Discipline: Chinese
Teaching content: Unit 3 review: where food comes from, the footprints of time, the power of climate, two short popular science essays on asteroids by Asimov
Learning Objectives
1. Learn how to explain a certain scientific principle or scientific point of view in a popular science expository text.
2． On the basis of understanding the text, understand the characteristics of scientific and technological explanatory texts.
3． Understand how expository text arranges the order of explanations.
4. Understand the vivid and interesting explanatory language of expository texts.
5． Understand and use the instructions correctly.
Intensive explanation of basic knowledge
The last five explanatory essays in this unit are all popular science articles. Some explain the scientific principles of a certain phenomenon, and some explain the science of a certain field. The point of view is rich and colorful, and the writing is both sexually interesting and interesting. Studying these articles is of great benefit to us in strengthening our scientific awareness and improving our ability to analyze and summarize.
The article "Where Food Comes from" is a popular science explanatory article that focuses on the two ways and methods by which all living things obtain food: autotrophy and heterotrophy. In terms of autotrophy, explain the process of how green plants make high-energy food, with special emphasis on photosynthesis. In terms of heterotrophy, it means that humans and other animals ultimately rely on plants to live. What distinguishes humans from other animals is that they obtain their own food through their own labor. This illustrates the difference and relationship between autotrophy and heterotrophy, the similarities and differences in the ways and methods for humans and other animals to obtain food, highlights the importance of agricultural production labor for humans to obtain food, and enables people to have a clear and clear understanding of the issue of food sources. Thorough understanding. When studying this article, you should pay attention to the two different ways for organisms to obtain food, and connect it with the knowledge in biology textbooks to see what the rules are for organisms to obtain food, what order of explanation is used, what method of explanation is used, how to use language, etc. In this way, you can learn from this Get more inspiration in reading and writing expository essays from this text.
"Footprints of Time" is also a popular science explanatory article. This article starts from rocks, first talks about destruction and generation, then writes about how to understand time from rocks, and then talks about meaning, in a logical sequence from phenomenon to essence. To arrange the order, the article is very organized and in line with people's cognitive rules. When reading this text, you should pay attention to the explanatory level of this article, and see how the author uses language to make the dead rocks vivid and interesting, and improve your ability to grasp and analyze the article as a whole; studying this article provides us with insights into the mystery of nature. a wealth of information.
The article "The Power of Climate" introduces us to the harsh climatic conditions of Antarctica, and makes a more detailed scientific analysis of several factors that affect the global climate, thus illustrating the role of Antarctica in global climate. pivotal position in change. Seeing the essence of things through phenomena is a combination of cognitive ability and analytical ability. To study this article, you must learn this ability to arrange the order; while studying this article, you must also pay attention to the explanation methods used to see what impact Antarctica has. Factors of global climate change, what is the focus of the text description. Use the geography knowledge you have learned, properly understand the relevant climate knowledge, and develop an ideology of protecting the environment and nature from an early age.
In the article "A Random Talk about Asteroids", the author introduces us to the 200-year history of the discovery and naming of asteroids, which provides us with good scientific knowledge for understanding space and the universe. The full text is arranged in order of understanding and time from shallower to deeper.
From shallower to deeper, first write about the discovery of asteroids, then write about the number and naming of asteroids, and then write about the reasons for the existence of asteroids. , from effect to cause; the chronological order is reflected in the discovery of asteroids. To sum up this article, in addition to looking at what aspects the author talks about asteroids and in what order they are explained, and understanding the plain and simple language characteristics of this article, you must also understand that the article introduces the asteroids discovered by the Chinese since ancient times. intention.
"Two Short Popular Science Essays by Asimov" both talk about the extinction of dinosaurs. One supports the continental drift hypothesis based on the fact that dinosaur fossils were found in Antarctica; The reflection of "The Sand" proves that an alien impact on the earth caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. The problems explained are different, and the angles of explanation are also different. This shows that scientific discoveries in different fields can inspire each other to discover new arguments or draw new conclusions. When reading the text, you can understand through comparison how the author thinks about the problem from different perspectives.
Knowledge expansion
Interesting in Chinese language
Appreciating strange Chinese characters at scenic spots and historic sites
There are many strange Chinese characters in scenic spots in my country, which attract tourists Stopping and reading, you will have endless aftertaste and forget to leave. It is also a great cultural landscape and should not be underestimated.
