First, narrative reading answering skills
1. Article genre? This article is poetry, novel, prose (lyric prose, narrative prose), script, expository essay and argumentative essay.
2. Six elements of narrative? (Time, place, personnel, cause, process and result of the incident)
3. Find a topic sentence (find a lyric sentence in the first or last paragraph. )
4. What is the content of the article? (Methods: Look at the topic, people (things), events and make a comprehensive summary. )
This article narrates (describes and explains) ... and shows (praises and reveals) ...
5. What are the characteristics of material organization?
Select typical events closely surrounding the center, and carry out appropriate clipping and detail processing.
6. Hierarchical?
(1) divided by time (find the phrase that represents time)
(2) According to the position (find the phrase indicating the position)
(3) According to the development process of things (find each event)
(4) the total score (pinching the head to the tail)
7. What are the narrative clues and functions?
Clues: (1) key people (2) key things (3) key events (4) time (5) place (6) author's emotion.
Function: It runs through the context of the full text, organically links the characters and events in the text, and makes the article coherent.
8. Write a title for the article.
Find the clue or center of the article
(1) core figures (2) core things (3) core events (6) the author's emotions
9. Fill in the reading card.
Find the original text as required, and then fill it in. Pay attention to the title, author, publishing house and other items of the original text (sometimes in brackets).
10. Narrative sequence and function?
(1) Time sequence (according to the sequence of events)
Function: The narrative has a beginning and an end, which is clear, clear and impressive to read.
(2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. )
Function: arouse suspense, attract readers, avoid dull narration and enhance the vividness of the article.
(3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. )
Function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.
(4) Plain narration (omitted)
1 1. Language features?
Choose from the following statements in combination with context and rhetorical methods:
Vivid image, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious phonology, strong sense of rhythm.
Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with specific sentences.
12. Writing skills and functions?
(1) anthropomorphic technology
Give things people's character, thoughts, feelings and actions, make things personalized, and thus achieve vivid images.
(2) Metaphorical skills
Describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.
(3) exaggeration
Highlight the characteristics of people or things, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) Symbolic techniques
Giving specific meanings to the things described expresses the feelings of … and enhances the expressive force of the article.
(5) Contrast technology
Through comparison, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article.
(6) technology of setting off (side contrast)
Set off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing.
(7) Irony
Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and laugh at people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.
(8) Want to promote first and then inhibit
First belittle and then praise the object described, contrast the context, highlight the object written, and receive unexpected touching effects.
(9) Care before and after (echoing from beginning to end)
Make the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.
13. Rhetoric methods and functions
(1) Metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.
(2) personification: endowing things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, and personalizing things, so as to achieve vivid images.
(3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) Parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyric.
(5) Duality: the form is neat, the phonology is harmonious, and they set off each other and complement each other.
(6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning, strong lyricism and appeal.
(7) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking.
(8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism.
Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with related sentences.
14. What are the meanings and functions of specific words?
Methods: Contact the original meaning of words, explain the meaning of the text and find out the specific content it refers to.
A: The word "××" originally means …, and here it means …, playing the role of ….
15. What does this sentence mean?
Grasp the key words, analyze their characteristics and significance, and then explain them in context.
16. What is the function of sentences in the structure?
(1) Continue the above.
(2) Open the bottom (lead to the bottom)
(3) connecting the preceding with the following (transition)
(4) Pave the way for the following.
17. Expression?
Narration, discussion, lyricism, description and explanation
18. What is the role of argument in narrative?
Inspire readers to think, point out the meaning of people or events, highlight the center, sublimate the theme, and play the role of making the finishing point.
19. What is the role of lyricism in narrative?
Express the author's sincere and profound feelings, arouse the feelings of readers, and make the article have strong appeal.
20. What is the type and function of description?
Type:
(1) Portrait Description (2) Appearance Description (3) Attitude Description (4) Action Description
(5) Language (Dialogue) Description (7) Psychological Description (8) Scenery Description
(9) Description of scene (10) Description of environment (1 1) Description of details.
Function: to create characters, promote plot development and reveal the theme of the article.
