The poem was written in July, and each painting is unfolded month by month in the order of farming activities. The weekly calendar is used in the poem. The first month of the week calendar is November of the summer calendar (now called lunar calendar), and July, August, September, October, April, May and June are the same as the summer calendar. The first, second, third and fourth days are November, December, January and February in the summer calendar. "Silkworm Moon" is March in the summer calendar. Pi's "General Theory of Confucian Classics" says: "In this poem, all the people in the moon are in summer, and the first, second, third and fourth days are in the week. Change its name without changing it. " Dai Zhen's textual research on Mao Zheng's poems also pointed out that although Zhou was changed to Zhou Zheng (taking November of the lunar calendar as the first day of the first month), folk farming still used the summer calendar.
The first chapter summarizes the life of workers all year round in a bird's eye way, and brings readers into that miserable and difficult time at once. At the same time, it also laid the foundation for the following chapters, prompting the general outline. Zhu's Biography of Poetry says: "The first half of this chapter begins with words and clothing, and the second half begins with words and food. Chapter two to chapter five, the meaning of the previous paragraph. Chapter six to eight, the meaning of the last paragraph. " This structural arrangement is indeed quite rigorous. The so-called "the beginning of clothes" and "the beginning of food" actually refer to the two major problems of farming and weaving in agricultural society. These two items are the main thread running through the whole article. The first chapter says that in September, women "can't dress until Sang Ma is finished". 1 1 After entering the cold winter, the farmers didn't even have a coarse cloth dress. How do they spend the New Year? Therefore, they lamented "why did they die?" But as soon as spring came, they packed up their farm tools and went to the fields to farm. His wife and children went to Tiantou to deliver meals. The official's face lit up when he saw that they were working very hard. Folk poets outlined a framework with thick lines, presenting the overall style of social life at that time to readers. In the next chapter, it will be described in detail from all sides and parts.
In the second and third chapters of the poem, the mood is getting higher and the tone is getting clearer. Bright spring is shining on the fields, and warblers chirp. The women carrying baskets went to pick mulberry along the field path together. Their labor seems to be very pleasant, but there are hidden worries in their hearts: "Women are sad, just like their sons." The first chapter, "Tissot Blissful", only touches on the class relations of the society at that time with a faint stroke, and slowly unfolds here. "Childe", most commentators call it the son of the prince. Xiang Gong owns a lot of land and serfs, and his sons also enjoy the privilege of "returning to their hometown with the beautiful women in the manor". Here, readers seem to see the shadow of Mid-Autumn Festival and mulberry in Han Yuefu. Although it was a thousand years later, there are often some similarities in the laws of life. The beauty of the girls makes them worry about personal freedom; The cleverness and wisdom of the girls also make them worry that the fruits of their labor will be occupied by others: "August carries achievements, and I am Zhu Kongyang and my son." They wove colorful silks, which became their sons' clothes, just as Zhang Yu's poem "Silkworm Girl" in the Song Dynasty said: "Those who wear Luo Qi are not sericulturists."
Although the fourth and fifth chapters developed from the line of "the beginning of clothes", they also developed and changed. "Xiunan" and "Mingmi" have fun meanings, and the following focuses on hunting. The fox they killed should be "for the son"; The big pigs they laid will be donated to the government, and they can only raise small pigs for themselves. Here again describes the class relations at that time. The five chapters mainly reflect the changes of the four seasons, from crickets to people to writing that the cold is coming, with meticulous brushwork and poetic voice. "Biography of Poetry" says: "Squid, pheasant, cricket, one thing changes at any time, with different names. Move the stock, start jumping, and sing with the stock. Vibrate feathers and fly and sing with wings. " The work of reciting things is so delicate and magical. The following four sentences are written about farmers cleaning their rooms and preparing for the winter. Structurally, it also means keeping out the cold in the first chapter.