"二" in Mount Tai
On the stone wall on the west side of the winding road north of Wanxian Tower in Mount Tai, there are two large characters engraved on it: "二". This stone carving has troubled many tourists. In the late 1950s, someone brought these two words written by Lin to seek advice from Guo Moruo. After reading it, Mr. Guo took up his pen and added two strokes on each side of the word "二" to form "风月". Mr. Guo said with a smile: "These two strange characters should be read as 'wind and moon are boundless'." It turns out that the traditional Chinese characters "wind" and "moon" have been removed from the frame, taking the meaning of "wind and moon are boundless". The earliest person to put forward "Boundless Wind and Moon" should be Lu Dongbin in the late Tang Dynasty. According to legend, Lu Dongbin "failed to become a Jinshi in two attempts", so he traveled around the world.
When he traveled to Yueyang Tower in Hunan, he overlooked the Dongting Lake and the vast expanse of blue waves. Looking at the mountains in the distance and the myriad scenes, he was intoxicated by the scenery of Yueyang Tower. He picked up his pen and wrote the word "二" before leaving. People called it "Xianbi". Therefore, this place has a couplet in history: "the water and the sky are the same color, the wind and the moon are boundless". This may be the earliest comment on "two" by the ancients. In addition, the word "二" is engraved on plaques and forest of steles in West Lake in Hangzhou and Daya Bay in Guangdong.
The word "娨" in Confucius' Mansion
The gate of Confucius' Mansion in Shandong is majestic, with a large plaque of "Holy Mansion" hanging on it, and a couplet with gold characters on a blue ground hanging on the pillars on both sides. It says: "With Guo Xian Xiu An Han Zun Honor Duke's Mansion; In the same day Bing Lao Zhang's moral saint's home." However, careful tourists may find that there is no dot on the top of the word "rich" in the first couplet; the "Zhang" in the second couplet The word "十" in the lower part of the word leads straight to the word "Li" in the upper part. This is neither the wear and tear of time nor the negligence of the knife and pen maker, but a special arrangement by the Confucius family. This pair of pairs was drafted by Ji Yun, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, and transcribed by a famous calligrapher. The Confucian family cared for the craftsmen to carve it like this, which means that they hope that the Confucian family will always be "rich and noble, and their articles will reach the sky".
The "Liu Yi Pavilion" in Langya Mountain
Langya Mountain in Chuzhou, Anhui is the location of the Drunkard Pavilion, the prefect of Song Dynasty Ouyang Xiu. A stone behind the pavilion is engraved with "Liu Yi Pavilion" inscribed by Lu He Three words: Pavilion. Ouyang Xiu once had the nickname "Jiuyi layman", but where is "Jiuyi"? Ouyang Xiu claimed: "My family has ten thousand volumes of books, and has collected one thousand volumes of inscriptions and inscriptions from three generations. There is a harp, a chess game, and a pot of wine. I am a man, and I live among these five things." Isn't it "June 1st"? "The "Liuyi Pavilion" inscribed by Lu He is actually "Liuyi Pavilion", and "弌" is actually the character "卍" with one less horizontal line, so it is naturally the character "一". The writing is very practical and humorous.
The stele with the word "goose" in Guoqing Temple
In the Guoqing Temple at the foot of Tiantai Mountain in Zhejiang, there is a stele with the word "goose" that is as tall as a person, embedded at the entrance of the Guanyin Hall on the wall. This is a masterpiece left by Wang Xizhi, the calligraphy master of the Eastern Jin Dynasty who is known as the "Sage of Calligraphy". In the Qing Dynasty, a stele with the word "goose" on it had been eroded by wind, frost, rain and snow for a long time, and the handwriting became blurred. Only the right half of the word "goose" remained lying next to the ink pool where Wang Xizhi washed his brush and inkstone. A Qing Dynasty calligrapher named Cao Luanxuan discovered this treasure and asked people to carry it to the Guoqing Temple at the foot of the mountain for preservation. Later, Cao Huan chose to thank guests behind closed doors, practice his thoughts alone, and practice Wang's calligraphy for a long time. Finally, he followed Wang Xizhi's "one stroke of goose" strokes to make up for the gold with one stroke. From then on, Wang Xizhi's unique "One Stroke Goose" stele appeared on the wall in front of the Guanyin Hall with a seamless look.
The “ ” of Huagang Guanyu
Go to Huagang Guan Park, one of the ten scenic spots of West Lake in Hangzhou. Careful tourists will find that there is a scenic spot not far from the east gate of the park. On the famous monument, the four dots at the bottom of the word "fish" are missing a little. Why is this? It turns out that the four characters "Huagangguan" engraved on this stele were written by Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty. Kangxi believed in Buddhism and was known as "Buddha" and "good man". He strongly advocates "the virtue of living a good life". However, in Chinese characters, three points represent water and four points represent fire. The four dots at the bottom of the traditional Chinese character "鱼" are originally the character for fire. Fish are born when they encounter water and will die when they encounter fire. The Emperor "Buddha" couldn't bear to see the fish die, so he changed the four points at the bottom of the word "fish" in the inscription into three points, intending to let the fish live happily in the water forever, to show the emperor's great kindness and benefit from all things. meaning.