2 1. Prose features
The shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered.
22. What kind of prose?
(1) Narrative Prose (2) Lyric Prose
23. What kind of novel?
Novel, novella, short story, short story
24. What are the three elements of a novel?
People, environment, plot
25. What are the types and functions of the environment?
(1) natural environment
Explain the time and place of the story and the space of the characters' activities to set off the emotions of the characters.
(2) Social environment
Explain the social background and characteristics of the times, contrast the characters' personalities and promote the development of the plot.
Reveal the theme of the article.
26. What are the parts of the plot?
Start, development, climax, end
27. Continue to write the ending of the novel.
Continue to write according to the law of the development of novels and stories, and be concise, implicit, philosophical and thought-provoking.
Second, argumentative reading skills
Argue (prove what)
Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete sentence in form. Arguments are generally expressed in the form of judgment sentences.
1. There are 1 central arguments (sub-arguments of commanders)
(1) Clearly:
N sub-arguments (supplementing and proving the central argument)]
(2) Method
① Find from the position: Ⅰ title; Ii begins; ⅲ middle school; Ⅳ end.
② Analyze the arguments of the article. (Can be used to test whether the expected parameters are appropriate)
(3) Extraction method (only sub-argument, no central argument)
2. Analyze how the argument is put forward.
(1) Put facts, reason and summarize arguments;
② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument;
(3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion;
(4) Summarize the central argument after describing the author's experience;
⑤ The author asks questions from the story, then analyzes and infers them step by step, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.
2. Argument (with what evidence)
(1) argument type: (1) factual argument (summarize after giving an example, and closely summarize the argument); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).
(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ).
(3) Sequential arrangement (reference argument);
(4) judging whether the argument can prove the argument;
5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).
Three arguments (how to prove)
(1) demonstration method
(1) argument (example method) fact argument narrative.
(2) Argument (citation and reasoning) Argument discussion.
(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be an example argument and a reason argument)
(4) Metaphor.
⑵ Analysis and demonstration process
(1) How the argument was put forward;
(2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning);
(3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.
(3) Integrity of argument (A: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)
(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.
Structure of argumentative essay
(1) General form: (1) Introduction (question); (2) this theory (analyzing problems); ③ Conclusion (solving the problem).
(2) type
① coordinate type: I total score; Ⅱ total score; ⅲ points total.
② Progressive type.
Argumentative language
(1) compactness (use of decorative and restrictive language);
(2) Vividness (idioms, the use of various rhetorical devices);
(3) Word order (from the perspective of caring for life logic and context);
(4) Sentence order (the use of related words, pay special attention to the progressive relationship).
Read six rebuttal papers
(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute?
(2) How does the author refute and apply those reasons and arguments;
(3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?
Reading guidance of explanatory text for senior high school entrance examination
First, master the stylistic knowledge of expository writing:
(1) Grasp the object of explanation and distinguish whether the object of explanation is a thing or a thing.
Clarify the characteristics of the thing to be explained: a sign that one thing is different from others.
(2), in order to explain the characteristics of things or things, it is necessary to adopt appropriate.
Mastering several common interpretation methods can analyze the function of the article:
1. Classification: The description should be clear and avoid repetition.
2. Definition: Make readers have a clear understanding of the concept.
3. Comparison: Compare what people know with what they want to explain, so as to highlight the characteristics of the explanation.
4. For example, it can make readers know the characteristics of the object of explanation.
5. analogy: it can achieve the function of vividly explaining things.
6. Number: It can explain things accurately.
7. Use the chart: let the reader see at a glance and understand the explained content very intuitively.
8. Citation: It can make the explanation more specific and substantial.
(3) Instructions should be in order: Common instructions are: chronological order (program order is a kind of chronological order), spatial order, and logical order. According to the purpose and object of interpretation, the order of interpretation can be dominated by one order, and other orders can be used at the same time.
(4) Pay attention to the structure when reading the explanatory text.
The common forms of expository structure are: general concreteness, general concreteness, sub-general, sub-general, parallel and progressive.
