Although Guan Xiu is famous as an artistic monk in the world, we can still find that he has great attainments in meditation practice and Buddhist righteousness through his life of poetry, calligraphy and painting. Which dynasty did Guan Xiu belong to? The following is the relevant content I have compiled, hoping to help you. Guan Xiu dynasty:
Guan Xiu (832 ~ 912), a painter and poet of Shu before the end of Tang Dynasty and five dynasties in China. The common surname is Jiang, and he became a monk, and he was named "Master Zen Moon". Wu Zhou Lan Huo (now Lanxi, Zhejiang) was born. Born into a scholar-bureaucrat family, he entered Lanxi and An Temple at the age of seven to learn Buddhism from Elder Yuanzhen. Since childhood, he has been clever, has a superior memory, is good at writing poems, and often sings with monks and friends, bringing out the best in each other, so he has a poem name when he is fifteen or six years old. At the age of 2, he began to roam. First, he entered Wuxie Mountain Temple in eastern Zhejiang and practiced Zen for ten years. After studying in Hongling Mountain in Hongzhou, he soon went north, northwest, Jibei and other places, and then returned to his hometown of Dongyang for several years. After Huang Chao Uprising captured Dongyang, he was displaced in Shan Ye. In the second year of Ganning, Zhao Zong attached himself to Cheng Ling in Jingmen and sang with Bachelor Wu Rong. Soon after, he left because of offending Cheng Ling. After three years in Sichuan, he was deeply treated by Wang Jian, the owner of Shu, and was given the title of "Master of Zen Moon". He died in Yongping, the former Shu, at the age of eighty. There is a collection of poems, Zen Moon Collection, which exists in the world. There are 735 existing poems, the number of which is second only to that of Qi Ji among the poets and monks in the Tang and Five Dynasties.
Guan Xiu is well-read, skilled in calligraphy and good at cursive writing; Good at painting, longer than Buddha statues, especially famous for painting Luohan statues. The painted Luohan has a deep eyebrow, a nose augmentation and a protruding jaw, and an odd image, claiming to have seen it in a dream. There are many kinds of replicas of the sixteen arhats and stone carvings circulating today. Together with Qi Ji and Jiao Ran, they were also called "Three Noble Monks in Tang Dynasty", and later generations compiled Poems of Three Noble Monks in Tang Dynasty. "Biography of Talented Talents in Tang Dynasty" praised him as "a straight spirit, unparalleled in the world. A high degree of intention is sparse, and knowledge is numerous. Talent is quick and quick, and the pen spits fierce and sharp gas. The ancient law of Yuefu was one of the fruit monks. After less than its ratio, before the Israeli side Zhi Daolin but yi ". Guan Xiu has 4 volumes of collected works, which was prefaced by Wu Rong, a famous poet at that time, and was called Xiyue Collection. After Guan Xiu's disciple Tan Yu re-edited, it was called "Bao Yue Collection". Guan Xiu is good at reciting poems. Although most of his poems are about objects, scenery or singing with monks and poets, they often touch the world. For example, he once wrote "The Ci of the Corrupt Officials" to satirize Gao Jixing, a town in Jingzhou: "... Wu Ji sang a song and broke the red beam casually. Han E sings a song, and the golden section shines brightly. Ning and a song and two songs have made thousands of people cry! Not only crying, but also whitening his head and starving his family, so the auspicious wind does not come, and the wind remains the same. Hey, east, west, north and south. "
generally speaking, Guan Xiu's poems can be divided into two categories: Zen poems and secular poems. Zen poems account for about one third of his poems. Compared with other monks' Zen poems, Guan Xiu's Zen poems are mainly characterized in two aspects: one is to comprehensively reflect the monks' special lifestyle and understanding of Zen philosophy and Zen interest in the form of poems; The second is to show a strong Zen feeling. Although there were many poems describing the monk's life in the mountains in the past, they were basically single poems. In the poems, the monk's seclusion life was described comprehensively, and Guan Xiu had to be the first. Moreover, Guan Xiu adopted the form of composing regular poems, which was not found among the poets and monks before Guan Xiu. For example, Twelve Poems on Leisure in Tongjiang, Twenty-four Poems on Mountain Residence, etc. Among them, "Twenty-four Poems of Mountain Living" is particularly prominent, and the whole group of poems can almost completely reflect all aspects of monks' seclusion life. Art has also matured. Another obvious feature of Guan Xiu's Zen poetry is that it reflects a deep Zen sentiment. These poems are mainly concentrated in the middle and late period, reflecting Guan Xiu's admiration for Dade and the eminent monks, his long-lost love for his monks and friends, and his nostalgia for his old friends. Such as "send a big wish to a monk" and "send a monk to Hunan". Guan Xiu's Zen love poems are actually an extension of his secular friendship poems. Guan Xiu wrote not only Zen poems but also secular poems, and his secular poems far exceeded his Zen poems in quantity. Biography
Zen master Guan Xiu (832 ~ 912) was a monk in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. The word Deyin is called Zen Moon. Wuzhou (Jinhua, Zhejiang) is a native of Denggaoli, Lanxi, with a common surname of Jiang. Denggaoli is located in the west of Lanxi County and belongs to Taiping Township (now it belongs to Youbu Town). And Jiang's family is also a big family in Lanxi, and there are celebrities on behalf of it. When Guan Xiu Zen master was young, he tried to learn Confucian classics from his father, and was influenced by Confucian ideas of Confucius and Mencius, so he developed an open and straightforward personality temperament very early. This can be seen from later poems. He wrote in a poem: "I am a bamboo hat, and I know the son of heaven when I am young." Learning to be Mao Shi's poetry is also straightforward. " (See Zen Moon Collection, Volume II for Yang Wushuo Everything.)
