1828 On August 28th, Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya-Polyana Manor, about 200km south of Moscow, only10km away from Tula. Tolstoy's family is an ancient and famous Russian aristocrat.
65438-0844 entered Kazan University to study law and oriental languages, but did not get a degree. 1847, he returned to Qingyuan in Jasna, hoping to run Qingyuan and arrange his studies. He sent thatch to poor farmers, but later he spent a lot of time in social places in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and finally owed a large gambling debt.
185 1 year, Tolstoy went to the Caucasus as a soldier with his brother. At this time, he tried to write and analyze his behavior.
1852 He showed bravery in fighting and published the novel Childhood, which shows the spiritual growth process of a smart and sensitive child through the delicate description of the little hero's simple inner world.
1853, Tolstoy read Turgenev's The Hunter's Notes and enjoyed it very much. Tolstoy was transferred to the front of the Danube River in 1854, participated in the siege of Sevastopol in the Crimean War, and realized the cruelty of the war.
During this period, he continued to analyze his growth process, and regarded "Teenager" and "Youth" as important materials to study his ideological growth. He wrote his war experience as The Story of Sevastopol, which was very popular after publication. He began to become famous in the literary world, and Turgenev and Necrasov had high hopes for him.
From 65438 to 0857, he traveled in western Europe and wrote the short story Lucerne. 1863, Tolstoy published the novella Cossack, which was a summary of his early creation and put forward his viewpoint of aristocratic popularization.
From 1865 to 1869, Tolstoy completed an epoch-making masterpiece War and Peace. From 1873 to 1877, Tolstoy completed another masterpiece-Anna karenin.
He started writing resurrection from 1889 and finished it ten years later.
1September 23, 862, Tolstoy, 34, and Sophia Bales, who was only 17 years old (1August 22, 844-19165438+1October 4) Sophia is the daughter of the czar doctor. They had 13 children, five of whom died.
19 1065438+1October10, 82-year-old Tolstoy left home secretly from his Jasnaya-Pogliana manor, accompanied by a doctor and his youngest daughter Alexandra. Tolstoy contracted pneumonia on the way and finally died in the stationmaster's room of Astabovo station.
Extended data:
Tolstoy's creation can be roughly divided into three periods:
1, an early work.
The early period (185 1 ~ 1862) was his period of exploration, experiment and growth. Ideas and artistic styles are developing and changing, and individual works have traces of imitation. Some keynote and features in his later works have also taken shape. Tolstoy began to keep a diary as early as 1847, and persisted in his later years.
A large number of diaries and letters account for almost half of his literary heritage. Diary is a record of his soul reflection and exploration day and night, and it is also a means to write and study the secrets of people's inner life through his own exercise. Early works like yesterday's story (185 1) were made through diary expansion and artistic processing.
Two hussars (1856) are about two generations of father and son. The author appreciates the warm and heroic chivalrous spirit of his parents, but despises the obscene and selfish utilitarian view of his children.
Albert (1857 ~ 1858) and Lucerne (1857) are all about artists. The central idea of the former is the problem of "free creation", and his works claim that "beauty is the only unquestionable happiness in the world", which is the product of the author's obsession with "art for art's sake".
Based on the writer's experience in traveling in Switzerland, Lucerne reveals the selfish nature of the bourgeoisie and the hostile nature of capitalism to art, but there has always been a tendency to deny the relative progressive significance of capitalist civilization, and its criticism is based on abstract religious and moral truth, which is the initial expression of Tolstoy's doctrine.
The yearning for nature and the idea of returning to nature in this work are fully displayed in Cossack and Three Deaths (1859). The latter two works take nature and the consciousness of people close to nature as the measure of truth. There is Rousseau's influence here.
2. Mid-term works.
Mid-term (1863 ~ 1880) This is a period in which Tolstoy's talents are brought into full play and his art is perfect, and it is also a period in which his thoughts are fiercely contradictory, intense exploration and brewing changes.
Tolstoy began to write novels of December Party members from 1856 and from 1860 to 18 1 (published in1884; From 1877 to 1879, I have written some clips on this topic, but it has nothing to do with the original idea). His attention gradually shifted to War and Peace about the Great Patriotic War (18 12).
This is not escaping into history, but trying to find the value of existence for the aristocratic class from history to answer the question of which class should lead the liberation movement at that time. However, due to his long-term personal experience and close contact with the people, he deeply felt the role of the people in national history, thus making the novel a magnificent epic of people's war.
3. Late works
In the later period (1881~1910), the general tendency was to expose all kinds of evil phenomena in contemporary society on the one hand, and to express their new understanding and publicize their religious thoughts on the other. There are many aspects of creation, including drama, short stories and novels, folk stories, and political essays and papers occupy an important position.
Tolstoy wrote plays in the 1950s and 1960s, and one of the infected families (1862 ~ 1864) was against "nihilists", that is, revolutionary democrats. Since 1980s, he has taken an interest in drama again.
The Power of Darkness (1886) exposes the evil of money and preaches the sermon of saving the soul.
The Fruits of Education (189 1) satirizes the laziness and spiritual emptiness of aristocrats and peasants, and expresses the strong indignation of the latter due to the lack of land.
The Promethean (19 1 1) describes an awakened aristocrat who runs away from home because of the unreasonable social system, and at the same time exposes the selfishness and ruthlessness of the aristocrats and the hypocrisy of their legal marriage.
Light in the Dark (19 1 1) has been written for a long time, which reflects the conflict between the author and his family and society after the change of his world outlook and declares his non-resistance to evil. The development of the plot refutes the weakness of this preaching and is one of his most contradictory works.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy