Since 2002, "Reading Appreciation of Ancient Poems" has been included in Chinese Volume 2 of the College Entrance Examination, and the examination is conducted in the form of subjective questions. The exam notes clearly put forward two requirements: 1. Appreciate the image, language and expression skills of literary works; 2. Evaluate the ideological content of literary works and the author's viewpoint and attitude.
Looking at the college entrance examination questions in recent six years, there are two obvious characteristics: first, the starting point angle of the questions is small, based on the understanding of the whole poem, it is inseparable from scenery, emotion and environment; Second, the writing style is simple and easy to express human nature, such as mountains and rivers, nostalgia, parting feelings and so on. However, the answer results are not satisfactory every year. One of the important reasons is that the answer is not standardized, and it is easy to miss some key points, so that you can only "understand" but not "convey" effectively.
The answer should naturally be given according to the requirements of the test questions. As far as the appreciation of ancient poetry is concerned, it can be roughly summarized into the following question-and-answer modes.
The first mode analyzes artistic conception.
Q: What kind of artistic conception does this poem create?
Question variant: What kind of picture does this poem depict? What thoughts and feelings did the poet express?
Answer analysis: This is one of the most common questions. The so-called artistic conception refers to the imaginary realm created by the combination of objects (that is, images) that entrust the poet's feelings. Including three aspects: scenery, emotion and environment, which are indispensable when answering questions.
Steps for answering questions: ① Describe the picture shown in the poem. We should grasp the main scenery in the poem and reproduce the picture in our own language. When describing, one should be faithful to the original poem, the other should be recreated with one's own association and imagination, and the language should be beautiful. ② Summarize the characteristics of the atmosphere created by the scenery. Generally, two disyllabic words can be used, such as lonely and cold, quiet and beautiful, vigorous and magnificent, bleak and desolate, etc. , and should pay attention to accurately reflect the characteristics and emotional appeal of the scenery. ③ Analyze the author's thoughts and feelings. Don't be empty, but give specific answers. For example, it is not enough to just answer "expressing the author's sentimental feelings", but also to respond to the specific content of "sentimentality".
Example of answer:
Two quatrains (Part I)
Du Fu
Jiangshan bathed in spring, how beautiful, flowers send flowers.
Swallows are busy nesting in wet mud and sleeping in pairs on the warm beach.
[Note] This poem was written by the poet when he temporarily stayed in Chengdu Caotang after "four tours at one year old".
What kind of scenery does this poem depict? What kind of feelings did the poet express? Please analyze it briefly.
A: This poem depicts a beautiful scene of early spring: the spring is bright and the spring breeze is Xu Lai; The fields are green and the flowers are fragrant; Swallows build nests and mandarin ducks depend on each other (the first step). This is a bright (or quiet and beautiful) spring scene (step 2). It shows the poet's happy and carefree state of mind after ending his exile and temporarily settling down (step 3).
The second mode of font optimization
Question: What is the most vivid word in this couplet (or sentence)? Why?
Problem variant: one sentence has always been praised. What do you think of it?
Solution analysis: the ancients paid attention to refining words in poetry, which is to ask for the beauty of these refining words. When answering questions, we should not talk about this word in isolation, but put it in a sentence and analyze it with the artistic conception and emotion of the whole poem.
Answer steps: (1) Explain the meaning of words in sentences. (2) Expand the association and put the word in the original sentence to describe the scene. (3) point out what kind of artistic conception the word sets off, or what kind of feelings it expresses. Example of answer:
Nanpubie
Bai Juyi
In the bleak drudgery of Nanpu, the autumn wind is bleak.
Turn back immediately, my heart is broken, so I can leave and don't look back.
In the past, people thought that the word "Kan" seemed ordinary, but in fact it was very vivid and could really reveal the shape of the lyric hero.
Elephant. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
A: I agree. The word "look" in the poem means to look back (the first step). I left people, and I often looked back. Every time I look back, I feel deeply grieved. This word makes us seem to see the tearful image of the lyric hero (step 2). There is only one word "look" in the poem that vividly shows the sadness of parting (step 3).