Chapters 6, 7 and 8, taking the "beginning of eating" as the main line, like a series of continuous focus planes, show the simple and peaceful life of farmers: "eating depressed plums and thorns" and "cooking" sunflower (sunflower) and glutinous rice (beans) in June and July. In July and August, they play dates and cut gourds. Harvest rice in October, brew spring wine and celebrate the birthday of the elderly. But as soon as the grain is put into storage, it is necessary to build public houses for the gentlemen, which is in stark contrast to the shabby living room written above. "Building a nursery" and "harvesting crops" are written about the final completion of one year's cultivation. As Lu said in Biography of Poems: "This chapter (Chapter 7) began in agriculture, which is called extreme sorrow."
In the last chapter, that is, the eighth chapter, the poet described the grand banquet in this village in a more pleasant style. It is generally believed that farmers who have worked so hard, are supervised by field officials and exploited by their sons, will not be eligible to "go to court" by the end of the year. In fact, society is complicated. Even in the middle of feudal society, farmers would invite each other to drink at the end of the year. For example, Qin Guan's Four Poems of Tian Ju in the Song Dynasty wrote: "The Tian family attaches great importance to the agricultural gap, and Weng Yi invites them. Sit in the wine mash and thank you three or four times. " Lu You's poem "Traveling to Shanxi Village" also said: "Don't laugh at Tianjia wine, and leave enough chickens and dolphins in good years." It is also reasonable to write "Ancient Society" in July to praise the village life of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
China's ancient poetry has always been dominated by lyric poetry, with few narrative poems. This poem, however, is mainly narrative, with vivid images and rich poetry. Through the beautiful narration of the characters in the poem, it truly shows the labor scene, life picture and the faces of various characters at that time, as well as the relationship between farmers and the people, which constitutes a genre painting interwoven by men and women in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. There are three ways to express The Book of Songs: Fu, Bi and Xing. This poem adopts the style of Fu and reflects the reality of life. Readers will feel this way if they recite any chapter carefully. Preface "July", by Chen. The Duke of Zhou has changed, so the first reason why Chen Hou Ji was weathered was that Wang Ye was difficult to do.
Biography of Zhu Shi's Poems: Look up at the changes of frost and dew on the stars, the sun and the moon, and overlook the changes of cordyceps sinensis, so as to know the weather and grant civil rights. Women's clothes are about the inside, while men's clothes are about the outside, with sincere love and loyalty. Father and son, father and son, husband and wife, help the old and bring the young, and help the weak to eat. Its sacrifice is also timely, and its face enjoys the festival. So is the meaning of this July.
Yao Jiheng's General Theory of the Book of Songs: Birds are singing and insects are singing, just like the Moon Order; When a woman enters the room, Mao Mao rises to the room, which is like a customized book; Fire and cold wind, like "five elements"; Caring for and caring for young people, Tang Ji said, is like a ceremony; Celestial officials dye their posts, hunt and store ice and sacrifice to the palace, just like credentials. Among them, there are mulberry pictures, music pictures, recipes, cereal pictures and wine classics: all in one poem, the best in the world! ..... beauty is achieved without preparation. After the Jin and Tang Dynasties, the poems of Tao, Xie, Wang, Meng, Wei and Liu Tian did not reach this level.
The originality of Fang Yurun's Book of Songs: There is only one article about farming, mulberry and crops in "July" in "Gui". Those who are not personally involved, those who are good at it, cannot be kind and tasteful. Duke Zhou grew up on earth and ranked among the dead. Why bother? And male Liu Shiyuan, also difficult to speak. There must be a poem about this since ancient times. Since the public began before Wang Chen, it is difficult to know the harvest, while since Wang Ye began, people in later generations thought it was public.
Wu Kaisheng's poem "The Meaning of Poetry Will Pass": This poem covers all aspects such as time, personnel, everything, government decrees, educational methods, etc., and its intention is particularly subtle. Amazing is amazing, and almost all of them can be sung without words. The best of six books!
Selected Poems of Yu Guanying: This poem describes farmers' labor all year round. Most of the labor is for the public, and a small part is for myself.