Historical background of poetry
The poems of Han Dynasty are mainly recorded in Yuefu. On the whole, five words, seve
Historical background of poetry
The poems of Han Dynasty are mainly recorded in Yuefu. On the whole, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words entered a long and complicated era after the rise of Chu at the end of Qin Dynasty.
During this period, Confucian classics dominated politics, and the Western Han Dynasty only respected Dong Zhongshu's Confucianism. Due to Liu Xiu's example in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the emperors all held the positions of Confucian leaders, and gradually formed a powerful dynasty with the integration of politics and religion.
Why do you say it's already formed? Because although emperors are the leaders of Confucianism, Confucianism also vigorously develops divination, trying to make Confucianism religious and sacred, but this is contradictory to the pre-Qin Confucianism's "sharing arms with Machamp".
Confucianism, as a study after China's entry into WTO, has always been far away from superstition-it is this fundamental feature that prevented Confucianism from flowing into superstition, and later evolved into Neo-Confucianism and philosophy with the spirit of Buddhism and Taoism, becoming a school of philosophy.
Divination was officially banned in the Sui Dynasty.
Between the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty. Although it was finally nailed to the eternal shame column of Confucianism, it was only covered up by spiritual efforts. On the other hand, this is actually people's heart-even the great scholar Rainbow Munn can no longer abide by the constraints of the monarch and his subjects. How did he improve Wang Dou by learning that?
Although "the prince will be in the same position, which one would you rather have?" Chen Sheng, an anti-Qin rebel, shouted out, but the seeds of "wishful thinking" of "emperors taking turns to do it" have started from this time.
By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the royal family was weak, and finally people's hearts were not ancient, Confucian classics collapsed, and the world was in chaos.
In the Cao Wei era, with the improvement of personal thinking ability and the influx of various schools of thought, Kyushu's vision was broadened and became remarkable.
At that time, culture was still in the hands of nobles, and everything in the world was their goal. Therefore, the poetic style of Han and Wei Dynasties is both brilliant and full of social responsibility-later people call it "the style of Han and Wei Dynasties", which is really the first golden age in the history of China's poetry.
At that time, "Three Caos and Seven Scholars" unified the literary world. The first one is Cao Cao and Cao Mengde, the great adulterer who was belittled by The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Understand the background of poetry culture, and then look at Cao Cao's "Viewing the Sea".
On the east coast, climb Jieshi Mountain to see the vast sea.
The sea is so vast that the islands stand high on the sea.
Trees and paraquat are very lush. Autumn wind makes trees make sad sounds, and the sea is surging.
The movement of the sun and the moon seems to come from the vast ocean.
Journey to the sun and the moon, if you go out.
Han is a talented star, if you take him by surprise.
I am glad to use this poem to express my inner desire.
This poem "Looking at the Sea" is an ancient poem familiar to China people, but it is actually only a part of Cao Cao's old Yuefu title "Walking out of Xiamen".
This group of poems is divided into five parts, the first is the prelude "Yan", and the text is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is "looking at the sea"; Chapter 2 "Winter October"; Chapter III "Different Soil"; Chapter 4 "Although the tortoise is born". The whole poem is broad in artistic conception and vigorous in momentum.
Out of Xia Men belongs to Xiang Ru Ge Tone Qu in Han Yuefu. This article by Cao Cao, Records of Le Shu in the Song Dynasty, is listed as a Daqu with the title Jieshi Stepping out of the Mansion. Judging from the content of the poem, it has nothing to do with "Xiamen (the city gate at the western end of Luoyang city)", but creates new content through ancient music.
In the Han dynasty, the central organization managed music called Yuefu. Yuefu has done a lot of music arrangement. The topic is not the content, but the name of the music. Out of Summer Gate refers to a musical melody. When sorting out this set of music, perhaps the content of the first song of this music is related to "Xiamen Step Out", so this name was adopted.
"Drinking" is also an old topic in Yuefu. The lyrics of this tune, regardless of whether the content is related to wine or not, are called "entering wine" as long as the tone is full.
what do you think? Isn't this the later epigraph?
If we make clear the history of poetry development, we will know that there are still great differences, but the creative impulses and techniques of the ancients are no different in these two thousand years. What develops and changes is the broadening of the world outlook, the change of rhetoric and the subdivision of various rules.
But on the whole, it is absolutely correct to say that poetry is homologous.
Content appreciation
Ancient Yuefu poems are basically four-character poems, and so is watching the sea. Let's take a closer look at the content.
On the east coast, climb Jieshi Mountain to see the vast sea.
East, facing east. Face, face, a little condescending, with the meaning of boarding, such as "ruling the world." This is the process of climbing Jieshi. Jieshi Mountain is in Changli County, Hebei Province. Cao Cao passed by here and climbed Jieshi Mountain to see the sea. For, for, for. Pale, boundless, cyan, black, turquoise-here refers to Bohai Bay.
I came here, facing the east, climbed Jieshi Mountain and enjoyed the boundless sea.
The first sentence always leads to the whole poem, and the following is "observation"
The sea is so vast that the islands stand high on the sea.
What? no way. Even, that is, the way water waves shake. He is so vast and calm. When the grate is high, the shelf is to stand up and stand upright. Confrontation, opposition
How vast the sea is, and the mountain island stands high in the sea.
Trees and paraquat are very lush. Autumn wind makes trees make sad sounds, and the sea is surging.
There's a vision ahead. After reading it, the line of sight moved inward and began to write close-ups. The trees on Jieshi Mountain are lush.