[Handout dated 6 September 2007]
The third mode is keyword question type.
Q: One word is the key to the whole poem. Why?
Solution analysis: ancient poetry is very particular about conception. Often a word or a word can form the clue of the whole poem, lay the emotional tone of the whole poem and express the thought of the whole poem. Grasping this word proposition can often test our grasp of the whole poem.
Answer steps: The role of the word (1) in highlighting the main idea. (2) The function of words in the structure of poetry.
Example of answering questions: (Liaoning college entrance examination questions in 2006)
Dongpo
Su Shi
The rain washed Dongpo, the moonlight was clear, and the city people walked like savages.
Don't doubt the rock slope, but love the sound of dragging sticks.
[Note] This poem was written by Su Shi when he was relegated to Huangzhou. Dongpo is where Su Shi lives and cultivates in Huangzhou.
1. What is the function of the first sentence of the whole poem? Please analyze it briefly.
A: This sentence is the foreshadowing of the whole poem. It depicts a moonlit picture of Dongpo after the rain, creating a quiet atmosphere to reflect the spiritual realm of Ming Che in the author's mind.
2. Previous comments on this poem think that the word "bright" is the key to interpret the whole poem. Please appreciate the wonderful use of the word "bright" in combination with the whole poem.
A: The word "bright" vividly depicts the loud and powerful sound when the cane collides with the stone, which is in sharp contrast with the quiet atmosphere of "Dongpo under the Moon" written in one or two sentences; The explanation of the bumpy road in the previous sentence can make readers realize the author's persistence in faith and optimistic feelings.
Dianjiangchun
Li Qingzhao
Lonely boudoir, an inch of sorrow in my heart. Cherish spring, urge flowers to say. Leaning over, just not in the mood. Where are people? Even the sky is grass, and the way back is broken.
1. Do you agree that "sorrow" is the word "eye" in this poem? Please explain the reason.
A: I agree. The whole poem, from loneliness to the sadness of hurting spring, to the sadness of parting, and then to the sadness of homesickness, deeply writes out thousands of deep worries in women's hearts.
2. The ancients praised the word "love and words win together, lasting charm". Please analyze and explain (refine words, etc.) from the perspectives of "emotion" and "word". ).
This is a poem by in my heart forever. The first one expresses loneliness and hurts spring, and the second one expresses sadness and homesickness, which can be described as winning with affection. The first one writes that spring goes and flowers fall, and the second one writes that people don't return, with the word "rain" in the middle, which runs through "sorrow" and is rigorous in structure. By exaggeration and contrast, the words "time" and "broken" are extremely refined, which truly shows the deep sadness of a lonely woman trapped in a boudoir, which can be said to be better than words.
On a spring night, I smell the flute in Los Angeles.
Lipper
Yu Di's dark flying sound scattered into the spring breeze in Los Angeles.
Who can't get homesick when they hear that there is another village in the serenade?
The word "folding willow" is the key to the whole poem. What is the moral of "breaking willow"
What? Do you agree with "key"? Why? (2002 college entrance examination questions)
A: "Folding willow" means "parting", and the theme of poetry is homesickness (the first step). This homesickness is caused by hearing the flute sound of the song "Broken Willow" (the second step). It can be seen that "folding willow" is the key to the whole poem.
The fourth pattern analysis language type
Q: What are the linguistic features of this poem? Question variant: Please analyze the language style of this poem. On the language art of this poem.
Solution analysis: this question type does not require trying to figure out the clever use of individual words, but tastes the language style of the whole poem. Words that can be used to answer questions generally include: fresh and natural, unpretentious, colorful, clear and fluent, talkative, euphemistic and implicit, uninhibited, graceful and graceful, concise and vivid, etc.
Answer steps: (1) Use one or two words to accurately point out the language features. (2) Analyze this feature with relevant sentences in the poem. (3) Point out how the author's feelings are expressed.
