Source: An Deyu's journal.
It is said that during the period of Emperor Yao about 5,000 years ago, Yao had a son named Dan Zhu. It is said that this guy is born with red skin, red face, red nose, red ears, even red eyebrows and red fetal hair on his head. Emperor Yao was pleasantly surprised. Without thinking, he gave the name Danzhu, which means adding red to red. It looks like a good name today. The red sun, red lanterns and prosperous times are so beautiful! Just a little sissy. Sure enough, that Dani likes to play with little girls since he was a child, and his courage is surprisingly great. He runs around all day, likes to play in the roaring water of Shan Ye, likes to watch the volcanic eruption, and looks at the red flame of the crater and makes a hullabaloo about.
Because Emperor Yao is very busy, it is impossible to focus on his son's "national affairs" such as flood control, hunting and predation all day. When Dani was young, the more he played, the better he became. He and his "friends" had an idea to cut down Sang Mu and build a boat. His father was an emperor. He asked others to be trackers and dragged them to the mountains and Lin Mang. He said that this was a "land trip". The trackers were pulling ropes made of vines that had withered for thousands of years, stepping on rugged mountain roads and desperately pulling fibers under the scorching sun. Their shoulders were bleeding and their feet were bloody. They deeply felt the injustice of fate! Yao Di was very sad when he learned about it. At least this is a fair society. How could he let his son fool around? His wise life cannot be ruined by his son. In fact, Yao Di still wanted to pass the mercy to Danzhu, so he thought about how to tie his son and see how Yao Di figured out how to tie Danzhu.
Emperor Yao thought for a long time. One day, when he was rounding up rhinos with his people, he suddenly thought of a method. This method is: cut the mulberry tree into a square plate with crisscross lines drawn on it, just like separating one prey from another when hunting, and then break the rhinoceros horn and ivory. The ivory block and the rhinoceros block walk at the intersection in turn, as if people and animals are competing. This is the earliest model of Go. Emperor Yao was overjoyed when he came up with this idea, so that Dani could experience the fun of testing on the grid, instead of risking his life to play around, and he could also know the method of Go. What a kill two birds with one stone! Zhu Dan really likes playing this game, so he stops fooling around and plays rhinoceros with his friends all day.
A few years later, Emperor Yao was going to retire because of his old age and infirmity, so he came to Danzhu to discuss letting him pass on the throne and let him talk about his thoughts. Who knows Dani immediately shirked, saying, "My personality is not suitable for being an emperor. I like swimming in nature, attracting the essence of nature and making some inventions. " We choose an emperor, not a hereditary system. The most capable person should be the emperor. I met a friend named Shun. He not only plays rhinoceros well, but also pays attention to practice. He hunts a lot every time. I recommend this man to you. "
After investigation, Emperor Yao found that Shun was not only good at hunting, but also good at farming and water control. Plus Dan Zhu didn't want to be emperor, so he passed the throne to Shun. Later generations called the period when Yao and Shun were emperors the Yao and Shun era. According to Zhang Hua's Natural History of Jin Dynasty, the origin of Go was in this period.
The "chess" in China's four ancient arts "Qinqi Calligraphy and Painting" refers to Weiqi. Some people think that the chess pieces in Go are not graded like chess, but originated from primitive society.
"Li Xuan Manyan" says: "The beginning of Go is an inhuman thing; The orange that began in Bajiong began in the tomb of Zhou Muwang; After the stone chamber, there is also Shangshan, which is the instrument of the fairy family. " Take it to heaven. Go was invented by immortals, so why did it come to the world?
