How did Bai Juyi compose Song of Eternal Sorrow?

Bai Juyi (772-846), whose real name was Lotte, lived in Xiangshan in his later years and was named Xiangshan Buddhist. He is a former prince of Shaofu. Later generations therefore called it "Bai Xiangshan", "Bai Fu" and "Bai Taifu". My ancestral home is Taiyuan. Later, it moved to Xiabang (now Weinan County, Shaanxi Province). He was born in a small bureaucratic family. He is a Confucian scholar. His grandfather and father were both born in the Ming Dynasty. 10 years old, in order to escape the war, wandering alone in Jiangnan. He studied hard and won a scholar at the age of 29. At the age of 32, he became an outstanding scholar. At the age of 35, Fu Ying was awarded the title of "Excellent Physical Exercise", was selected with the fourth place, and was awarded the rank of officer. At this time, he wrote the well-known Song of Eternal Sorrow and the poem Watching the Wheat Harvest, which reflected the sufferings of farmers. Soon entered the Hanlin bachelor's degree. After another three years, I left gleaning. Bai Juyi said smugly: "In ten years, I have risen to the third place, and my name has entered the public ear." Facing the social reality, Bai Juyi deeply felt the responsibility of "pleading for the people", and the trust of the supreme ruler made him feel possible. So "Husband is expensive and good, is he alone?" In order to realize his ambition, he is not afraid of sacrifice, regardless of personal gains and losses. I often hate Lu's position. I don't want to protect my wife and children. During the brave period, evil was eliminated and loyalty was destroyed! "This is not only Bai Juyi's political attitude, but also his attitude towards literary creation. When the post of school librarian was full, he "closed his door for several months, thinking about current affairs" and wrote 75 articles, pointing out that the reasons for people's poverty were "the indulgence of officials", "the monarch can't be frugal" and "uneven property, the combination of rich and poor". He asked the rulers to "take the heart of the world as their heart." Take the people's desires as their desires. It is suggested that poetry collectors should be set up to open up the road of satirical advice. On the one hand, when he was in office, he fulfilled the duty of an exhorter. "If there are defects, you should behave yourself, and if there are violations, you should be admonished. The court gains and losses, the world has something to say. "On the one hand, use poetry to cooperate with the struggle" is difficult to point to the speaker, so it is necessary to sing it. Many satirical poems, such as Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu, shot at the dark reality like swords, which stung Quan Hao's heart and made them "discolor", "suffocate" and "gnash their teeth". However, Bai Juyi is "not afraid of power and anger." "Don't be afraid of power anger, and eventually suffer from power anger. In the tenth year of Yuanhe (8 15), Prime Minister Wu was robbed and killed. Bai Juyi thinks this is a "national shame" in history. First, he wrote a letter looking for a thief. The dignitaries angered him for exceeding his authority, slandered him and took the opportunity to demote him as Jiangzhou Sima. Bai Juyi knew in his heart: "Named after an article, he was offended by it. "

After being demoted, Bai Juyi "changed his old heart". Although he wrote Pipa Xing and Nine Books together with Yuan Zaju, and sang "No matter how angry he is, he is also a wine student", but his attitude towards life has turned negative. With the increasingly sinister political environment, Buddhism and Taoism have gradually grown. He combined Confucianism's "happiness with peace of mind", Taoism's "contentment without humiliation" and Buddhism's "four things are empty" as a magic weapon to preserve our sanity. He regretted that he was "too strong in his thirties and had a lot of right and wrong in his chest" and tried to "eliminate worries and smiles on his face and eliminate all right and wrong in his chest". Bai Juyi was silent. "The world will never say anything again." He believes that "knowing more is not bliss, but talking less is Yuan Heng". In order to avoid the trouble of the dispute between Niu and Li, he embarked on the road of seclusion, instead of being a court official, he became a local official and kept the local official as a secret. So I tried to work outside. After successively serving as the secretariat of Hangzhou and Suzhou, he was divided into the eastern capital by the Prince, and spent the last 18 years in Luoyang. Under the control of negative thoughts, Bai Juyi created a large number of "leisure poems" and "sentimental poems". Although he didn't write "satirical poems", Bai Juyi did a lot of practical things for the people without offending Quan Hao. Bai Causeway has been in the West Lake since he built a dike and dug a well in Hangzhou. In Suzhou, Suzhou people have deep feelings for him. On the day of leaving office, "100,000 households in Suzhou are crying babies." In Luoyang, "I miss farming and mulberry, but my ears are hungry and frozen." In August of the sixth year of Huichang, Bai Juyi died of illness in Luoyang and was buried in Longmen Mountain in Luoyang.