Example of answer:
Resentment in spring
Jin changxu
Get rid of the oriole, get rid of all the music on the tree.
They woke her up when she dreamed that she went to meet him in Liaoxi camp.
Please analyze the linguistic features of this poem.
A: The language features of this poem are fresh, natural and colloquial (the first step). Yellow is a children's voice, which shows the innocence of women. "They woke her up when she was dreaming and said that she had gone to the camp in western Liaoning to meet him there." In simple language, the oriole was beaten because it disturbed her dream of missing her husband (step 2). This naturally shows the woman's yearning for her husband (step 3)
[Handout dated September 8, 2007]
The fifth pattern analysis skill type
Expression skills, also known as artistic skills, are the general names of expression, rhetoric, performance and structural skills. When appreciating poetry, we should analyze what expression techniques are used, what content they express in poetry, what role they play and what effect they have. The examination of expression skills in the college entrance examination focuses on expression effect, which often leads to questions from this angle. When reviewing, you must reserve the following knowledge of expression skills.
Expression skills are the means used by poets to express their feelings. To answer questions accurately, you must be familiar with some common expression skills. Expression skills can be divided into four categories: rhetoric, expression, expression and text structure.
There are two kinds of lyric techniques: direct expression and indirect lyric. "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking and high-ranking people whose sincere faces will never be seen?" Is to express one's thoughts directly. Indirect lyricism can also be divided into lyricism by borrowing scenery, such as "the rustling leaves send cold sounds, and the autumn wind on the river moves guests' feelings"; Entrust the ambition with things, such as "Far Sound Don't Borrow Autumn Wind" in Cicada, and poems chanting things such as Operator Yongmei; Keep things in mind, such as "half an acre of square pond is open, and the sky is * * *. The canal is so clear, because there is a source of living water. "
Descriptive techniques mainly include: (1) contrast, positive contrast and negative contrast. This is like "Peach Blossom Pond is deep and dry, so it is better to pay attention to my feelings". This contrast is dynamic and static, such as "moonlight in pine forest, crystal stone in stream"; Use sound to contrast silence, such as "the bird is surprised when the moon is out, and it is flowing in spring"; Sad emotions are set off by happy scenes, such as "green grass stains the steps in spring and birds sing happily under the leaves" (2) Association and imagination. Also known as the combination of reality and reality, such as "flying over three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has set for nine days". (3) comparison. For example, "Luoyang visits talents, Jiangling makes people flow." (4) draw a line. For example, "if you plant a millet in spring, you will reap 10 thousand seeds in autumn." There are no idle fields in the four seas, so farmers starve to death. "The rhetorical devices that often appear in ancient poems are: (1) Bi Xing. Comparison, that is, for example. For example, "Mulberry leaves can be fat before it falls." Xing) is to say something else before john young sings. Such as "Guan Guan Luo Yu, in Hezhou. My fair lady, a gentleman is good. " 2 metaphor. (3) personification. (4) exaggeration. ⑤ Pun. For example, "sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny but sunny", and "sunny" means emotional "affection". (6) allusions. For example, "a strong woman in business doesn't know how to hate her country, but she still sings" backyard flowers "across the river. "In addition, there are rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, irony and so on.
table
reach
skill
Clever repair
give up
square
Law 1, commonly used methods: metaphor, analogy, metonymy, parallelism, exaggeration, duality, rhetorical questions, etc. 2. Discrimination and rhetorical function of confusing figures of speech.
table
reach
square
Narration, description, lyricism, discussion, etc. The emphasis is on lyricism and description.
Lyric: 1, direct lyric (direct expression); 2, indirect lyricism (borrowing scenery to express feelings, melting feelings in the scenery, supporting things to express their aspirations, chanting history to express their aspirations, recalling the past and hurting the present, that is, having feelings for things, etc. ).
Description: point-to-surface combination, positive combination, dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination, light and shade combination, meticulous description, sketch, music scene writing mourning, mourning scene Syaraku, poetry and painting combination, etc.