According to Guan Xiu's disciple Tanyu Zen Master in the Preface to Zen Moon Collection, "(Guan Xiu) returned to He 'an Temple when he was young, and asked Elder Yuan Zhen and monk to be his teacher." There is a similar record in Song Zanning's Biography of Eminent Monks, and it is recorded that when Guan Xiu was seven years old, he joined Master Yuan Zhen as a monk and served as his child. So why did Guan Xiu, who was "young and enlightened" and deeply loved by her parents, escape into an empty net at such a young age? His reason for becoming a monk is not recorded in the history books. Some scholars wrote that, "According to this, when Guan Xiu was young, he might be as intelligent as Master Xuanzang, different from ordinary children, and he also showed a strong religious sentiment, which made his parents and relatives sigh as' coming again'. In order to fulfill his eternal good roots, he was sent to the temple and became a monk again. This is a good opportunity that most Buddhists dream of. For example, Hui Si, a master of Nanyue in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, prayed in his vows that the afterlife would meet the Dharma as soon as possible and be childlike. Therefore, it is reasonable for the author of the biography of the eminent monk to think that Master Hugh Jackson was able to become a monk at the age of seven because of his parents' elegant love for him. " It is said that because of the elegant love of parents, he was sent to Buddhism in order to return to sleep early. I think this statement is too ideal, and I am afraid it is not true. This paper holds that it is Guan Xiu's parents' helplessness to send their children to become monks. Guan Xiu once wrote a poem "Passing through the Grave of Sister-in-law", saying, "Tears never fall on this day, but my sister-in-law is buried in front of the mountain. Being older than me is not effective, and my family has been poor for a long time. Hongchong Bihan cream was interrupted, and Huiza Artemisia was buried on it. Love and bitterness are not lost, and it is unbearable to look back. " ("Zen Moon Collection", Volume 19) This poem is generally believed to have been written in He 'an Temple several years after Master Hugh became a monk. Guan Xiu was seven years old when he became a monk. It should be said that he didn't quite understand human feelings. When he grew up and realized the "love and bitterness" of his family, he woke up his "poor family" and "unbearable" childhood experience of his younger brother and sister's early death. So there was a sad chant that "tears never fell on this day." Guan Xiu also said in "Drum Belly Song" that "I was unlucky in the past, but I was left behind by a hundred sorrows" (Volume 4 of Zen Moon Collection). Combined with the bitter satire and criticism of the cruel officials and the ruling class in Guan Xiu's later poems, we can roughly judge the reason why he became a monk, which is related to the changes and misfortunes his family suffered.
Guan Xiu has shown unusual poetic talent since he was a child. "When the teacher was the lad, there was a lad's law number in the adjacent courtyard, all of whom were in their teens. When they were in the same mind, they chanted sutras, and every time they were in their spare time, they sang in harmony. Gradually reaching the age of fifteen or sixteen, the name of the poem is beneficial and it is heard far and near. " (Tan Yu's Preface to the Collection of Zen Moon) When he became a monk, he lived in the neighboring courtyard with his classmates, and talked about poetry every other fence after chanting scriptures. After receiving the precept, the name of the poem became more and more famous. He once went to Yuzhang (present-day Nanchang) to spread "Hokkekyo" and "On Faith" and learned all the meanings.
in the early years of Tang Ganning (894 ~ 897), he once paid a visit to Qian Liu, king of Wusu in wuyue. After that, I swam and made friends with Lan 'e Pear in Tang 'an Temple. Zhao Zongtian entered Shu from 91 to 94, and was deeply treated by Wang Jian and his son, the owner of Shu. He was "the master of Qin Dynasty's kindness to Daoan" (Preface of Zen Moon Collection in Tanyu), and was named "Master of Zen Moon" in Guan Xiu, and was often called "the monk who got it". Liang Ganhua died in the second year (912) at the age of eighty-one. Guan Xiu was buried by Wang Yan, the owner of Shu, with the tower number "White Lotus". His poems and other poems were compiled by disciple Tanyu Zen master, the Zen Moon Collection, which was originally thirty volumes. However, five volumes of his collected works have been lost, and more than 25 volumes of his poems have been lost. Another addendum was written by Mao Jin in the Ming Dynasty. His life story was first recorded in the Preface of Zen Moon Collection written by his disciple Tan Yu, and Guan Xiu's biography was also recorded in Song Zanning's Biography of Song Monks (Volume 3).