(5) The accuracy of explanatory language is the premise of explanatory language.
Accuracy, diversity and flexibility are not contradictory. Some are good at simplicity, while others are good at vividness. Because the language styles of the explanatory object and the author are different, the explanatory languages are also varied. Or general, or specific, or concise, or full, or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous. In short, not stick to one pattern.
Answering skills in senior high school entrance examination
First, the comparison of words (choose words to fill in the blanks)
1. When comparing the meanings of words, especially words with similar meanings, we must carefully distinguish the differences between the two words in terms of degree, scope of application and emotional color.
2. After choosing a good sentence, you should read the relevant sentences several times and experience them repeatedly.
Second, the analysis of sentence function and meaning
1, this sentence uses the related words "although ... but not only" ... and ... "both of which are used to express the progressive relationship, and both of them are used to emphasize the latter.
2. The function of inverted sentences: it is often to emphasize the previous part (that is, to move to the front). For example, "I'm sorry, you're not good" means that the degree of "you're not good" is "I'm sorry". Another example is "bad, I think", which is to clearly emphasize that the author's evaluation of "Lei Feng Sunset Red" is "bad".
3. Evaluation and appreciation of a sentence: We should start from two aspects, first evaluate its writing characteristics and language characteristics, such as rhetoric, expression, language or vivid or beautiful or symmetrical or accurate and rigorous ... and then evaluate the ideological connotation, that is, clarify what views this sentence expresses and what feelings, enlightenment and education it gives you. ...
4. The analysis of the meaning of a sentence can also start with the analysis of keywords, focusing on the meaning of keywords in a specific context.
5. When analyzing a sentence in an explanatory paragraph, it is important to buckle the explanatory content, the characteristics of the explanatory object and the characteristics of the explanatory language (accurate and vivid).
6. When analyzing a sentence in a narrative paragraph, it is important to recognize the specific atmosphere, the feelings expressed and the characteristics of the characters.
7. When analyzing the sentences in the argumentative paragraphs, we should correctly deduct the argument (or the central argument of the full text or the sub-argument of the paragraph) and the characteristics of the argumentative language.
8. Key sentences mainly include five aspects: ① sentences that point out the theme; 2 descriptive, argumentative and lyrical sentences; ③ Summarize the sentences of the full text; (4) Sentences that serve as a link between the preceding and the following (such as sentences that take care of each other and transitional sentences that serve as a link between the preceding and the following); ⑤ Sentences using various rhetorical devices (such as metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, irony, rhetorical questions, especially quotation). Understanding key sentences is mainly to understand the thoughts and feelings expressed by sentences. For example, the author's emotions, attitudes and thoughts between the lines. At the same time, it is necessary to understand the functions, functions and characteristics of sentences in the text.
Note the writing method of the sentence: we must pay attention to the stylistic characteristics and the accuracy of noun use.
Three, question and answer, regular answering terms and skills
(A) the main role of social environment description:
1, indicating the background of the work.
2. When you answer, you must combine the local background at that time and point out what kind of social reality is revealed by the relevant statements of environmental description in the text.
(B) the main role of sentences describing the natural environment (scenery description):
1, showing the regional scenery and prompting the characteristics of time, season and environment; 2. Promote the development of the plot; 3. Render the atmosphere; 4. Contrast characters (or characters' moods and feelings); 5. Highlight and deepen the theme.
(c) Analyze the function of sentences in the structure of the article;
1. For the above (or full text): refer to the above, echo from beginning to end, and summarize the above (or full text);
2. For the following: cause the following, pave the way, pave the way; 3. Context: connecting the preceding with the following (transition).
(4) Answer questions in your own words:
1, this kind of question is often limited to the sentence that can't be answered directly in the original text. On another level, it means that you have relevant sentences in the original text, so you should first find out the relevant sentences in the original text;
What we need to consider now is how to turn the sentences in the original into our own words. The following methods can be adopted:
① Generalization, which is suitable for long sentences related to the original text;
(2) Sentence translation method, which is suitable for classical Chinese paragraphs;
(3) Explain key words, which are applicable to uncommon words in the original sentence;
(4) Sentence conversion method is suitable for the case that the original text uses interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions with ambiguous meanings, and the topic requires clear expression.