Expression 1, Fu, Bi and Xing (creative method); 2. Entrustment, implication, association, imagination, presentation, symbol, suggestion, suppression before promotion, suppression before promotion, etc.
The text structure is 1, the title of the first sentence, the declaration of the death chapter, the beginning and the end echo, and the total score combination; 2, layers of bedding, transition bedding, etc.
How to ask questions: What expressive techniques are used in this poem?
Title change: please analyze the expression (or artistic technique, or artistic technique) of this poem. How do poets express their feelings? What's the effect?
Answer steps: (1) Point out exactly what technique was used. (2) Explain why this technique is combined with poetry. (3) This technique effectively conveys the poet's feelings.
Example of answer:
Morning trip
[Song] Chen
Dewdrops invaded the camel's brown, Han Xiao was bright, and the stars were dry and bright.
Lonely bridges and dreams, grass insects singing in the depths of rice fields.
What are the main expressive techniques used in this poem? What's the effect?
A: Mainly use the method of comparison (the first step). The sky is not bright, the stars are vertical and horizontal, especially bright, which sets off the darkness of the sky; "Grass insects sing" reflects the silence of the environment (step 2). The contrast between the two highlights the poet's early travel and expresses the poet's inner loneliness caused by wandering (step 3).
[National Volume 2, 2005] Read the following Tang poems and then answer this question. (8 points)
Coconut silk is good in Handan from winter to the sun.
Bai Juyi
Every winter solstice, I am accompanied by the shadow in front of the knee lamp.
If you want to sit at home late at night, you should also talk about travelers.
[Note] Winter Solstice Day: one of the 24 solar terms, it is a solar term in the Tang Dynasty.
Important festivals.
(1) Briefly analyze the sentence "I am accompanied by a shadow in front of a knee lamp" and tell me what the author was feeling at that time. (2) How did the author write Homesickness? What are the characteristics of language?
Answer: (1) The word "tuck" vividly describes the author's sitting. The word "in front of the lamp" naturally leads to "shadow", and the word "companion" connects "shadow" and "body" and sits on the knees, which seems to be inseparable. This fully reflects the loneliness of the author when he is homesick. (2) (1) The author adopts the method of combining reality with reality, mainly through an imaginary picture, that is, on the solstice in the dead of winter, the family is still sitting around the lamp, talking about people who travel far away, so as to show their homesickness. The language of this poem is unpretentious. The author enters the poem with spoken language, imagines the picture of my family missing me, and truly shows the deep homesickness.
[2005 National Volume 3] Look at the following song poem before going back.
Answer the question. (8 points)
Yuhou market
Liu Zun
After a heavy rain, the pond was full of water and very calm, as if immersed in a gently polished mirror, reflecting the reflection of the house on the shore.
Suddenly there was an east wind, and the drooping willow branches danced gracefully, and the water droplets on the willow branches swept through the middle of the lotus leaves, making a constant noise.
(1) Briefly analyze how this poem shows the calm of the pool after the rain.
(2) Try to appreciate this poem from the perspectives of "static" and "dynamic".
A: (1) The author uses metaphors to show the calm of the pond water after the rain. After the rain, the water surface of the pond is like a gently polished mirror, reflecting the eaves and telephone poles beside the pond. The metaphor of this image vividly shows the poet's love for the beautiful pond after the rain. (2) The first and second sentences use the words "water level", "mirror" and "jacaranda" to describe the beautiful and charming tranquility of the lotus pond after the rain. Three or four sentences use "suddenly rising", "weeping poplar dance" and the "ten thousand points" sound made by raindrops on weeping poplar leaves blown into lotus leaves by the wind, showing a dynamic beauty on the pool after rain. This poem describes not only static, but also dynamic. Static shows dynamic, and dynamic sets static and dynamic against each other. The combination of dynamic and static forms a beautiful spring scene of the pond after the rain, and at the same time reveals the feeling of tranquility, leisure and joy.