Chatting, Mulan is knitting at home. I can't hear the loom, but I hear the woman sigh.
Ask a woman what she thinks and what she remembers. Women have nothing to think about, and women have nothing to remember. The military post I saw last night was full of soldiers. The art of war consists of twelve volumes, which contain the names of lords. Grandpa has no eldest son, Mulan has no big brother, and she is willing to be a pommel horse, so she will sign for him from now on.
Buy horses in the east, saddles in the west, reins in the south and whip in the north. When I said goodbye to my parents, I was by the Yellow River at dusk. I didn't hear my parents calling for a female voice, but I heard the Yellow River splashing. Say goodbye to the Yellow River and go to Heishantou at dusk. I didn't hear my parents calling for a female voice, but I heard Yanshan (Hebei) singing.
Wan Li to Rongji, the mountain is flying. The breath of the new moon is golden, and the cold light is iron. The general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years.
See you later, the son of heaven is sitting in the hall. Policy 12 turn, before reward 100. Khan asked him what he wanted, and Mulan didn't need Shang Shulang; I am willing to send my son back to his hometown.
When my parents heard about the woman, they went out to help Guo (Jiang Shi); Sister (son) heard that sister is coming, so she should take care of her red makeup. When I heard my sister coming, I sharpened my knife at pigs and sheep. Open my East Pavilion door, sit on my West Pavilion bed, take off my wartime robe, wear my old clothes, be a window and make up my temples. When I went out to see the fire companion, all the fire companions were amazed: after twelve years of traveling together, I didn't know Mulan was a girl.
Male rabbits have messy feet and female rabbits have blurred eyes; When two rabbits walk side by side, can I tell if I am a male or a female?
[Edit this paragraph] Annotation translation
Mulan was knitting against the door, twittering. There was no sound of weaving, only Mulan's sigh.
Ask Mulan what she is thinking and what is missing. Mulan didn't think about anything and didn't miss anything. I saw a proclamation in the army last night and learned that the emperor was recruiting troops on a large scale. There are many books on the conscription roster, all with his father's name. Father has no adult son and Mulan has no brother, so she is willing to buy a pommel horse instead of her father.
Mulan went to various markets to buy pommel horses and other war equipment. In the morning, I said goodbye to my parents and set off. In the evening, I camped by the Yellow River. I can't hear my parents calling for my daughter, but I can only hear the flowing water of the Yellow River. Say goodbye to the Yellow River in the morning and set off on the road. In the evening, I arrived at Heishan Mountain. I can't hear my parents calling for my daughter, but I can only hear the neighing of the horses of conference semifinals on Yanran Mountain.
Not far from Wan Li, I went to the battlefield, flew over the city gate and flew over the mountains. The cold in the north conveys the sound of playing ball, and the cold moonlight reflects the soldiers' armored shirts. Many soldiers died in the battle, only some survivors made it back.
When he returned victorious, he appeared in front of the emperor, who sat in the palace (rewarding his merits). Mulan is considered to have many advantages and gained a lot of property. The son of heaven asked Mulan what she wanted, but Mulan didn't want to be an official. She just wants to ride a swift horse and return to her hometown.
When parents heard that their daughter was back, they helped each other to meet Mulan in the outer city. When my sister heard that she was back, she dressed up in front of the door. My brother heard that my sister came back and was busy sharpening the knife and killing pigs and sheep. Mulan went back to her original room, took off her wartime uniform, put on her old clothes, combed her hair and hung ornaments in front of the window mirror. When I went out to meet my comrades-in-arms, they were all surprised: after traveling together for many years, I didn't even know Mulan was a girl.
When the rabbit's ears are hanging in mid-air, the front foot of the male rabbit is always moving, and the eyes of the female rabbit are often narrowed. When two rabbits run side by side, how do you know which one is male and which one is female?
To annotate ...
Haw (jρjρ): Loom sound, a sigh.
Weave at home: knit against the door.
Machine sound: the sound made by a loom. Raft: Weaving shuttle (Sue is not here).
Only: only
Female: Female, here refers to Mulan.
What to think: what to think.
Memory: lack.
Military proclamation: the proclamation of the army.
Kè hán: The emperor recruited soldiers on a large scale. Khan, the title of supreme ruler of some ethnic minorities in ancient China.
Twelve volumes of the art of war: there are many volumes on the draft list. 12 means a lot, not exactly. The following "ten years" and "twelve years" are used in the same way.