It is said that in ancient times, Ren Jun Di Yao married his wife and gave birth to his son Dan Zhu. Although Dani is the son of a saint, he has a bad temper since childhood and likes to play and do nothing when he grows up. Yao Di was worried about Dani, so he went to the immortal Puyi to ask his godson's prescription. On the bank of Fenshui, I saw two people sitting opposite each other, paddling sand all the way, and black and white pebbles lined up in a row. A person on the right is wearing a bamboo hat, and a person on the left is wearing a Puyi, with a bare stomach and bare arms. Hair is several inches long and eyes are square. The emperor knew it was Puyi. Emperor Yao came forward to salute and seek perfection in the art of Dan Zhu. Puyi said, "It's so easy! Dani is good at arguing and stupid, so he should do what he likes to relax his feelings. Obviously, the former cypress went down to the sand, indicating that this is a game, which is related to life and death. 」
When the emperor asked him about it, Puyi said: "The number of everything is from the beginning, and the game of Tao is one of the 360. And one, the master of life, according to its extreme luck in all directions. Three hundred and sixty, such as the number of days in a week, is divided into four corners to resemble the four seasons, ninety roads to resemble the sun, and seventy-two roads to resemble the weather, also known as Weiqi, to attack the encirclement. His son is half white and half black, with yin and yang. The way of the bureau is called shovel, and the way is called shovel. Chess is quiet, chess is round, chess is moving, and the world is self-reliant. There is no solution in the world. Although chess is a decimal, it is actually combined with soldiers, and there is no same chess. If you don't think carefully, you can't ask why you won or lost. If my son comes back to teach Dani, he will concentrate on it. Why fight for the world? 」
The emperor came back alone, called the ministers together and looked at the stone, but they didn't understand. Emperor Yao Di thought very carefully, and the more he thought about it, the more wonderful it became. Life is about to gather stones in a bag, draw chess in simplicity, pack up and go home. After returning home, in order to arouse interest, Emperor Yao used Chinese characters as chess and rhinoceros horns and ivory as chess pieces. After being made, it is dazzling and extraordinary. Emperor Yao has always been frugal, but in order to educate Danzhu, he spared no expense in luxury, which shows his painstaking efforts. Deeply attracted by this precious chess game, he learned Go from Yao. It is said that he has really improved since then. Therefore, we can enjoy the fun of Go, thanks to Dani.
It is said that Shun played Weiqi to teach the fool Shang Jun .. According to this statement, the purpose of playing Weiqi is to develop intelligence and pure temperament. Pi Rixiu, a native of the Tang Dynasty, believed that Weiqi started in the Warring States Period and was created by military strategists. His basis is that Go is "a kind of cheating and cheating that harms people"! It can be said that it is extremely capable of penetrating meetings.
Many pottery pots unearthed in Yuanyangchi, Shuichang County, Gansu Province at the end of primitive society are painted with black, red and even colored stripe patterns with uniform lines. It's criss-crossed, the grid is neat, and the shape is very similar to the current Weiqi board, but there are only ten to twelve vertical and horizontal lines instead of nineteen. Archaeologists call it a chessboard pattern.
When Weiqi was first invented, how many badminton were used?
There is a saying in Sun Tzu's Art of War: "There are nineteen moves in this game. What is the geometry of chess? Answer day: 36 1. Technically speaking, set 19 channels and multiply them by yourself, and you get it. " It is demonstrated from a close distance that Sunzi Suanjing may be a work of the Eastern Han Dynasty, that is to say, by the Eastern Han Dynasty, the chess set was already 19. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ma Rong and Cai Hong had the names of "Qigui" and "Wuyue" in Wei Qi Fu, which indirectly supported this inference.
However, during the Three Kingdoms period, Han Danchun of Wei wrote in the Book of Arts and Literature: "The vertical and horizontal chess game 17, a total of 289 games, with black and white pieces 150 each. 」
In addition, there is a cloud in the Tang Dynasty: Ma 'anshan is located in the city center on the south bank of Liujiang River, with an altitude of 270 meters, which is one of the eight scenic spots in Liuzhou. According to legend, Tie Guai Li and Lv Dongbin, two immortals of the Eight Immortals, once played chess in Ma 'anshan. Up to now, there are immortal footprints, "chessboard stone" and "immortal cave" more than a foot long on the mountain. Liu Zongyuan visited the mountain. The article "Traveler's Notes Recent Treatment of Liuzhou Landscape" said: "The first climber has a shiping on the top, black tendons and red veins, and ten roads can be played. Accordingly, some people think that eighteen-way Go was popular in the Tang Dynasty. But according to the arts and sciences, the chessboard that can be played is probably not equal to the conventional chessboard.
