 4th New Literature, Diary of a Madman, Goddess, etc.
There are three manifestations of relative independence: (1) When the economic base changes, the old literature will not die out immediately, but will last for a while. Martial arts novels, for example, came into being at the end of feudalism, and their superb martial arts and chivalry reflected the economic situation and interpersonal relationship of that era. Although their economic base has disappeared, new martial arts novels, such as Jin, Gu and Liang, continue to appear. (2) The development of literature has its own historical inheritance. That is, the old economic foundation has disappeared, but the excellent works with ideological and artistic value in the old literature will still be handed down and become the object of appreciation and the premise of innovation. Such as poetry and drama (3) The unbalanced relationship between material production and artistic production also reflects the relative independence of literature. Marx (Introduction to Criticism of Political Economy) said: "As we all know, its certain prosperity period is by no means proportional to the general development of society, and therefore it is by no means proportional to the development of the material foundation of social organizations." There are two situations: first, from the perspective of art form, the great achievements of a certain art form can only appear at a specific stage of social development. With the development of production, this art form will stagnate or decline. Such as myth. Like metrical poems. Secondly, from the perspective of the whole art field, the high development of literature sometimes appears not in the period of economic prosperity, but in the period of relatively backward economy. For example,/kloc-Germany was economically backward compared with Britain and France in the 0/8th century, but the European literature at that time was represented by Goethe and Schiller in Germany. /kloc-Russia lagged far behind the west in economy in the 20th century, but Pushkin, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, Turgenev, Chekhov and Tolstoy appeared in literature. In a leading position in Europe. This shows that literature is not only influenced by economic foundation, but also by philosophy, religion, morality and literary tradition, and it is relatively independent, but economic factors are the fundamental reason for the restriction.
According to the calendar, literature and art are part of the ideological superstructure.
The basic principle of historical materialism is that the economic base determines the superstructure.
In the final analysis, it is determined and restricted by a certain social and economic foundation. economy
The foundation's decision and restriction on literature and art are mainly manifested in the following two aspects.
Three aspects: first, the economic base determines and restricts the content of literature and art.
Various social relations revealed by literary and artistic works and various viewpoints expressed,
Tendency, thoughts and feelings, aesthetic taste, all aspects of social life,
None of them are created out of thin air, and they all depend on a certain social and economic foundation. exist
Some literary and artistic works are compared with the social and economic foundation.
Obviously, many of them have little or no connection with the social and economic foundation.
Obviously. Moreover, on the whole, the relationship between literature and art and economic base.
Often it is not direct, but indirect. Plekhanov once pointed out: "Never.
But all parts of the "superstructure" grow directly from the economic base.
Up: The relationship between art and economic base is only indirect. Therefore,
When discussing art, we must consider the middle ring level. "("plekhanov's philosophy.
"Selected Works of Mao Zedong", Volume 2, page 322) It is generally believed that literature and art are the same as social economy.
The intermediate links between economic bases include politics, social psychology and other social meanings.
Understand the shape and other factors. However, regardless of the content of literary and artistic works and social economy
Whether the links between economic bases are obvious or not does not consider their relationship with economic bases.
Whether the relationship between them is direct or indirect, the views they express and express.
The thoughts and feelings reflected and the relationship between people are deeply rooted.
In a certain real life, in the final analysis, it is in a certain social economy.
Determined and restricted by the economic base. Second, the evolution of literature and art, in the final analysis.
It is also determined and restricted by the social and economic foundation. For example, there is no capitalism.
With the emergence and development of relations of production, there would be no Renaissance and Enlightenment in Europe.
Mongolian movement; The prosperity of Han culture and literature and art in China during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, then
This is inseparable from the consolidation of the feudal system that replaced slavery. literature
The history of artistic development shows that the ultimate reason for the evolution of literature and art is not
It should be due to political factors or other social ideologies such as philosophy, morality and religion.
Type to find, but should be in the social and economic foundation and its changes to find. straight
As Engels said, "the development of literature and art is based on the development of economy.
Basis "(Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 4, page 506)
Literature and art are produced and developed on a certain social and economic basis.
Management has a dynamic impact on the economic base, or reaction. Progressive text
Learning art is very important for the backward economic base that hinders the development of productive forces and social progress.
The foundation plays a certain role in shaking and disintegrating, and at the same time it can promote some production.
Force and social development play a role in promoting the emergence of advanced economic base and industry.
Solid; Backward and even decadent reactionary literature and art have hindered productivity.
The backward economic base plays a role in maintaining development and social progress. At the same time,
And hinder some advanced economies that promote productivity and social development.
The formation and consolidation of economic foundation.
As a form of social consciousness, literature belongs to the superstructure. Therefore, the emergence and development of literature is always restricted by a certain economic base in the final analysis. It is embodied in two aspects: on the one hand, from the content of literature, the thoughts and feelings it expresses, the social relations it reveals and the life scenes it reproduces all depend on the economic foundation of a certain society. For example, if there were no ancient matriarchal society, there would be no myths such as "Nu Wa made man" and "Goddess fills the sky". Without the rise of civil society and the primitive accumulation of capital, there would be no novel like Robinson Crusoe. On the other hand, judging from the development of literature, economic foundation is the fundamental reason that determines the development and evolution of literature. Without the germination and development of capitalism, there would be no Renaissance and Enlightenment in Europe. The development and prosperity of Han culture in China can not be separated from the victory of feudalism over slavery. However, it should be noted that the restriction and influence of economic foundation on the development and evolution of literature is often indirect and slow.
It even has a page number on it, right?