Grandpa: Like the "grandpa" below, they all refer to the father.
Willing to be a city pommel horse: for, for this. City, noun as verb, buy. Pommel horse, generally refers to horse and harness.
Jiān: the cushion under the saddle.
Pei: Drive away the chews and reins of animals.
Jiān jiān: the sound of water.
Montenegro: Kill Tiger Mountain, in the southeast of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia.
Dan: In the morning.
(Ji): Our war horse. Hu, the ancient name of northern minorities.
Describe the sound of horses neighing.
Wan Li to Rongji: Not far from Wan Li, to the battlefield. Military aircraft, military aircraft, military. This text refers to war.
Fly over the mountain: cross the mountain like flying, cross the mountain. Guanshan, Guansai, Mountain. Degree, through.
The cold in the north conveys the sound of playing overtime. New moon, north. Jinbang, or Diao Dou, is a kind of copper pot used by the ancient army, which was used for cooking during the day and making watches at night.
Iron suit: armor (Kǐ I), a protective suit with armor worn by ancient soldiers.
Tian Zi: It means "Khan" on it.
Tang Ming: the place where ancient emperors sacrificed ancestors, met rulers and selected talents.
Twelve chapters of "Policy Training": a great achievement. Tactical training, record merit. Turn (Zhu m: n), when the official rank is divided into several levels, each level is called a turn.
Top 100 Rewards: Reward a lot of property. Strong, more than enough.
Ask what you want: Ask (Mulan) what she wants.
No: improper, do not do it.
Shang: Senior officials of Shangshu Province. Shangshu Province was an organ of the ancient imperial court in charge of state affairs, with several Cao's, and the official in charge of one Cao's affairs was Shang Shulang.
Hope to gallop thousands of miles: I hope to gallop thousands of miles. A very fast horse.
Guo: Outer city.
Help each other: help each other.
Zhuāng: red clothing, which generally refers to women's gorgeous clothing. Cosmetics, powders, clothes and other things for women.
Jojo: Describe the sound of sharpening a knife quickly.
Zhu ó: "Wear" and wear.
Cháng is a dress worn by both men and women in ancient times.
Yellow flower paste: paste, paste. Flower yellow, the decoration of ancient women, stuck in the middle of the forehead.
Comrades: Comrades. At that time, several soldiers were required to eat in the same stove, so they were called "partners".
Pushuo: Move.
Blurred: squinting
Walk side by side: Run side by side
Er: Mulan claimed to be.
Yunbian: Hair is like a dark cloud, which describes beautiful hair.
Words and phrases
A. Pronunciation: loom [zh ù], saddle [ā n ji ā n], head [pè i], head [ji ā n], gold [tu ò], sister [zó], jojo [Hu ò], but. Sticking [ti] yellow flowers; copy
Common words:
(1) yellow mirror post: "post" means "paste", which means to post and paste. 2 Fire is accompanied by panic: "Fire" leads to "help".
Different meanings in ancient and modern times:
1. Ye: The ancient meaning refers to the father, such as the name of the leaf; Today refers to grandpa, dad's dad.
2. Walking: It means running in ancient times, and two rabbits are walking beside the ground; In this sense.
3. Dan: there is only an adverb in the ancient meaning, for example: but I smell the splash of the Yellow River; Nowadays, it is often used as a turning conjunction.
4. Guo: ancient meaning is outer city, eg: going abroad to help generals; Today it is only used as a surname.
Polysemy:
City: a. Market, for example: buy horses in the East Market; I want to be a city pommel horse athlete. Nouns are used as verbs. I am willing to buy pommel horse for this. )
Buy: a. buy (things), for example, buy horses in the east market; I want to buy a boat.
Willing: willing (to be a pommel horse); B I hope, as I wish, I will travel a thousand miles.
Flexible use of words:
① What is the interrogative pronoun "he" as a verb? When asked what she was thinking
② Use the noun "Ce" as a verb to register. Because of her merits, she was promoted many grades.
(3) The verb "riding" is used as a noun, horse. But I heard the horse riding and singing of Yanshan Hu.
Translation of Special Sentences and Key Sentences
1. ellipsis: I want to be a city pommel horse. I want to be a pommel horse in this city. This refers to the fact that my father joined the army. )
Willing to buy pommel horse for this.