The movement of the sun and the moon seems to come from the vast ocean.
After writing a circle, I looked back at the sea. What is watching? Is to go back and forth and watch it over and over again. Hong, it's big, waves, it's waves. Bleak refers to autumn wind, with a little cold deciduous wind.
The autumn wind crackled the leaves, giving people a feeling of desolation. The waves in the sea began to surge.
The first sentence says that the autumn wind is bleak on the mountain, and the next sentence says that the sea is rough.
Journey to the sun and the moon, if you go out.
After writing the scenery, the poet began to enter the imagination. The sun and the moon seem to come out of the sea. Explain that the sea is vast and the waves are rough. Distant and open feeling.
Han is a talented star, if you take him by surprise.
Han refers to the Milky Way, also known as the celestial Han, and also refers to the vast starry sky or universe. "Look at the clouds and die." -The Book of Songs, Elegant Party Records and Han Yun.
Bright and numerous, it is brilliant. If it comes out, sing it again with different words. All the stars are called "Xinghan". Together, these two words mean the Milky Way.
The sun and the moon seem to rise from the sea; The Milky Way (Xinghan) that crossed the sky fell into the sea again.
In fact, it is a trip to the sun and the moon, and the stars are brilliant. Because it's a poem, repeating "Ruo Chu Qi (Li)" to form four lines of chanting is in line with the characteristics of Yuefu poetry in format-in fact, it is very similar to the singing method of the early Book of Songs-to put it bluntly, it is similar to the deliberate division and repetition of music rhythm in today's lyrics.
The front is full of scenery, and the back is full of imagination, but they are all descriptions of "scenery".
The content of the poem actually ends here. But as a group of songs, the last sentence of each group is these eight words.
I am glad to use this poem to express my inner desire.
Fortunately, I am happy, even to a certain extent. To the top.
I'm so happy. What should I do? Just singing to express my inner ambition and my mood.
The last sentence is actually an adjunct. Let's go to the end of the fourth chapter of "Out of Summer Gate", and there is such a sentence to indicate the end and cycle.
The ambition of sweeping Liuhe
Why did Cao Cao write such a set of poems? What kind of mood does this group of poems express?
The short poem "Looking at the Sea" is of great significance in the history of literature, and it also has its specific anchor in history.
In the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao solved Yuan Shao, the biggest threat to dominate the Central Plains. Yuan Shao's sons Yuan Shang and Yuan ran to Wuhuan in three northeastern provinces. Guo Jia, the counselor, has a clever plan, withdrawing troops and staying far away. If you don't advance, you will retreat. Sure enough, Er Yuan and Wu Huan soon turned against each other, and Cao Cao took the opportunity to destroy Wu Huan in one fell swoop and unified the whole north.
Since then, Cao Cao's strength has greatly increased and he has become the overlord of the Central Plains. Later, he dared to go south to launch Battle of Red Cliffs and destroy Wu.
This group of poems was written when he crossed Changli after reunifying the North.
At this time, Premier Cao Can summed up his mentality in four words-complacency.
Full of ambition and hope for the future. Ambition and the feeling of unifying the world are aroused. The whole poem has a grand scene and a faint air of emperor. What you see is a magnificent scene, and what you think of is the future in which the dragon swallows the sun, the moon and the stars into the painting.
This is his confidence after winning and his ambition for the future.
On the trip to the sun and the moon, the stars are bright and ambitious. The whole universe is under his nose, and our future is a sea of stars.
The whole poem shows that he is full of ambition and the world is at his fingertips.
The Artistic Beginning of Landscape Poetry
Through appreciation, we can all read about Cao Cao's ambition, but does one of his poems say that he is full of ambition, ambition and hope?
Not exactly.
Apart from expressing his happiness in the last parenthesis "It's ok, forget it", we can't see a word he expresses his emotions.
But we can feel the poet's mood and boldness of vision from the whole poem, which is a typical way of writing mood purely by scenery. "Scenery lyricism" later became the main technique of poetry, especially in the Tang Dynasty.
This implicit expression is the level of China's master of ancient poetry. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, poetry has gradually left the original lyrical way of expressing one's mind directly.
Although we are all praising the classic Book of Songs as the source of Qian Qian's thousands of poems today, the writing techniques of the early ancients were natural and inflexible. The real literary modification began with Zijian in the Three Cao Dynasties, and quickly became popular among literati, becoming an important form of poetry expression in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which has always influenced Tang poetry and Song ci.
And Cao Cao's old-school Yuefu topic, also began to show the latest (at that time) superb technique of expressing feelings with scenery and writing feelings with scenery.
This is also what we need to focus on when writing poetry. Although the five-element limerick is easy to understand, it is unacceptable after all.
Real literary creation, poetry creation-actually it is not easy to talk about.
We should express our happiness, not just write that I am so happy. We should learn how to express our feelings by writing scenes.
Superb writing is the artistry of this poem.
Cao Cao is purely writing scenery, and the imagination behind him is actually writing scenery, but after reading it, we can feel his mood and be infected by him.
Generally speaking, China's landscape poems think that watching the sea is the originator.
There are also some descriptions of scenery in The Book of Songs, but they are all descriptions of the real environment. There is no writing that simply describes the scenery, but there is an artistic conception between the lines.
This is the definition of landscape poetry-not writing landscape poetry, but expressing feelings and ambitions through writing landscape poetry.
Therefore, this poem has a very important position in history, literature history and poetry history.