Hu Yinglin said in "Pen Cong": "Today, Weiqi has 19 lines and 361 paths, so does Zi, and so does Song Shitong. But you must know the seventeenth road in the Han Dynasty and the eighteenth road in the Tang Dynasty. " It is a conservative estimate.
On the contrary, there is a lot of evidence about archaeological sites:
Among the ancient shoes in Astana village in Turpan, Xinjiang, there are some tombs of Tuhao Zhang in the early Tang Dynasty, and many cultural relics in the early Tang Dynasty have been preserved. Among them, there is a picture of ladies, which depicts eleven women, including two ladies who play chess. They also use seventeen chessboards.
197 1 Among the funerary objects of an ancient tomb in the Tang Dynasty in Xiangyin County, Hunan Province, there is a chessboard with a square size, vertical and horizontal 15 lanes.
1On April 5, 977, a square table of Weiqi was excavated from an ancient tomb of Liao Dynasty excavated by Baitazi Brigade of Fengshou Commune in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia, with a height of10cm and a side length of 40cm, and a Weiqi disc with a width of 30cm was painted on the table. Thirteen chessboards, seventy-one sunspots, seventy-three Bai Zi, and one hundred and forty-four * * *. There are eight sunspots, and three of them are empty.
These are just a few antiques among many new archaeological discoveries, but they are enough to illustrate several points: First, Weiqi took shape in primitive society. The criss-crossing chessboard graphics have basically taken shape. Secondly, from the development process of the unearthed chessboard from 10, 13, 15, 17 to the commonly used 19 line today, it can't be a miracle suddenly created by one person on a certain day, but it has experienced a simple to complex, from several to many.
The size of the chess game is related to the authenticity of the oldest chess game in China: Sun's chess game. This kind of chess can be found in the Collection of Forgetting Worry and Enjoying Happiness compiled by Li Yimin, a tourist. It is played on a chessboard with 19 vertical and horizontal paths. Since Qian Daxin in Qing Dynasty, some people have questioned its authenticity and argued for more than one hundred years. We believe that the change of the chessboard is a long process, especially if it is recognized by all players, and it cannot be done overnight. New forms are always promoted and improved from local to comprehensive, and the old forms cannot disappear completely on the earth overnight. Boldly speaking, we can imagine that the 19th-route chessboard first appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty and was completed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
In terms of chess pieces, archaeologists found 1 17 stone Weiqi in the Eastern Han Tomb at No.1 Yuanbaokeng, Bo County, Anhui Province, which was square and square, with a thickness of 3mm. It can be seen that the chess pieces in the Han and Wei Dynasties were square. It was about the Tang and Song Dynasties that the chess pieces changed from square to round. Since the Tang Dynasty, round jade articles have been unearthed frequently, such as 83 black and white pieces unearthed in Danyang, Jiangsu; Fifty black and white chess pieces were unearthed from Yang Cemetery in Song Dynasty in Huai 'an.
Yunzi is the most famous Go player in China. Yunzi's ancestor was Yongzi, a native of Yongchang County (now Baoshan City) in Yunnan Province. There is a folk story about Yongzi: It is said that more than 900 years ago, Lv Dongbin came to Yongchang County and met a poor farmer who was filial to his mother at the foot of Tapan Mountain in Chi Pan, Longquan. In order to help the farmer, Lv Dongbin taught him to forge Weiqi with agate and amber, which were abundant in the local area, so that the mother and son got out of trouble, and Yongzi was spread all over the world.
