Tao Yuanming's poems are simple and natural, with sincere feelings. On the one hand, it has a lot to do with the content of the poem, that is, it describes the plain pastoral scenery and the poet's quiet state of mind in this environment. On the other hand, it is also related to his quiet and unpretentious language. Tao Yuanming's poems mainly have the following two characteristics in language:
First, build real life through colloquial language. Heidegger said: "The activity field of poetry is language, so the essence of poetry must be understood from the essence of language." Tao Yuanming's profound language accomplishment is an important factor for his great success in poetry. Shi Tao is good at refining language, but he can't see the trace. Cheng Ju, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said that Tao poetry "speaks without words, and quips come from heaven." If the cold is not desirable, the full moon is not desirable "("Reading Tao Jing Festival Poems "). Wang Shizhen, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, said: "The profound understanding makes the intention light, and the word-makers are extremely skillful, but the great thinking makes it without trace" (Volume III of Yi Yan Yuan). Zhong Xing said: "The beauty of its language is often lost in words and numbers. There is a gentle and pleasant spirit outside of pen and ink, which makes people calm and exhausted (Volume 9 of Ancient Poetry Return). These natural and natural works of art he created are attributed to his emphasis on the use of spoken English to some extent.
In Drinking (Part V), he said that "building a house is under human conditions, but there are no horses and chariots". "Responsibility" says that "although there are five men, they are always bad at writing". These sentences are very close to spoken English. In addition, there are some sentences that are closer to folk songs and imitate folk songs, such as "Sang Ma's days are long, but China's days are wide", which gives people a natural, simple, simple and fresh feeling, catchy, forceful and full of rhythm. Moreover, Tao Yuanming's prose, like poetry, is plain and plain, not as obscure as some ancient prose. Although some people once looked down on Tao Yuanming's poems and dismissed them as "family language", today, this is the strength, not the weakness, of Tao Yuanming's poems. At that time, in the literary world, "love must be beautiful, words must be new", Tao poetry is unique, the language is fresh and natural, retaining the original style of folk language and forming its own unique style.
Interestingly, Tao's poems often describe the most common things, such as cottages, peaches and plums, Sang Ma, elm willows, bean sprouts, chickens and dogs. Once Tao Yuanming re-examines, these common things in life enter the aesthetic possibility. For example, Returning to the Garden (Part III) shows Tao Yuanming's life in his hometown from the beginning. "Nanshan grows beans, and the grass is full of beans." Although the work is hard, the result is helpless, but this unconstrained rural life is full of joy. "At dawn, Dai Yue hoes home." Although labor is not yet proficient, a life full of hope and beautiful yearning is itself happy.
Tao Yuanming also shows the nature, stability and leisure of seclusion through the description of the surrounding environment. "Huan ran action spring wine, picking vegetables in my garden. Light rain comes from the east, and good wind follows. Everything is so fresh and clean, everything is so harmonious and natural. Wen Runeng commented on Shi Taohui and said: "This article was obtained by Tao Yuanming by accident and naturally flowed out. The so-called chisel marks are invisible. About the beauty of poetry, nature is the ultimate goal. The rate of Tao poetry is close to nature, and this one is even more incredible and wonderful. "
"Two Movements" describes the poet's move to Nancun, where he lived in peace with his neighbors. Tao Yuanming wrote about the happy relationship between people and between people and nature in rural life in a leisurely style, saying that "people who care about everything are happy sooner or later." . The poet's longing for a harmonious natural life has come true, and his joy is as good as now. No wonder Gao Jing in Qing Dynasty said in his Notes on Reading Poems that this poem is "the sum of many people is easy to approach, that is, seeing it through poetry". Jiang Xun said, "Straight is a colloquial word, but a wonderful word. Extremely dull and colorful "(Review Volume II). The touching or special artistic charm of Tao's poems lies in that he shows readers the most essential life and the most open mind with extremely simple and natural language, which makes you yearn for the call of pure heart and simple life.