(5) the hero's judgment in the article:
Principle: It must be based on the theme of this article. For example: Kong Yiji-Kong Yiji.
The "I" in prose (including essays, newsletters and general narratives) is equal to the author himself; The "I" in the novel is not equal to the author himself, but the character image created by the author through fiction on the basis of life.
(six) according to the feelings of reading the passage to talk about their own views or experiences:
1, in the first person;
2. In the form of 1+2 or 1+3, first summarize your opinions or experiences in one sentence, and then explain the reasons in two or three sentences. You can put the facts, or you can be reasonable. If the topic has relevant requirements, we should also pay attention to combining our own personal experience.
(seven) according to the context, fill in the psychological activities:
1, must use the first person;
We must study the specific situation carefully.
(eight) according to the views put forward in the article to supplement the example:
1, you can give examples of celebrities, which are more convincing and show your knowledge, but you must write accurate people and things and avoid arrogance.
2, you can also give examples of people, you can make them up, but you should pay attention to realism, not too exaggerated, so that people can know at a glance that they are made up.
3. Format: people+examples+short comments
(9) Summary of the cases in this paper:
1, which must contain two elements: people+things;
2. Other elements, such as time (season, year), place, environment, etc., should be summarized if they have specific significance.
(10) Divide paragraphs and levels and summarize the meanings of paragraphs and levels:
We should pay attention to sorting out the clues of the article, with the help of transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words in the article, statements indicating time changes and statements indicating place changes, and also pay attention to the order in which the characters appear.
(eleven) refining center and theme:
Pay attention to the main content of this article, the purpose of the author's writing this article and the thoughts and feelings contained in it. Pay attention to some commonly used words, such as summarizing the main contents, which are generally used as follows: this article describes …, describes …, introduces …, passes through …, and so on. For example, summarizing the writing purpose and thoughts and feelings is generally used as: confession …, expression …, praise …, praise …, expose …, whip …, expose …
(twelve) the interpretation center of the judgment paragraph (interpretation content):
Answer:
1, physical description: description object+object characteristics.
2. Description: reasons (reasons, methods, principles, etc.). ) about ......
3. Program description: operation, experiment or production process. ...
This sentence is explained vividly, concretely, intuitively and simply (scientifically and accurately) by the interpretation method of …, so that readers can …
(13) Understanding and distinguishing the functions of words in expository texts;
There are two main types of problems:
A, where is the word "××"?
★ Answer method: Use the word "××" to vividly (accurately) explain the characteristics of ...
B. Can the word "××" be deleted?
★ Answer method:
There is no way. Using the word "xx" vividly illustrates that ... can stimulate readers' interest and get rid of this influence.
2 No way, delete the word "xx" and the meaning of the sentence will become ..., which is too absolute; The use of the word "××" accurately explains ..., conforms to the actual situation, leaves room for it, and is scientific.
(14) Judgment of pronoun objects in paragraphs (various styles);
1, common pronouns are: this, that, these, those, other, above, so, this ...;
2. Generally look forward;
3. After finding it, read it in the sentence where the pronoun is located to see if it is appropriate.
(15) Explain the subjective questions in the text and their solutions:
It is important to show innovative consciousness and scientific spirit.
Main problems:
1, rewrite the content of the article concisely and accurately. For example, define things according to the prompts, deal with words and graphics, make the graphics literal, and simply summarize examples.
2. Make a reasonable supplement to the content of the article. Such as: adding a title, adding sentences in combination with the context, and supplementing the object of the article as required.
3. Take practice as an example. (Meet the requirements of paragraph description center)
4. Put forward reasonable suggestions and ideas for the phenomena described in this paper. (Be scientific and avoid making things up)
5. On the expressive features of language. (Consider the order, method and language features of interpreting the text)
(sixteen) to determine or refine the central argument and sub argument:
1. The form and position of the argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a relatively complete sentence in form. Location: ① the title, ② the beginning, ③ the end of the article, ④ during discussion (pay attention to the transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following), and ⑤ the expression is not concentrated and needs to be summarized.