According to records, the production of Yongzi began in the Tang and Song Dynasties and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is loved by dignitaries and scholars, and it is also a tribute of the emperor. Known as "Yongchang chess is the best in the world". In the early years of the Republic of China, the method of making Yong characters was lost. 1974, the chemical constituents of Yongzi were repeatedly tested, studied and improved, and "Yunnan Weiqi" was successfully trial-produced. Yunzi is fine and smooth in texture, firm but not brittle, heavy but not slippery, soft and opaque, round but not oval, slightly convex in front, flat in bottom, natural in arc and unique in shape. White spots and black spots have their own characteristics: white as jade, moist and luminous, bright and lovely as tender teeth; Sunspots are dark blue, dark green in light, surrounded by a magical green halo, but the disk is black. Because of the soft color, it is suitable for players to watch and think for a long time. Yunzi looks like natural jade, so it is unbreakable when buckled. It sticks loudly and feels comfortable. Because of the low thermal conductivity, it feels warm in winter and cool in summer.
1993 The third issue of Sports Literature and History magazine published Yang Xiaoguo's On Lingchuan Qizishan and The Origin of Weiqi. According to the fact that Qizishan in Lingchuan is the only place in China where there are natural chess stones (called chess pieces in ancient times), Zhou Wuwang visited Ji Zi, one of the three saints at the end of Yin Dynasty, in Jizishan (now Qizishan), and some philosophies contained in Weiqi may have been born around here. It is speculated that Weiqi originated in Lingchuan County, Shaanxi Province at the end of Yin Dynasty and the beginning of Zhou Dynasty.
The need of war may also promote the development of Go. In the Han Dynasty, some people regarded Go as the art of war, "Sui Shu? Jing Ke's skill and chess score are all included in Sun Tzu's Art of War.
It is said that the face of Go is very effective, with 36 1 intersection, 8 azimuth stars and 72 peripheral intersections corresponding to 360 days, 8 hexagrams and 72 hours. The chess pieces are oblate, convex on the top and flat on the bottom, divided into black and white, symbolizing yin and yang. That's really philosophical. Wu Qingyuan thinks that Weiqi may be developed from the tools of ancient astronomers, just like the distribution of stars in the sky.
Hetu and Luoshu related to China's philosophy, especially the Book of Changes, are also the layout of black and white dots, which may have some origins with Weiqi:
Modern people use the word "Yi" to refer to all kinds of chess, such as Go, Chess and Military Chess. In fact, at the earliest time, "chess" specifically refers to Go. Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Go is also a chess game. From? also makes a sound. 198 At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Yang Xiong said in dialect, "Go is a game between Qilu and Kanto. It can be seen that in the Western Han Dynasty, chess has become another name for Go. Only parts of the north are still playing chess.
Qiu Yi was the first recorded chess player. He lived in the early Warring States period. Because of his excellent chess skills, many young people want to worship him as a teacher. He has two students: one is very serious and attentive in studying art; Another may only covet Qiu Yi's reputation. Although he bowed at the door, he didn't work hard. When Qiu Yi was talking about chess, he was absent-minded and stuck his head out of the window, wondering when the swan would fly. Here comes a good bow and arrow. Try twice. Both students are learning chess and worship the same teacher. The former has achieved something, while the latter doesn't know chess. This short story shows that concentration is the premise of playing Go well.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended and lobbied everywhere. Weiqi, which has become very popular, began to appear in philosophers' speeches, either praising or derogating, or taking Weiqi as an example, or directly discussing Weiqi. There are many valuable arguments that have played an important role in the development of Go.
At first, the intelligentsia looked down on Go. Confucius regarded Go as a boring pastime in The Analects of Confucius. This view has far-reaching influence. When someone attacks Go in the future, they will often say something similar.
Learning from Confucius, Mencius once said: "People who play Go are fond of drinking, regardless of their parents' upbringing, and are not filial. He counted not caring about his parents playing Go as one of the five unfilial behaviors, but we should pay attention to that "caring about parents" is the key point. There is another passage in Mencius: "If you don't concentrate on your own side and try to conquer the other side, you can't understand the essence of Go. Here, Mencius not only admitted that Go was a profound art, but also had to devote himself to it.