2. inversion: ask the woman what she thinks ("what does she think" is the inversion of "what does she think"). Preposition object. )
What is my daughter thinking?
(3). Wan Li came to Rongji, and the mountain was flying. The breath of the new moon is golden, and the cold light is iron. The general died in many battles, and ten years later, a strong man returned: (Mulan) Not far from Wan Li, she went to the battlefield and flew over the pass and mountains. The cold in the north conveys the sound of playing ball, and the cold moonlight reflects the soldiers' armored shirts. Many soldiers died in the battle, only some survivors made it back.
When the windows are arranged in clouds, the mirror is yellow: in front of the window, the hair and face are arranged in front of the mirror.
[Edit this paragraph] Author introduction
Guo Maoqian was a programmer in Yunzhou (now Dongping, Shandong Province) (History of Song Dynasty, volume 297, Guo Quanchuan). Advise sun, source. In the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), Zongshen joined the army for Cao Fa, an official of Henan Province (Volume 59, epitaph). There are hundreds of Yuefu poems handed down through the ages, which are valued by academic circles because of their excellent textual research on solving problems. Mulan Poetry is a long narrative folk song in northern China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It tells the story of Mulan disguised as a man, joined the army instead of her father, fought in the battlefield, returned to the DPRK in triumph, made meritorious deeds, and resigned from her post and returned to her hometown, which is full of legend. After the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, this article was polished by literati in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
[Edit this paragraph] Creation background
There are two main theories about Mulan's age:
First, Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty went to Peking University during the soft period.
Second: During the reign of Emperor Yining of Sui Dynasty, Turks invaded the frontier.
Mulan disguised herself as a man and joined the army instead of her father. She fought on the battlefield for 12 years and made many meritorious deeds. No one found out that she was a woman. In the Tang Dynasty, he was named General Xiao Lie and was commemorated in a shrine. There are different opinions on the time of its emergence, but from the historical and geographical conditions, it can be judged that things and poems may have originated in the post-Wei period. This poem originated from the folk, and in the long-term spread process, it has traces of being polished by later literati, but it basically retains the characteristics that folk songs are easy to remember and recite. Yuefu Poetry Collection is the most complete collection of Yuefu songs, in which the folk songs vividly reflect the social life and local people at that time, and are divided into two parts: southern songs and northern songs. Nanqu, that is, the folk songs of the Southern Dynasties, pays attention to lyricism, flashy language, delicate words and euphemistic style. Beiqu, that is, northern folk songs, has a wide range of themes, strong style, enthusiasm and simplicity. Mulan Poetry and Peacock Flying Southeast are both called long narrative poems.
[Edit this paragraph] Introduction to Yuefu Poetry
Following the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, a new poetic style, Yuefu, appeared in the literary history of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. It was once brilliant and became an organic part of the excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.
"Yuefu", formerly the official name, is responsible for composing music, training musicians, collecting poems and folk songs for the court to sing at sacrificial banquets, observing local conditions and customs, and examining political gains and losses. China's poetry collection system has a long history, and Xia Shuyin recorded it. The Book of Songs, which has been handed down to this day, was originally a standard anthology officially promulgated and recognized by the society. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the system of poetry collection could not be implemented because of the collapse of rites and the constant battles. The unification of the Qin dynasty was short, and everything had to be done. Although there is the name of Yuefu official office, there is still no collection of poems. The Han dynasty inherited the Qin system and the economy was depressed. Yuefu organs can only learn from the past and barely maintain it. After 60 or 70 years of recuperation, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national strength was already very strong, so Yuefu expanded its scale and collected poems at night. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, poetry collection had become a major event in political life. Emperor Guangwu once "invited people to listen to folk stories", while the emperor sent messengers to "travel separately, travel around counties and listen to folk stories". This fashion was followed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. During the period of Xiao Liang, the society has changed Yuefu from an official name to a poetic style. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long has a special chapter in Yuefu besides Ming poems. Selected Works of Zhaoming and New Poems of Xu Ling Yutai also set up Yuefu columns. Among them, there are both literati poems and folk songs, that is, all poems and songs that can be sung through music are called "Yuefu". Among these two kinds of poems, folk songs and poems are the essence, and literati's songs and poems germinate and grow under the dew of folk songs and poems, so we should attach great importance to them.