Second, the plains are wonderful. Different writers often show different artistic styles by using different languages. Open Tao Yuanming's poems and you will find that this is another world. Rural customs, rural scenery, and his quiet mood in such an environment are all expressed through simple language. For example, reading Shan Hai Jing (I):
"Xia Meng's house is surrounded by long vegetation and trees. Birds seem to be satisfied with their food. I love my thatched cottage. After farm work, I often come back to read my favorite books. Live in a secluded village lane, away from the noise, even if old friends drive back. Enjoy spring wine and pick vegetables from my garden. The drizzle blows from the east, accompanied by a fresh breeze. Pan-browse "Biography of Zhou Wang", flowing all over the mountains and seas. How about throwing the ball to the end of the universe and not being happy? "
This poem depicts the poet's secluded life by line drawing, which makes people feel that it really "flows naturally from the chest" without a trace of carving. Even those poems with strong philosophy, such as "since we are brothers, why should we be close to each other" and "Eat, drink, and wait for no one", are all natural expressions of the poet's feelings. When talking about the use of language in Qing Dynasty, Shen Xianglong said: "Nature is the most important word. Natural persons do not carve, borrow, color or explain. The famous sayings of the ancients such as' Plum in the Yellow Rain' and' Clouds Break the Moon and Shadows' are nothing more than nature. " The same is true of poetry.
Tao Yuanming's language is unremarkable, but it is not bland and tasteless. It is just the "quality and reality, wealth and reality" (book and Su Zhe) evaluated by stone. There is infinite elegance in plainness and deep affection in plainness. This artistic realm of "cutting without stopping" (Huang Tingjian's "The theme can be after the poem") just shows the perfection of the language art of Tao poetry. For example, one of his elegies:
"Life will die sooner or later. Last night, I was the same person, but today I am in the ghost book. What is Lingsan? Dry and empty wood. A charming child cried from his father, and a good friend caressed me and cried. If you don't know the gains and losses, you can feel right and wrong! Long live the century, who knows the honor and disgrace; But when you hate being alive, drinking is not enough. "
This is the last poem that the poet wrote temporarily when he foresaw death. Although this poem uses simple and popular language, it conveys a profound meaning, that is, he regards death as a natural law and can take it in stride, which can make us feel Tao Yuanming's peaceful mentality and philosophy beyond life and death. This is also the subtlety of Shi Tao's plain poems.
Tao Yuanming's works, whether poetry or prose, whether expressing feelings, describing scenery or portraying characters, are generally light-colored, so avoid smearing with thick pens. Therefore, the image is distinct and prominent, and the color is elegant and fresh. For example, "If the peace is far away from the wind, good seedlings will bear new seedlings" and "If you stay in a cage for a long time, you will return to nature". Su Dongpo said: "Yuan Ming's poems are slow at first glance, but they have strange sentences when they are ripe." Hui Hong once said: "A high rate means a wonderful meaning, and a fine speech can do this" (Cold Zhai Night Talk, Volume I). Therefore, although Tao poetry seems to be unprocessed, it is actually created by the poet after careful consideration.
Ye Jiaying said: "Among China poets, Tao Yuanming is the poet with the simplest words and the richest connotation. [2] "His implication is his thoughts and unique understanding of life, history and life. Tao Yuanming reflected his personality ideal, life ideal and ideological understanding as a poet with concise language and few images. Tao Yuanming reduced all unnecessary words to the point where they could not be reduced, that is, Zhong Rong said, "the style of writing is clean and there are almost no long words." Shi Tao's language skills show that only by washing away the lead China can we show clear simplicity and what people call the beauty of dilution and the beauty of true colors. No wonder Hu Shi said, "His artistic conception is that of a philosopher, but his language is a folk language, so there are lofty artistic conceptions everywhere, even though he speaks Tianjia language. [3]"
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