Interesting Poems
Trilogy of Life
1. Shi Kuang in the Spring and Autumn Period once said: "When you are young, you are eager to learn, like the rising sun; when you are strong, you are eager to learn, like the light in the sun; when you are old, you are eager to learn, like the light of a candle." Love to learn is a red thread that runs through life. "Live until you are old and learn until you are old", life will always shine.
2. Goethe, a master of modern German culture, once wrote this poem: "Youth, I love your beauty/In your prime, I love your speech/In old age, I love your virtue." He brilliantly pointed out the experience of life growth: Externally and to achieve inner maturity and perfection.
3. There is a poem by Jiang Jie of the Song Dynasty called "Poppy Listening to the Rain": "The young man is listening to the rain singing upstairs, and the red candles are dimly lit. The mature man is listening to the rain in the boat, the river is wide and the clouds are low, and the broken geese are calling the west wind. Now listening to the rain, the monk is down at the house. , There are stars on the temples. The joys and sorrows are always ruthless, every step of the way, until dawn. "The experience of life is imagined in the rain, both joy and sorrow, sentimental and ruthless, experiencing the joys and sorrows of life, this is a true portrayal of life.
4. The modern poet Liu Dabai praised life in his poem "A Group of Old Dreams". He said: "Youth is about art, creating one piece at a time; manhood is about engineering, building one by one; old age is about history, page by page. Reading through the pages..." Three different metaphors depict the respective melodies of the trilogy of life, which are profound summaries and generalizations.
5. The famous poet Zang Kejia once wrote a short poem: "The son/is bathing in the soil; the father/is sweating in the soil; the grandfather/is buried in the soil." The three scenes describe the destiny of a life. Although the words are very short, they are still The meaning is endless. Of course, this is just a microcosm of peasant life in old China.
6. "What, he walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon, and three legs at night." This is the famous "Riddle of the Sphinx" in ancient times, and its answer is "man". A person is walking all his life, and despite twists and turns and ups and downs, he always walks towards truth, goodness and beauty.
Oral communication
Pay attention to the intonation and voice when speaking
The protest of the mouth
The nose is blocked due to a cold, and people can only use Breathe through your mouth. The mouth was very unhappy because of this, and muttered: "I am always the unlucky one. Everything like eating and drinking requires me. I have not been given any quiet time all day long, and I am so busy. Are you breathing? It was originally the job of Nose, but now it has been put on my head, as if I am a donkey who should do it to the end."
"Brother Zui,..." Nose said apologetically, "This is really out of reason. As a last resort, please help me for a day or two."
"Shut up." He roared, "You lazy thing, do you think I'm a fool? I won't protest with practical actions? Just wait!"
The mouth was tightly closed, and the person couldn't breathe immediately, and he died of pain.
1． This is a fable that tells people that it is very important for various departments in a whole to cooperate with each other. Try to analyze, which key sentences should be emphasized? What should the respective intonations of the mouth and nose be? What is the respective voice? Where should a straight and soothing intonation be used, and where should the tone be rough, high-pitched, and high-pitched? Slightly faster? Which sentences have longer pauses?
2. In pairs, act out the fable situation in your own words.
3. Practice saying a few vivid, interesting, clever and appropriate words in the following context.
① If you are elected as monitor, please give a short inaugural speech to your classmates.
②A fussy customer had an argument with an impatient salesperson.
4. According to the characteristics and requirements of speaking, tell a fable to the students, paying attention to the changes in intonation and voice.
Comprehensive learning
Nature is a friend of mankind, but sometimes it can bring disasters to people. Please conduct a comprehensive study with the theme of "Understanding Nature and Utilizing Nature" Sexual learning activities.
1． In what ways does nature benefit humans?
2. What disasters has nature brought to mankind?
3. What enlightenments can humans gain from understanding nature?
4. How do humans use nature to benefit humans?
Synchronized outline practice
1. Accumulation and application (20 points)
1. Which of the following words has a typo?
A. Turbidity, hesitation, ruins, unpredictable
B. Toad traces remains pending
C． Meteorites are dense and cracked and continue to work
D. Gully sedimentation and gravel flow continuously
2. Select one item with the same pictophonetic structure
A. consume, brush, wrap, cut B. Lu Parrot Yang Ax
C. Ku Fu City partial D. Hun Tian Meng Ci
3. Pair of couplets.
① Upper couplet: Good reading is endless fun. Second couplet: ____________________
② Upper couplet: ___________________ Second couplet: Students discuss ancient and modern times
4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
① The purpose of writing an expository essay is to explain things or explain things, so the use of expressions such as narrative and description is not allowed.