The system of collecting poems carried out in the gap between the wars in the Northern Dynasties is in the same strain as that in the Han Dynasty. Guo Maoqian's Yuefu poetry anthology "Two Drums Blowing Across the Horn" has some Chinese folk songs and some translations. Although there are only 60 or 70 songs, they are profound in content and wide in subject matter, reflecting the broad social life, which is quite different from the delicate euphemism of southern folk songs, showing the rough and unconstrained spirit of the Northern Dynasties and showing another picture of local conditions and customs. Due to the long-term scuffle between the rulers of all ethnic groups in the north, there are many themes reflecting the war, some describing the suffering caused by the war and the corvee, and some praising the brave spirit. Mulan's poems, in particular, are legends who enthusiastically praise Mulan as a woman disguised as a man and joined the army instead of her father. Mulan and Peacock Flying Southeast are known as "double gems" in Yuefu folk songs. Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties is a wonderful flower in the history of China literature, which has a strong vitality and directly influenced the face of China's poetry. It not only opened up a new field of five-character poetry, but also played a bridge role in seven-character poetry, singing and even law. (Excerpted from View of Yuefu in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties edited by Chen Xuwan and Shang, Shaanxi People's Education Press 1998)
Poetry link
The folk customs in northern China are tough, and many women are heroic. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Rip's little sister was very brave, good at fighting and famous. At that time, there was a song "Song of Miss Li Bo":
Miss Li Bo is graceful and her skirt is like a scroll. If you shoot from left to right, you will get frost. Women are still like this, but men are safe and sound.
It can be seen that Mulan poetry, as a representative work of northern Yuefu folk songs, has a certain life foundation.
[Edit this paragraph] Poetry appreciation
Overall grasp
Mulan Poetry is a long narrative folk song in northern China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it is also a Yuefu poem. It tells the story of Mulan disguised as a man, joined the army instead of her father, fought in the battlefield, returned to the DPRK in triumph, made meritorious deeds, and resigned and returned to China, which is full of legend.
In the first two paragraphs, Mulan decided to join the army instead of her father. The poem begins with the sound of a loom chirping, showing the scene of Mulan knitting at home. Then she wrote a sigh that Mulan didn't intend to weave, which made people wonder, led to a question and answer, and revealed Mulan's thoughts. Mulan "sighed" not because the children were worried, but because the Emperor recruited soldiers, and her father was among the conscripts. As he was old and had no eldest son at home, he decided to join the army instead of his father.
In the third paragraph, Mulan is ready to go out and go to war. "Buy a fine horse in the Oriental market ..." Four sentences are used to describe Mulan's nervous purchase of war horses and riding equipment. "Say goodbye to my parents ..." Eight sentences are repeated, writing that Mulan has been on the journey nonstop, running around day and night, and the farther away from home, the more she misses her loved ones. What is written here is that Mulan set out from home and arrived at the battlefield through the Yellow River for only two days, exaggerating the rapid progress of Mulan, the urgency of the military situation and the eagerness of her mood, which made people feel nervous about the war atmosphere. Among them, the sound of "Yellow River splashing" and "Yanshan riding and chirping" also set off Mulan's homesickness.
The fourth paragraph summarizes Hua Mulan's ten-year campaign life. "When Wan Li goes to Rongji, if he flies over the mountains", it summarizes the contents of the above eight sentences, and exaggerates the description of Mulan riding a horse and Wan Li all the way, rushing to the battlefield, flying over the pass and over the mountains and mountains. "New Moon Breaths with Golden Bells and Cold Light with Iron Clothes" describes Mulan's hard fighting life in the frontier fortress barracks: at night, Diao Dou's knocking came from the cold north wind, and her cold armor was reflected in the cold light. "A hundred battles lead to the death of a general, and ten years lead to the return of a strong man", which outlines this protracted war and bitter battle. The soldiers fought for ten years, and after cruel battles again and again, some died and some returned. Hua Mulan, who is brave and good at fighting, is one of the soldiers who survived and returned successfully.
In the fifth paragraph, Mulan also resigned. First, Mulan appeared before the emperor. Then, Mulan made great contributions and was rewarded by the emperor. Besides, Mulan resigned and was willing to go back to her hometown. "Mulan doesn't need to go to school" but "go back to her hometown". Of course, it is her nostalgia for home life, but she also has her own secret, that is, she is a daughter. The son of heaven didn't know the truth, and Mulan couldn't explain it clearly, which was quite dramatic.