Guan Xiu traveled all over his life and made a lot of friends. Therefore, his life is full of legends, and he has many stories. He had made acquaintance with Qi, a poet monk at that time, and also had contacts with famous poets at that time, such as Chen Tao, Liu Deren, Fang Gan, Zhang Wei and Wei Zhuang. He was also friendly with Wu Rong, a famous poet and Neihan, so Wu Rong prefaced Zen Moon Collection, saying that "Guan Xiu is clever and beautiful, elegant and good at poetry", and the two men "discussed two elegance, rewarded and sang, and did not communicate with each other for more than three days, and hated each other."
In Guan Xiu's life interaction, it is worth noting his interaction and relationship with Qian Liu, King of Wu Yue. According to the Guan Xiu of Song Ji's Chronicle of Tang Poetry (volume 75), "Qian Liu claimed to be the king of wuyue. Don't throw a poem at it:' You are forced to be free, and you have been working hard in the forest hills for several years. Three thousand guests were drunk with flowers, and fourteen States were frosted with one sword. Laizi's clothes are narrow and narrow, and Xie Gong's articles recite Qi Xia's shame. He was named Lingyange in the year, and he envied Wan Huhou at that time. " If the imperial edict is changed to forty states, we can meet each other. Yue' state is also difficult to add, poetry is also difficult to change. However, if you are alone in the clouds, why can't you fly? " Then I entered Shu. "Cloud Guan Xiu lovers with the king of money, but what is recorded is different from Zanning's Biography of the Monk. The Biography of Monks has been published for 3 years: At the beginning of Tang Ganning (894), he once paid a visit to wuyue's Qian Wang, "because he presented five chapters and eight sentences, he was very satisfied and left yif. Wang Li went to the false work, and the imperial court was a hero. Instead, he set up a monument in a different tree hall, remembered the name of the general school of Tongli Pingyue, and published a poem in the monument. See the weight. " It is said that Guan Xiu's poetry is more important than wuyue's money king. Today, Mr. Fu Xuancong thinks that Guan Xiu's offering poems to Qian Wang is purely a false trust of later generations. So, did Guan Xiu offer a poem and see that it is more important than money? This paper holds that, in addition to Biography of Monks and Chronicles of Tang Poetry, many ancient related documents record the fact of Guan Xiu's contact with Qian Wang, such as Qian Yan's History of wuyue, Song Wen Ying's Record of Xuting Shan Ye, and Qing Wu Renchen's Spring and Autumn of Ten Kingdoms. Guan Xiu, a native of Wuyue, has lived in wuyue for a long time. After middle age, Guan Xiu often lived a wandering life of "traveling far and nowhere" (Zen Moon Collection, Volume 13, Eight Sails into Kuangshan in Late Autumn). While roaming in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and other places, he had contacts with many local dignitaries, such as Lu Zhiyou, the secretariat of Raozhou, Yan Feng, Song Zhen, the secretariat of Hangzhou, Sun Hui, the secretariat of Changzhou, and Cheng Shu, the general of Jingnan Town, Wang Jian, the father and son of Shu, etc., and wrote a lot about these dignitaries. It is not difficult to see that it is credible that Guan Xiu presented poems to the king of money and once paid attention to him. Later, it is likely that Guan Xiu's poem in which he congratulated Qian Liu for calling King Yue of Wu did not fully conform to Qian Liu's wishes, and Guan Xiu did not want to flatter him. So he left wuyue and drifted into Shu. Of course, Guan Xiu gained unprecedented respect in West Shu. For example, in terms of titles, the titles given to Guan Xiu by the King of Shu are also the highest among monks of all ages. Before 97 AD, when Shu was founded, Taizu Wang Jian accumulated Guan Xiu's "The Dragon Tower of the Great Shu Kingdom is waiting to be recruited, the Master of Distinguishing Merits and Merits in Ming Dynasty, the First Hall of Xiang 'an, the Master of Speaking and Singing, the Master of Daomenzi's Selection and Teaching, the Master of Writing System, the Second Street Monk Record, the Master of Feng Sikong, the Master of Taifuqing, the Master of Eight Kingdoms in Yunnan, and the right and left fax to Longhua Dojo.
