What are the poems that embody the characteristics of Du Fu's refined calligraphy in Qiu Xing's eight poems?

Du Fu is the most dazzling star in realistic poetry in Tang Dynasty. Du Fu's poems inherited and developed the realistic tradition of China's ancient literature since The Book of Songs, and refined and cast it in his own artistic melting pot, forming his own unique poetic style: "Depressed and frustrated", which reached an unprecedented height in ideological content and artistic expression, and pointed out a creative road leading to realism and people's life for later poets. First, in terms of ideological content, the realistic core of Du Fu's poems is to pay attention to people's sufferings, and the theme is loyalty to the monarch, patriotism and love for the people. (1) Paying attention to the sufferings of people's livelihood is the core content of Du Fu's realistic poems. Deeply influenced by Confucianism, Du Fu's poems are realistic and popular, which is a model of China's classical realistic poetry creation. He dares to approach the working people, likes working, and is even willing to sacrifice himself for the happiness of the broad masses of people. Under the specific historical background before and after the An Shi Rebellion, Du Fu's thought of benevolent government and loving the people was expressed through a special form of worrying about the country and the people. His joys and sorrows are revealed with the changes of the times. The poet showed strong patriotic feelings in Hope in Spring. "Wash the Soldiers and Horses" expresses great excitement and optimism about the overall situation of the country turning the corner. When the poet is a left scavenger, he is more loyal to his duties and diligent state affairs, such as vigil in the left courtyard of the palace, while I wait for the golden lock to turn, and I hear the jade pendant jingling in the wind. I have a petition to submit in the morning, and I have been asking what time it is all night. In "The Book of Scholar", I miss Zhuge Liang's "Death before Conquering, Tears on the Skirts of Heroes", and express my grief over my unfulfilled ambition. "Five Generals" and "Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity" make me feel that the imperial court has no foresight, and the generals are mediocre and incompetent, and they are deeply worried about the reality of the separatist regime in the buffer region, lamenting that they "can't fight without sleep" (Sujiang Biange). Ten years of wasted life in Chang 'an gave Du Fu a deeper understanding of the people. In his poems, he vividly described the root causes of people's suffering: first, excessive taxes; Second, officials are corrupt and exploited; Third, the rulers are extravagant and wasteful. The profound disaster brought to the people by the Anshi Rebellion also aggravated Du Fu's deep worries. (2) Loyalty to the monarch, patriotism and love for the people is the ideological theme of Du Fu's realistic poems. Although Du Fu also wrote, "Tang Yao is really holy, how can you know when you are old?" And "the son of heaven is full of kindness and turns lonely all his life!" Poetry satirizes the emperor directly, but still accepts the Confucian idea of loyalty to the emperor and has great expectations for the emperor. I hope that through the emperor's "order to reduce taxes and levy" and "all the people are blocked", the country will become stronger. Du Fu was more sympathetic to the people in the years of hunger and cold. Sometimes when he thinks about people's sufferings, he forgets himself and even sacrifices his own life. In the case of "the youngest son has starved to death", what he thought was: "He was born rent-free and tax-free, and his name was not levied ... He was a disciple of Mu Sifu and died far away." When the hut was destroyed by the autumn wind, he made a wish that he would rather "freeze to death" than get the warmth of the poor people all over the world. Secondly, in terms of expression, the artistic feature of Du Fu's realistic poetry creation focuses on expressing real life, and the combination of emotion and freehand brushwork forms a gloomy artistic style. (1) See the big from the small, reveal the essence of life through detailed description, and present the overall style of social history. For example, Three Officials and Three Farewells show the world through specific events in the form of poetry. Li Shihao described a special incident in which the government took extreme measures to "arrest people at night" in order to "respond to the urgent affairs of Heyang" during the turbulent years. It reflects the tragic real life of a family with three men guarding, two men dying, Sun Fangru, daughter-in-law without a skirt, Weng climbing over the wall and women walking at night. During the Anshi Rebellion, not only the old, weak women and children in rural areas were going to the battlefield,/kloc-middle-aged men under 0/8 years old (Xin 'anli) and elderly people whose children and grandchildren died (leaving the old to welcome the new) just came back from the battlefield to find a new way out and met homeless bachelors. Du Fu's poems reveal the essence of life by describing details. (B) Because of narrative and emotional discussion, emotion and freehand brushwork are organically combined. Du Fu's poems have a sense of things, pushing himself and others to the world. When the poet returned to Fengxian to visit relatives, he heard and witnessed the banquet of the monarch and minister in Huaqing Palace, and thought of the "cold girl" Nass tax. The social phenomenon of the opposition between the rich and the poor is summarized as "the wine in Zhumen stinks, and the bones freeze to death on the road" by hearing that the dignitaries live in luxury; Judging from his experience of "starting an army and wailing, his youngest son starving and memorizing", he thinks that he enjoys the treatment of "being born free of rent and tax, and not leaving the levy", and the experience of ordinary people can be imagined, so he "meditates and sits unemployed because of his thoughts and dies in the distance". "Wu Lang again" pleaded with Wu Lang for the dating widow. He will take care of others and deeply feel the disaster brought to the people by the fate of the four seas. He is full of feelings. For example, the poet's denial of the ruler's open border policy and sympathy for the people's livelihood in "Troops and Vehicles" are completely contained in "Farewell to xian yangqiao Border Pass" and "Questions and Answers to Passers-by", describing the new ghosts and old ghosts wailing in the ancient battlefield of Qinghai. For example, in the poem "Spring Hope", the poet turned the Anshi Rebellion and the fall of Chang 'an into an annual spring scene, and the poet's corner was full of emotion and emotion. (3) The lyrical way of heart, thought and emotion is full of twists and turns, forming an artistic style dominated by depression and frustration. For example, the Northern Expedition describes the anxiety of leaving the imperial court, the desolation of the fields, the sight of war bones everywhere, the suffering of the people, the situation of hunger and cold at home, the changes in the situation since the country used the Uighur army to counter the rebellion, and the expectation of Su Zongzhongxing. Feelings are deep and complicated, and there is irony in anxiety. 