The sixth paragraph is about Mulan's return to her hometown to reunite with her relatives. First of all, describe the happy atmosphere at home with the actions of parents, brothers and sisters that conform to their identity, gender and age; Then, through a series of actions, Mulan wrote her affection for her former residence and her love for her daughter's makeup, showing her natural daughter's mood and her uncontrollable joy after her return. Finally, as the end of the story and the climax of the whole poem, it is a comedy scene in which Mulan, who restores her daughter's costume, meets her partner.
The seventh paragraph ends with metaphor. Using the metaphor of two rabbits running together, it is difficult to tell the difference between male and female, and skillfully solves the mystery that Mulan disguised as a man instead of her father to join the army 12 years, which is interesting and memorable.
This poem creates an immortal image of Mulan, which is both legendary and touching. Mulan is a strange girl and an ordinary person, a heroine and an ordinary girl, a vigorous warrior and a beautiful daughter. She is hard-working, kind-hearted, determined, brave, honest and simple, alert and lively, loves loving the country and loving the quiet life of not admiring high officials and rich people. For more than a thousand years, the story of Mulan joining the army instead of her father has become a household name in China, and the image of Mulan is also deeply loved by people.
This poem is full of folk songs. The whole poem conceives the legendary story of Mulan with "Mulan is a girl", which is full of romance. The complex and simple arrangement is very clever. Although it is about war, it is more about life scenes and children's modality, full of life breath. In the poem, the psychology of the characters is portrayed in the way of question and answer, which is vivid and meticulous; I am very proud to describe the behavior modality with many careful comparisons; It is unforgettable to summarize the whole poem with humorous metaphors. This makes the work have a strong artistic appeal.
Ancient review
poetic sentiment
Mulan hugged her and asked who she was. If you want to hear what you are saying, you should be grateful. My father is a soldier, and his strength is declining. Wan Li Road is not enough, and there are still few children. Husha has no clues, and the north wind cracks people's skin. How can my father help himself when he is ill? Mulan went instead of her father and prepared a horse for the trip. Ivanko Shang Qi, but washed away the lead powder makeup. Gallop to the military curtain and be generous to your assistant. Chaotun under the snow-capped mountains, staying in Qinghai at dusk. Attack the swallow at night. It is also carried by Qiang people. The general returned home in triumph, and the foot soldiers also returned to their hometown. My parents were very happy and sad when they saw Mulan. Mulan was able to honor her parents, but she took off her towel and straightened the silk spring. I used to be a martyr, but now I am a spoiled child. Relatives celebrate with wine, and parents know that they have a daughter and a gay man. In the face of the old army, ten years of rugged, this knot brothers, die. I also saw Mulan today, although her voice is beautiful. If you dare not marvel, you will sigh. There are courtiers in the world who can be like Mulan Festival. Loyalty and filial piety will never die!
For more than a thousand years, the story of Mulan joining the army instead of her father has become a household name in China, and the image of Mulan is also deeply loved by people.
work
"Poetry": Mulan Song is a quasi-ancient Yuefu for Jin people, so those who are high are strong in the Han and Wei Dynasties, while those who are flat are strong in the Han and Wei Dynasties. For example, "Nancheng buys bridles and Beicheng buys whips", which is still associated with Tokyo; To "when the window is decorated with clouds and the mirror is yellow", Qi's language is natural. And sentences such as "Go out to meet fire companions", although simple, actually came from the Six Dynasties, not the Han Dynasty.
Xie Zhen's Four-character Poetry: Mulan Poetry says, "What do women think? Ask the woman what she remembers. Women have nothing to think about ... Beishi buys whips. " This is a casual remark, simple and natural, complicated and not chaotic. If you ask and answer, buying pommel horses in one city is simply simple and tasteless, and there are almost no Yuefu. "Wan Li goes to Rongji, if the mountain flies ..." It is absolutely like Li Bai's five words, but there are not many words. "The male rabbit's feet pounce on the new moon ..." This knot is the most popular and surprising. If these four sentences are missing, it may be irreparable.