After that, the status of Go gradually improved. Guan Yinzi pointed out: "Archery, driving, playing the piano and learning chess are all things that can be easily learned. Obviously, now Go has been promoted to the same position as archery, driving and playing the piano.
Liang Xiaoyi (508-554) recorded it in Golden House. Magazine: "Liang has wealth and danger, and wealth is boundless." He climbed the stairs and faced the road, where the old wine was playing. The chivalrous man walked downstairs, and the players upstairs laughed at each other. Flying a kite can kill rotten mice, which is exactly what chivalrous people want. When the chivalrous man heard the laughter upstairs, he said that the Yu family would attack the Yu family at night. " There was a disaster in the game, and I'm afraid Shi Yu was the first person. According to 36 1 BC, Liang was moved to the capital, and from then on Wei was also called Liang, which was destroyed by Qin in the first 225 years. The rest of the incident should have happened during this period.
The Qin Dynasty was very short, and there was no record of Go. Qu Baiting (755-773), a Taoist priest in the Tang Dynasty, once claimed that the chess piece was as smooth as jade in the art and medical garden, but it was not a game because it was "like a turtle". I wonder if it really happened.
Go prevailed in the court of Han Dynasty. On the fourth day of August every year, Miracle always plays Go with high-impedance Liu Bang. It is said that on this day, winners can get blessings all the year round, and losers may suffer from diseases. In order to avoid disaster, we can only face the Big Dipper with a strand of hair and beg it to give us a long life. This custom is really interesting.
It is said that Miracle has a slender figure and noble temperament. She met Liu Bang in Dingtao. From then on, they hit it off and became a pair of bonfire mandarin ducks who vowed to live and die together. Miracle's son is Ruyi, and his manners are all Liu Bang's demeanor. Liu Bang likes him very much, and with Miracle's pillow advice, Liu Bangyuan and Liu Ying, the son of Lv Hou, are weak together. If they don't please Liu Bang, Liu Bang may abolish Liu Ying and make Liu Ruyi inherit his mantle. The situation of this matter is constantly developing. Lv Hou was scared all day. Seeing that Miracle first took away her husband's love, now she wants to take the position of the prince. One is love, and the other is political enemy. She must fight back, but she must also be careful.
Starting from Tintin in the Han Dynasty, they tried their best to get the respected "four gentlemen who are good" to make suggestions for governing the country. And "being kind and being expensive" heard that Liu Bang didn't pay much attention to Confucian scholars and liked to call names between words, so he refused to get along.
The so-called "being kind and being expensive" refers to the four hermits who are kind, namely Dongyuan Gong, Qiliji, Huanggong Xia and Youli. These four well-read people have formed a forest to avoid the Qin chaos. Shangshan is located in the southeast of Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province. It is surrounded by forests and valleys, and the terrain is steep. This is a good place to live in seclusion. It is said that Shangshan's No.4 likes to play Go, and "No.4 Chess Map" is a common painting topic.
In order to consolidate his son's status as a prince, Lv Hou turned to Sean for help. Sihao was originally a friend of Sean. After Sean threaded, Liu Bang's "Shangshan No.4" was moved by the sincerity of Liu Yuxin and Lv Hou, and promised to come out of the mountain and be the guest of the Prince. Through the teaching and subtle influence of these four elders, Liu Ying's cultivation and knowledge have been greatly improved.
One day, a grand banquet was held in the palace, and four old men with white hair and beard stood behind Liu Yuxin. When Emperor Gaozu learned that they were "good and expensive", he knew that the prince could not be abolished. He knew that the "four noble people" who couldn't even move themselves became the guests of the prince. The prince's wings seem to have taken shape. When Liu Bang returned to the harem to tell Miracle the news, Miracle burst into tears at once. Miracle wrote a sad song to relieve her sadness and anxiety, hoping to be guaranteed in her future life. Liu bang was speechless and could only tell her helplessness with a sad song.