Guan Xiu's praise of powerful people and his bestowal on them everywhere shows that Guan Xiu at this time is no longer a pure monk who is free from vulgarity and far away from the world of mortals, but more like a scholar with lofty aspirations and unwilling to be lonely. Of course, Guan Xiu is a monk after all, and there can be no other political intentions. He was deeply respected by many scholars and prominent officials at that time mainly for his outstanding art of poetry and painting. In his contacts with dignitaries, he sought more mutual understanding and respect. Therefore, he doesn't flatter, but gets along with fate. Not only did he refuse to change his poems to please King Wu Yue, but he was exiled to the middle of Guizhou because he offended the town. This also shows Guan Xiu's frank personality and his pride in relying on talents.
In addition, throughout Guan Xiu's life, he had many experiences of seclusion and practice. In the fifth year of Tang Huichang (845), that is, when he was sixteen years old, because the court forced monks and nuns to return to vulgarity, the temple was demolished and the scriptures were destroyed, which was called "the difficulty of Huichang method", and the He 'an Temple was also demolished, so Guan Xiu had to go into the mountains to dive with the teacher. Since then, I have often lived a reclusive spiritual life with Naishi. Guan Xiu will never forget his life during this period: "I remember my days in the mountains, and I was dying for a monk's temples. Yi Deng often arrives at dawn and stays with his teacher for ten years. " ("Zen Moon Collection" Volume 1) According to Guan Xiu's poems about the mountain dwelling situation in those years, the mountain they took refuge in may be Wuxie Mountain in central Zhejiang (now Zhuji, Zhejiang). However, according to Guan Xiu's "Five Poems of Tangshan" in Qing Guangxu Edition of Suichang County Records, another scholar thinks that his secluded place is Tangshan Cuifeng Temple in Suichang (now Suichang County, Zhejiang Province), and he lived there for fourteen years. The author also thinks that Guan Xiu's Sixteen Arhats were first created here. In the four or five years (863-864) in Xian Tong, Tang Yizong, Guan Xiu, who had passed his thirties, came to Zhongling (Nanchang), and after several years, he lived a peaceful life in Taoyuan (Zen Moon Collection, Volume 23, Poems of Mountain Living) and wrote Poems of Mountain Living here. In June of the first year of Guangming in Tang Xizong (88), Huang Chao Uprising Army captured Muzhou and Wuzhou. In order to avoid the war, Guan Xiu had to leave his hometown again. He first wandered around Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and later lived in seclusion in Lushan, Jiangxi. "In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, avoid the nest and enter Lushan Mountain to fold Guifeng ... Usually, it is a tour of poetry and Taoism with Guan Xiu, Chu Mo and Xiu Mu. Shen Yan, Cao Song, zhangning and Chen Chang are all Chu Shi, and they are friends of singing remuneration." Living in seclusion in the mountains is an important way for Buddhist disciples to cultivate their self-cultivation, realize Taoism and participate in Zen. To be sure, writing poems and painting also constitutes an important part of Guan Xiu's seclusion.
Guan Xiu is also good at machine argument. Tao Yue once commented in the Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties: "Guan Xiu has an organic argument, and when things change, everyone is second to none." However, Du Guangting, a fellow countryman who is friendly with Guan Xiu and an eloquent Taoist, is quite unconvinced. He has always wanted to find a chance to compete with Guan Xiu to defeat him. According to legend, once, Guan Xiu and Du Guangting rode in tandem on the street. Guan Xiu's mount suddenly shit, and Du Guangting shouted at the back: "Master, count the beads!" When Guan Xiu heard this, he was unhurried and retorted, "If you don't count pearls, you can repay them with a big one.". Du Guangting was speechless and felt ashamed! This may also reflect the social culture in which Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism were able to live in peace despite conflicts at that time.
In addition, what needs to be explained is the native place of Guan Xiu. As we all know, Guan Xiu, a native of Lanxi, Wu Yueguo, entered Shu in the evening and died in Chengdu, Sichuan. Therefore, later generations called Guan Xiu "Guan Xiu, a monk of Shu" and "Guan Xiu, a former Shu" in many places. For example, Zanning's Biography of a Monk was written for Guan Xiu, entitled "Biography of Guan Xiu in Liangcheng Dudong Temple". Its influence is so great that it is often called "Guan Xiu, a monk of Shu" in many works of modern people. For example, the article "Guan Xiu" in the Dictionary of China Ancient Painters (Zhejiang People's Edition) published in recent years calls its place of origin "Qian Shu in the Five Dynasties". In fact, Guan Xiu was born in wuyue, "the Jiangnan people" (Wu