Appreciation of modern people
Mulan Poetry (Cao Daoheng)
Long narrative folk songs in the Northern Dynasties. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been different records and disputes about its age and author. It first appeared in Wen Yuan Mulan Song written by Wei in Tang Dynasty. The title of Ancient Wen Yuan is Mulan Poetry, which means "Tang Poetry". According to the poem "Khan is a great warrior" in Fan Yanlu written by Cheng Dachang in Song Dynasty, Mulan's life is either Sui or Tang. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yan Yu's poems about Canglang thought that "the new moon spreads gold, and the cold light shines iron clothes" and so on, "it is too white, and it must not be a poem of Han and Wei Dynasties". Since then, it has been said that people in the Sui and Tang Dynasties wrote this poem, but in the Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian pointed out that this poem was not written by Wei, but that Wei "got it from the people". Yuefu Poetry Collection is included in Song of Crossing Drum and Beam, also known as Mulan Poetry. Cloud is an "ancient poem", quoting Chen Shizhi's "Records of Ancient and Modern Music" and saying: "Mulan, nameless." According to "Biography of Wei in the Old Tang Dynasty", Wei was an observer in western Zhejiang and an envoy in Huainan (Huang Tingjian mistakenly called Wei Renshuo as my ambassador). According to the records of Old Tang Qu, it can be seen that there are "Xianbei Qu in Yan and Wei Dynasties" and more "Khan Ci" in Yuefu Qu in Liang and Northern Dynasties. So Mulan poems may be Xianbei songs. Spread in Jiangnan and translated into Chinese. He entered Yuefu in the Liang Dynasty and later dispersed among the people. It was rediscovered by Wei in the Tang Dynasty, and it is planned to become Mulan Song (Wenyuan). As for the antithetical poem Shuo Qi, it is used in the poems of Qi and Liang, and it is the trace of literati's processing. Therefore, most modern scholars believe that Mulan poetry originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty and was written by the people.
Mulan Poetry tells the story that Mulan disguised herself as a man, joined the army instead of her father, and made meritorious deeds on the battlefield. After returning to Korea, she refused to be an official, but asked to be reunited with her family. This poem enthusiastically praised the strange girl's hard-working and kind quality, her enthusiasm for defending her country, her heroic fighting spirit and her dignified and calm demeanor. It not only reflects the general martial spirit of the nomadic people in the north, but also shows the people in the north's aversion to the long-term separatist war and their desire for a peaceful and stable life. This is eulogizing Mulan, which obviously impacts the prejudice of the patriarchal society. It is a "fantastic poem" (the source of Shen Deqian's ancient poems), full of romance, with a vigorous and simple style, which basically maintains the characteristics of folk songs. Quasi-question and answer is used to describe psychological activities in the poem, which is meticulous and profound; Describe the behavior modality with extravagance and parallelism, with vivid expression; The use of refined spoken language not only expresses a woman's tone, but also enhances the narrative atmosphere and shows the true colors of folk songs. Represents the outstanding achievements of Yuefu folk songs in the Northern Dynasties.
The ideological content and artistic skills of Mulan's poems have a far-reaching influence on later generations. The music history of the Song Dynasty, Taiping Yuhuan Ji, records that there are Mulan Mountain, Mulan Township and Mulan Temple in Huanggang County, Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei), and cites Du Mu's Mulan Temple as evidence. Later, according to local records, in Bozhou, Anhui, Shangqiu, Henan, Wanxian, Hebei and other places, temples were built to worship Mulan, which reflected the far-reaching influence of Mulan's poems. Until today, the image of Mulan on the stage screen still inspires people's patriotic enthusiasm. At the same time, long before Wei wrote Caotang, Du Fu's poem Caotang described the happy scene of moving to Caotang, which obviously absorbed the expression of Mulan's poem describing the family welcoming Mulan back. As for Yuan Zhen's estimation of guest music, "Go out as a fire companion and say goodbye to your father and brother at home", Bai Juyi's "Playing Mulan" and "Mulan used to be a girl, which is so strange", it can be seen that Mulan poetry has become popular in the middle Tang Dynasty.
The Ideological Tendency of Mulan Poetry (Wang Shuzhen)
Mulan Poetry is a famous and excellent poem in China's classical poetry. It describes the extraordinary experience of an ordinary woman, Mulan, who joined the army and returned to her hometown on behalf of her father with deep feelings and narrative, comparison and rendering techniques. Mulan may not be a real person, but dressing up as a woman is a real thing. Mulan is one of these women. Mulan's joys and sorrows are very dramatic. Therefore, for thousands of years, her touching stories have been circulated among the masses. What kind of ideological tendency did Mulan's poems show?