( )
②The article "Where Food Comes from" mainly explains two different ways for organisms to obtain food, namely autotrophy and heterotrophy.
( )
③The article "The Power of Climate" focuses on introducing us to the harsh climate conditions in Antarctica and the huge disasters it has brought to mankind.
( )
④ The two sentences "She has a kind personality" and "She has a kind personality" have the same structure. ( )
⑤ "Therefore, people call Antarctica the 'home of the blizzard', or the 'wind pole'", mainly using the explanatory method of quotation. ( )
5. Write the explanation method used in each of the following sentences.
①A leaf is a food processing factory. ( )
②A mesophyll cell generally contains 20 to 100 chloroplasts. ( )
③In other parts of the world, the wind speed of a Category 12 typhoon is only 32.6 meters per second, but strong winds above Category 10 are enough to collapse walls, destroy houses, and shake the ground, causing catastrophic consequences. The consequences have caused huge losses to human life and property. In Antarctica, the wind speed can often reach 55.6 meters per second, and sometimes even reach more than 300 kilometers per hour. ( )
④ There are two different ways and methods for organisms to obtain food: one is called autotrophy, and the other is called heterotrophy.
( )
2. Reading (40 points)
Read the following passage and answer the questions at the end.
(1)
Green flowering plants have surprisingly large root systems, and there are many root hairs at the tip of each root. Each root hair is a raw material collection station at the lowest level, absorbing a large amount of moisture and inorganic salts from the soil and sending them into the leaves through the main transportation line - the stem. A leaf is a food factory. There are many stomata on the leaves. In the sun, these stomata expel oxygen and transpired water, while also inhaling large amounts of carbon dioxide. Sometimes, a stomata can suck in 2.5 trillion carbon dioxide molecules in one second.
6. This passage is about _______________________.
7. This text mainly uses the ___________ method of explanation. For example, "collection station" refers to __________, "transportation trunk line" refers to _______________, and "food factory" refers to _______________.
8. The correct order of instructions in this passage is
A. From secondary to primary B． From childhood to adulthood c. Bottom-up D. From first to last
9. One of the appropriate reasons for adopting this order of explanation is
A. According to people's thinking habits.
B. According to people's cognitive rules.
C． According to the movement program of things themselves.
10． If the bold adverbs "du" and "most" in the text are removed to explain things, it will lead to _______________.
(2)
Listen to the weather forecast and don’t just pay attention to the temperature
People who care about weather changes listen to the weather forecast every day, but many people are often used to just paying attention to the weather forecast. It is one-sided to use the temperature as the only indicator to judge whether the environment is hot or cold.
When the temperature is moderate, the relative humidity in the air has less impact on the body's feeling of hot and cold. The so-called moderate temperature means that people neither feel hot nor cold. This temperature is called "non-thermia". People's insensitivity to the environment is different. For example, the human body's insensitivity to air is 24°C, and the insensitivity to water is 34°C. This means that in 24°C air and 34°C water, people will It feels neither cold nor hot, very comfortable. Because the normal human body temperature is 37°C, in the air, the 24°C air will take away part of the heat from the human body, and the heat generated in the body will make up for the part of the heat taken away by the air, so that the heat lost by the human body will be the same as that in the body. The heat generated is exactly equal, and the human body maintains a relative heat balance, making people feel good. When the ambient temperature is lower or higher than the insensitive temperature, people will have an obvious feeling of cold or heat. At this time, relative humidity will play a big role in the human body's sense of heat and cold. For example, when the temperature is 25°C and the relative humidity is 30%, the human body does not feel hot or cold (that is, comfortable); at the same temperature, if the relative humidity increases to 95%, the human body will feel stuffy. ……
The human body’s sense of heat and cold is also closely related to the wind. In winter, when you are stationary or walking on foot, the warmth and coldness in your clothes is just right. But if you get in a Mercedes-Benz truck or a car or a tram with the windows wide open, you will immediately feel the wind blowing loudly and your whole body will be cold. This is because wind can blow away the insulation layer of air around the human body and take away the heat.