Bai Juyi is an outstanding realistic poet after Shefu. His unique contribution lies in the establishment of realistic poetry theory on the basis of summarizing China's creative experience of realistic poetry since The Book of Songs. Directed the development of the new Yuefu movement. Nine Books with Yuan is a manifesto that comprehensively, systematically and forcefully promotes realism and criticizes formalism.

Bai Juyi loudly put forward the slogan that "articles should be written in time and poems should be written for things". Poetry must serve politics and shoulder the political mission of "reviewing current politics" and "releasing human feelings". He pointed out that if you want to write poems that serve politics, you must care about politics and take the initiative to draw creative sources from real life. He emphasized the educational and social functions of poetry. "Poet: root sense, Miao language, Hua Sheng and true meaning." Bai Juyi emphasized the unity of poetry content and form, and advocated that form must obey and serve the content.

Under the guidance of this poetic theory, Bai Juyi wrote more than 1300 poems, and was the most creative poet in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi once classified his poems written before 5 1 year-old into four categories: satire, leisure, sentimentality and miscellaneous law. One of the most valuable is satire. These satirical poems are consistent with his political ambition to help the world at the same time, and they are also the concrete practice of his realistic poetry theory. Among them, 50 pieces of "New Yuefu" and "Qin Zhongyin" 10 are excellent works in an organized and planned way, with high popularity and reality.

Satire poems, starting from "singing only causes illness", widely reflect people's sufferings and show great sympathy. The novel "Look at the Harvest Wheat" describes that farmers "are steaming in summer, the sun is shining on their backs" and "have lost taxes in the fields", so they have to pick up the ears of wheat to satisfy their hunger and are "ashamed" to eat for free. "Picking Yellow Flowers" wrote that farmers "are willing to spare horses to save hunger" and "among all people, farmers are the most bitter". Bai Juyi roared for the peasants in the poem "Ling Du Wrong": "Peel my silk and take the millet from my mouth. Abuse of people and things is a jackal. Why do you have to scratch your teeth and eat human flesh? " Bai Juyi cares about the sufferings of farmers and the fate of women. Write the words "silver vase, mother's concubine and harem" at the bottom of the well. Please put my wife in the harem. The white-haired man shouted "Be aware of women's sufferings, so don't despise them from now on" and "Don't be a woman in life, let others take care of them for a hundred years". Bai Juyi knows that "one person is unhappy and ten thousand people are worried" is the cause of people's suffering, so he exposed the "unhappiness" and disadvantages of the ruling class in his satirical poems. "Give a friend" and "reward" revealed the truth of the two taxes, saying that "no winter and no spring can be harvested" and accusing the robber rule of "taking my warmth and buying your immediate favor". Among them, the "palace market" was a major drawback in the middle Tang Dynasty. In the name of royal shopping, "take it". Few people dare to ask questions. Bai Juyi's "Selling Charcoal Weng" is marked "Ku Miyagi".

An old man selling charcoal cuts wood and burns charcoal in the mountains in the south all year round. His face was covered with dust, which was the color of smoke burning, his temples were gray, and his ten fingers were burnt black. What is the money for selling charcoal for? Buy clothes, buy food in your mouth. Pity that he is wearing thin clothes, but he is worried that charcoal can't be sold, hoping it will be colder. At night, it snowed a foot thick outside the city. Early in the morning, the old man drove a charcoal wheel to the market. Cows are tired and people are hungry, but the sun has risen very high. They are resting in the mud outside the south gate of the market. Who is that proud man riding on two horses? It was the eunuchs in the palace and eunuchs who did it. The eunuch, with documents in his hand and the emperor's orders in his mouth, shouted at the petrified palace. A load of charcoal, more than 1000 kilograms, eunuch attendants to drive away, the old man is helpless, but there is no way. Half a horse's red yarn is silk, which is a charcoal charge for the cow's head!

In the poem, "Yellow Messenger" and "Palace Envoy" both refer to eunuchs. Although there is no discussion or irony, right and wrong are found in the narrative, and the writing is unique. Bai Juyi cares about current politics and loves the country more. The Story of the West Cool tells the story of the shrinking military situation in the border through the mouth of veterans.

Bai Juyi's satirical poems have clear themes and prominent points. A poem focuses on one thing, modeled after the Book of Songs. If the first sentence of a poem is taken as the title and the beauty of the poem is marked with a small preface under the title, I am afraid that people will not know its intention. "The first sentence indicates its purpose, and the pawn chapter indicates its will." When portraying characters, we use details such as appearance and psychology to deepen the theme. The Charcoal Man describes the appearance and psychology of a kind and hardworking charcoal worker, which is very vivid and touching. Bai Juyi is also good at reflecting social contradictions in a comparative way, giving people a strong sensory impact. In popular language, it is approachable and can be recited by women and children, so it is widely circulated.