This poem attracted readers to the scene it described from the beginning. Mulan's usual "loom sound" in weaving has been replaced by her sigh. The reason is that Khan was an autumn soldier on the battlefield. His father is in the army and there is no eldest son at home. How could he not make Mulan anxious and depressed? But she finally made a brave choice of "willing to be a pommel horse for the city and sign for the Lord from now on"
Mulan's joining the army was forced and illegal. Once she made the choice of "joining the army", her attitude was positive, which vividly showed her initiative and determination from the busy scene of shopping around. Mulan is far away from her hometown for the first time, and the mountains and rivers in a foreign land will touch her homesickness. The description of this in the poem is sincere and very touching. Joining the army gave Mulan the opportunity to show her wisdom and talent as well as men. After ten years of war, she changed from a kind, enthusiastic and capable girl to a "strong man" who made meritorious deeds. What a big change!
The war won victory and peace. The environment has changed. Where did Mulan go? She has unspeakable difficulties. Because she is a woman, she doesn't deserve the honor she deserves in this grand ceremony of rewarding merit. She had to resign as a knight and set foot on the only way to return home. Anonymous authors take this for granted. Therefore, the happy reunion of Mulan's flesh and blood is described in a cheerful style, which allows her to appear in front of her companions as a woman after "being a window-keeper and putting flowers in front of the mirror". What is valuable to the author is the metaphor that rabbits run together and men and women are inseparable, which shows that women are not inferior to men in wisdom, courage and talent if they have the opportunity to display their ambitions.
This description of Mulan's return from the army shows the author's progressive ideological tendency. The problem is how to correctly analyze this social phenomenon reflected by the author. Some people think that Mulan returned to her hometown because she didn't want fame and fortune, which reflected the true nature of working people's love for labor. In my opinion, this view is incorrect.
In the ancient feudal society of China, "women are men", besides Mulan, there was also a Huang Chongjia. Xie Fangde told their stories as anecdotes in Miscellanies of Bihu. Mulan is a heroine who died in battle, and she "returns without knighthood"; Huang Chongjia was a woman of Shu in the Five Dynasties. She disguised herself as a man and worked as a retainer in Zhou Xianggong's mansion in Shu. Because she is "sensitive to being an official, and small officials are afraid to bring clothes", Zhou Yao took a fancy to her and "wanted a wife and a daughter". Huang Chongjia was bored, so he had to explain that he was a woman and walked away.
Under the feudal system, women disguised as men were regarded as abnormal phenomena. "The man is the master outside, and the woman is the master inside" is the commandment of feudal ethics. Mulan can secretly join the army instead of her father in an emergency and give full play to her potential wisdom and talents. However, she could not turn to peace with the war, and still stayed in the court to make new contributions to governing the country. Otherwise, the notoriety of the so-called "Hunji Chen Si" will fall on her. Neither Mulan nor the author of Mulan Poetry can change this fate.
It is difficult to get rid of the shackles imposed on women by feudal ethics. Wang Jun, a poetess in Qing Dynasty, felt that she couldn't show her talents like Hua Mulan and Chongqi in Partridge Sky ("Hua Mulan's devotion to Xu Qi is out of the question"), so she had to let the heroine enter the artistic stage in the dream of playing Ci ("so that she could explain her worries to the dream") to express her life ideal buried in her heart.
It can be seen that Mulan's return to her hometown is by no means a question of not wanting fame and wealth, nor a question of loving labor, but an inevitable product of oppression and discrimination against women in feudal society.
It is impossible for the author of Mulan Poetry to be clearly aware of this. However, his tortuous life path of peace-war-peace from Mulan unconsciously reflected the miracle created by Mulan under special conditions and praised it enthusiastically. This is the expression of the author's loyalty to real life, and it is also related to the thoughts and feelings of the working people.
What is the ideological tendency of Mulan's poems? In a word, it expresses the affirmation and appreciation of the wisdom and talent endowed by ordinary women. Moreover, we should also see that this attitude is naturally revealed in descriptions such as comparison ("fire companions are both surprised and busy") and metaphor ("two rabbits are walking beside the ground"). It was not until the end of the Ming Dynasty that people could say it in such clear language as "the beauty in the sea or the beauty in the clock, not for men but for women". However, in Mulan's poems, there is no obvious tendency to value women over men and overcorrect them in Ming Dynasty. The Ming people made such a bold estimate of women's potential wisdom, talent and strength. In addition to the social life at that time, from the historical and ideological origins, Mulan's poems are enlightening.