Generally, the stronger the wind, the faster and more heat the human body loses. From the experiment, the following results can be roughly calculated: when the temperature is above 0°C, for every 2-level increase in wind power, people's cold feeling will decrease by 3~5°C; when the temperature is below 0°C, for every 2-level increase in wind power, Level, people's feeling of cold will drop by 6~8°C. ……
11. In the air at 24℃, people will feel neither hot nor cold and very comfortable. The reason is _______________.
12. The underlined sentences in the second paragraph are explained using the following methods: ____________________.
13． The two correct understandings of the underlined part in the third paragraph are ( )
A. Give an example to illustrate that winter wind has the most obvious impact on the human body's sense of heat and cold.
B. Using specific examples in life, the relationship between the body's sense of cold and heat and the force of wind is explained clearly and easily.
C． Describe the different sensations of hot and cold when the wind changes in winter to enhance the vividness of the explanatory text.
D. By comparing the different sensations of hot and cold in the two situations, it is clearly demonstrated that wind affects people's sense of hot and cold.
E. Specifically explain why wind can blow away the insulation layer of air around the human body and take the heat away.
14. What this article explains is_________________________________________.
(3)
The so-called "material balance of the Antarctic continent", to put it simply, is the study of the increase and decrease of the continental ice cap. As for the relationship between the increase and decrease of ice caps and us, it can be summarized as one sad and one happy.
Let’s talk about joy first.
Now not only China, but also the whole world is short of fresh water. The Antarctic ice sheet, with a total volume of 27 million cubic kilometers, stores 27% of the world's available fresh water. Some people estimate that this could last 7,500 years for all mankind. That being said, the bigger the ice cap, the better. So how much does the Antarctic ice cap increase every year? Some materials say it is about 10 centimeters per year. The ice sheet's "income" comes from precipitation, mainly snow. However, the Antarctic continent is too large, with an area about 1.5 times that of China, and the snowfall is extremely uneven. In the Antarctic interior, the precipitation is simply worse than the Sahara Desert! The Antarctic continent is actually the driest continent in the world, known as the "White Desert." Therefore, it is necessary to accurately grasp how much precipitation there is and how it is distributed.
Let’s talk about sadness. Some people have boldly imagined what would happen once all the Antarctic ice sheets melt. There are two theories: one is that the global sea level will rise by 60 meters, and the other is that it is 60 to 90 meters. In fact, no matter who is right, it’s a big deal. That will mean that famous cities including New York and London will become "Crystal Cities". The global land area will shrink by 20 million square kilometers. The "expenditure" of the ice sheet mainly includes four parts: first, surface evaporation, second, bottom ablation, third, iceberg calving, and fourth, rapid ice flow (ie, rapid disintegration).
15. The central content of this description is ____________________________.
16. The explanation order of this article is ____________ first and then ____________; the structure of this article is ____________ first and then ____________.
17． The explanation methods in this article include ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________.
18. There are two words in the second and third paragraphs that correspond to the "increase" and "subtract" in the first paragraph and form metaphors. Write these two words. The word corresponding to "increase" is "__________"; the word corresponding to "subtraction" is "__________".
19． In the second paragraph, the Antarctic continent is called "White Desert". What is the reason for calling it this way?
3. Writing (40 points)
20. "The boiling water does not make a sound, the sound of the water does not boil." Please explain the scientific principle of this phenomenon based on the physics knowledge you have learned. Pay attention to using appropriate explanation methods and arrange the order of explanations to make the content clear and organized. The word count is around 300 words.
21. Combined with your own life and research knowledge, talk about the inspiration and help that "boiling water does not ring, water ringing does not boil" has inspired and helped you, and write a short essay of about 200 words with a title of your own choice.
Reference answers
1. 1. D 2. C 3. 4． ①× ②√ ③× ④× ⑤×
5. ① Make an analogy ② List numbers ③ List numbers and make comparisons ④ Divide into categories
II. (1) 6. Photosynthesis of green plants
7. For example, root hairs, stems, leaves
8. C
9. C
10. The range and degree cannot be accurately stated
(2) 11. The air of 24℃ just allows people to maintain a relative thermal balance
12. Give examples, list numbers, and make comparisons
13. BD
14． In addition to temperature, the main factors that determine the body's sense of heat and cold include humidity and wind
(3) 15. The relationship between the increase and decrease of the Antarctic ice sheet and us (the meaning is correct, such as "...the impact on us" or "...the sadness and joy of..." etc.)
16. General Specific Total Score
17. List numbers, make comparisons, draw analogies, give examples, and make explanations (any four are acceptable)
18. Income Expenditure
19. The Antarctic continent is the driest place in the world and is covered by ice and snow all year round.
3.20. Summary (the reasoning must be organized and the explanation must be accurate)
21. Brief introduction (discuss the inspiration based on the above topic, and contact yourself to actually carry out it)