2. When there are no ready-made sentences to express arguments, although there are some difficulties, there are ways to follow: we need to extract the core of the article on the basis of accurate understanding of the full text, accurately judge and refine the author's views according to the topics and arguments and referring to the problems that the author wants to solve, and then summarize them in his own words.
3. It should be noted that in some articles, there are more than one sentence expressing the meaning of the central argument, and comparison is needed to find the most concise sentence.
(seventeen) analysis of the relationship between arguments and arguments:
Answer: The argument in this article (paragraph) is …, and the arguments listed here are (facts or reasons) to prove this argument (negation or affirmation), …
(eighteen) identification and demonstration methods, analysis of its role:
1. To answer this kind of question, we need to clarify the concepts of several common argumentation methods, understand the differences between them, and then analyze the specific content in combination with the context.
2. How to answer the question: This (sentence) uses the method of ... to demonstrate ... (argument), which is ... (benefit).
(19) Imitate the sentence patterns that express arguments (sub-arguments) in the original text, and put forward one of my own views:
1. To answer such questions, we must first perceive the content of the article as a whole, then gain a unique experience according to the enlightenment of reading the article, and finally express it in a prescribed sentence pattern to form an argument (sub-argument).
2. This topic examines not only the ability of association, but also the ability of language expression, and also the ability to grasp the relationship between sub-arguments and central arguments.
(20) Open reading questions:
This kind of test questions is actually to test students' perception of the selected text or important sentences. Students are required to combine reading with life, reading with writing, reading with learning methods, and reading with innovation. There are mainly the following aspects:
1, asking to talk about opinions, feelings and insights according to the selected materials;
2. Explain the understanding of the selected text content in combination with the actual situation;
3. Comment on the characters in the article;
4, according to the life and study experience, judge the advantages and disadvantages, and talk about their own unique views on the selected materials;
5. Put forward some reasonable suggestions and ideas about the phenomena described in this paper.
6, mobilize the accumulation of knowledge, from the inside out to investigate the extension of the selected materials and the connection between the inside and outside of the textbook (such as understanding the works of important writers, literary models and famous sentences in the works, etc.). );
7. Use association and imagination to fill in relevant contents;
8. Appreciate the artistic technique or aesthetic feeling in the text.
Unscramble the Secret of Chinese Reading
This secret is divided into five parts and fifty-nine styles. The language is concise and easy to operate. Learning before the exam can achieve immediate results. Second, the role of the beginning of the article:
1, causing the following, paving the way for the following (narrative)
2, the opening point, put forward the center (central argument)
3. Use stories or allusions to lead to arguments or topics (explain the object) and arouse readers' interest in reading.
Third, the role of the end of the article:
1, deepen the center and sublimate feelings
2. Point to the end of the article and put forward the central or central argument.
3. Summarize the above, put forward an initiative and issue a call.
Fourth, the role of a sentence or a paragraph:
1, the structural function is: always play the full text, cause the following, pave the way, pave the way, connect the preceding with the following (transition), take care of the preceding and the following, echo from beginning to end, summarize the full text, indicate the theme and promote the development of the plot.
2. The role of sentences in expressing feelings: rendering the atmosphere, setting off the characters (or feelings), pointing out the center (revealing the theme) and highlighting the theme (deepening the center).
(1), as a factual argument, first prove the first (last) sentence, and then prove the central argument; (2) Prove the first (last) sentence as a reason argument, and then prove the central argument; (3) illustrates the word "before (after)" (indicating the characteristics of things)
5. Common writing methods and expression techniques: association, imagination, symbol, comparison, contrast, setting off, contrast, restraining before promoting, seeing the big from the small, expressing ambition with things, reasoning with things, expressing people with things, expressing objects with expressions, expressing scenes with expressions, blending scenes with expressions with objects, expressing the present with the ancient.
As for composition, I usually accumulate more beginnings and endings, and add some good words and sentences in the middle to embellish the article.