This time, with the help of Sean, Lv Hou won an unexpected victory, and even a wise man like Liu Bang was at a loss.
In the Ming Dynasty, Tao An wrote a poem about this:
Liu An returned to Qiu Lin after finishing his work, and the authorities were not tired of it. Panasonic woodcutter should snigger and lose to Liu Hou first.
When Liu Qi, the Emperor Gaozu, was a prince when he was young, he killed Wang Ying, the king of Wu, by mistake, which laid the foundation for the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" in the future. The Biography of Kong Rong in the later Han Dynasty said that Kong Rong was executed by Cao Cao at the age of 56. At that time, his daughter was seven years old and his son was nine years old, but he was saved because he was young and weak. When Kong Rong was arrested, it was said that two children were playing chess. It can be seen that intellectual games such as games may be one of the contents of children's entertainment life in the upper class at that time.
Archaeologist 1997 found a Han dynasty ceramic chess piece in the excavation of Nanquemen site in Yangling, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
Hanyang Mausoleum is the cemetery where the fourth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty in China and his empress were buried together. Nanquemen site is located at the south of the mausoleum120m. The appearance of the unearthed Weiqi board is slightly damaged: the length is 28.5 cm to 5.7 cm, the width is 19.7 cm to 17 cm, and the thickness is 3.6 cm.
Judging from the texture of the ceramic chessboard, the board games at that time were made of tiles, and the vertical and horizontal lines of the situation were relatively rough. Therefore, although the chess game comes from the royal cemetery, it obviously does not belong to the royal family. It is likely that the cemetery guards do it for entertainment in their leisure time. It can be inferred that in the Western Han Dynasty, Weiqi was not only popular among the literati, but also accepted by the middle and lower classes of civilians.
Experts know from the local bricks unearthed at the same time in this site that the square bricks are generally about 33 cm in length and width. Judging from the number of carved lines left in the chess game, the Hanyangling ceramic chess game should have 17 vertical and horizontal lines, which shows that Weiqi had the embryonic form of modern Weiqi in the Western Han Dynasty.
Although the game of Go is not used by the royal aristocrats, it is naturally reminiscent of the story of Liu Qi, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who competed with the prince of Wu in his youth, because it was unearthed in the mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
In the Western Han Dynasty, Du Fu Zi, a native of Ling Du, was called "the first chess player in the world". Some people laughed at him for wasting time playing chess, but he replied, "I am proficient in the way of Go, which can make up for Confucius' shortcomings." "A feudal scholar-bureaucrat, dare to say such a thing, it seems that he is still a man of courage.
In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Qu and Zhu Chen were also famous for playing chess. Legend has it that Sui Chen won the favor of the Emperor of Heaven for playing chess with Xuan Di, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, and later won the office of Taiyuanfu.
Generally speaking, Weiqi activities in the Western Han Dynasty did not seem to be extensive. Because in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Gu also said in the book Zhi Yi: "He is knowledgeable in the world and is good at chess alone." Liu Bo is popular, but I didn't see Go.
Look at the stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty. There are countless descriptions about Liu Bo, but there seems to be no description of playing chess. (According to Li Songfu's History of Go, there is a picture in the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, describing Confucius' speech "Isn't there a chess player?" "Korea portrait brick, to be found. However, the following picture of Watou Village in Qufu Kiln is similar. Although the following "chess game" may be a basket, it seems to be bigger as a basket. It can be seen that this kind of art has almost disappeared since it spread to the Han Dynasty.
There is a line in Feng Renshi's Yuefu poem: "Go is obsolete, so it looks like clothes." . Borrowing Go for children (thinking of you), losing the battle for clothes, and burning for nature (that is, stillness) can be regarded as the only relevant literature in this period.
It was not until the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty that Weiqi activities flourished again.