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian, forced patrol, washing military forces, sending a middle school envoy to Pengzhou, Shi Cen, 27, and nursery rhymes, 30, etc. Through this lyrical way, they all express rich, complex and profound thoughts and feelings, forming the dominant style of Du Fu's poems. Thirdly, in the history of literature, Du Fu creatively inherited and developed the realistic spirit of China's classical poems, which originated from events and played an important role in connecting the past with the future. China's classical realistic poetry first started from the folk songs of the Zhou Dynasty. By the Han Dynasty, the realistic spirit and expression of folk songs had developed greatly, and a large number of narrative poems "originated from events" appeared. In Jian 'an, the long poem Peacock Flying Southeast is even more outstanding. (1) Du Fu inherited and developed the fine tradition of China's classical realistic literature with the theme of sadness and joy, and pushed realism to a new, higher and more mature stage. Du Fu inherited the creative achievements of classical poetry, mixed with sadness and joy, and got rid of the shackles of Yuefu ancient tune. In the way of expression, description, narration and discussion are widely used to summarize the scenes of typical events, describe the real details of life and portray the psychology of characters, combine narration and discussion, and dissolve lyricism in narration. He mastered and used all the poetic styles at that time, creatively played the functions of various poetic styles and set a good example for them. Hu Zhenheng's "Tang Yin Gui Qian" Volume 10 says that Du Fu's Seven Rhymes are different from other schools, and one of them is "Du Fu's poems are everywhere". If others can write articles, Du Fu can write in the form of poems. He also extensively absorbed the successful artistic experience of his predecessors to improve his creative level, learned the literary achievements from The Book of Songs and Songs of the South to the Han, Wei, Six Dynasties and their contemporaries, and summed up rich social life experience, making his poems profound and profound. As a great realistic poet, Du Fu borrowed from the ancients, initiated a new subject with the realistic spirit of Han Yuefu, directly initiated the new Yuefu in the middle Tang Dynasty, and pointed out a creative path leading to reality and people's life for later poets. (2) Du Fu took writing poetry as his ancestral career, and paid great attention to the tempering of art, which had a far-reaching influence on later poems. Strive to create the perfection of poetry, Du Fu's poems pay attention to hard study, hard thinking and hard practice skills, and pay attention to the refinement of words, sentences and chapters. For example, Du Fu's poems use dialogue and spoken language to learn folk songs, and through efforts to create poems full of words and expressions, the expressive force of poetry and the position of proverbs in poetry have been greatly improved, making poetry closer to life and people. In refining ci, Du Fu's poems are apt, vivid, vivid and vivid. The flexibility of refining the meaning of words is simple and profound, vivid and vivid. There are many such examples. For example, the words "vertical" and "surge" in these two poems have always been considered unique. In refining sentences (meaning), it is also the spirit of individuality. For example, in the eighth poem of Eight Poems on Autumn Prosperity, the poem "Let rice peck at parrot grains, and the old phoenix perches on green trees" uses intricate inversion sentences. Secondly, in Qujiang's two poems, there are poems that describe nature implicitly, such as: "A butterfly with flowers is deeply seen, and a dragonfly comes slowly with some water", which are interrelated, and the relationship between the upper and lower sentences is consistent and relative. (3) Du Fu's poems have become a model of Confucian orthodox poetics in aesthetic consciousness. Du Fu took Confucian poetry teaching as the creative criterion, and with his most sincere and pure attitude, patriotic enthusiasm and broad feelings of caring for the people, he integrated the achievements of Confucian poetics and created a new trend of "poetry history", which directly triggered the transformation of aesthetic ideals, aesthetic tastes and creative spirit of poets in the middle Tang Dynasty. Zhen Wu and Bai Juyi's new Yuefu poets inherited Du Fu's impressionist poems, laid particular stress on political education, and went to the creative road of appreciating beauty. Han and Meng poets inherited Du Fu's impressionist poems, paid attention to describing the inner world, and embarked on the creative road of seeking novelty and difference. Du Fu's patriotic feelings played a positive educational role in the history of China literature. Lu You, a great patriotic poet in Song Dynasty, was deeply influenced by Du Fu. Lu You realized from Du Fu's poems that "poetry comes from the people" and created many touching patriotic poems. Wen Tianxiang, a national hero, especially loved Du Fu's poems all his life. During his imprisonment in Yanjing, he read Du Fu's poems and collected 200 five-character quatrains. It is precisely because of Du Fu's narrative of worrying about the country and the people that Du Fu's poems aroused the feelings of people with lofty ideals in the history of literature. In a word, Du Fu's poems surpass those of his previous generation of realistic poets in ideological content and expression. Rich social and political content, rich flavor of the times, strong feelings of worrying about the country and the people and perfect artistic expression not only made Du Fu's great position as a realistic poet in the history of literature, but also pushed realistic poetry creation to a new, higher and more mature stage and became a model of Confucian orthodox poetics in later generations.