Chapter 1: The historical context and literary trends of literature in the new era
1. What impact has the historical context of the new era brought to literature?
Answer : This is because: ① In terms of ideological and political aspects, the smashing of the Gang of Four, the convening of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, and the emphasis on practice as the sole criterion of truth have normalized the country's political life. ② In terms of economy, the implementation of the economic system and the arrival of the era of globalization have had a huge impact on literature in the new era.
So this has had a huge impact on literature in the new era: (1) Correcting the direction of literary and art development. For example, there are no more political criticism movements, and writers have a relatively relaxed writing environment. (2) Liberating the productivity of literary and artistic creation. Right-wing writers make a comeback. (3) It led to the great liberation of ideas in the literary and art circles. Gradually restore the concept that literature is a "human science". Eliminate the past rules and regulations, especially the erroneous creative models of "Three Prominences" and "Gao Daquan".
2. What was the background and controversy of the great discussion on humanistic spirit in the 1990s?
Answer: (1) Background: (1) The kitsch of literature and the loss of sense of value - such as Wang Shuo novel. (2) The spiritual crisis of intellectuals and writers. Zhuang Zhidie in "The Wasted Capital". Wang Meng published "Escape from the Sublime" ("Studying" Issue 1, 1993). Liu Xinwu proposed "facing the world directly."
(2) Discussion: (1) Positive side: critics such as Wang Xiaoming, Chen Sihe, and writers such as Zhang Chengzhi and Zhang Wei. "Shanghai Literature" Issue 6, 1993. The publication of the dialogue article "Ruins in the Wilderness - Crisis of Literature and Humanistic Spirit" by Wang Xiaoming, Zhang Hong and others began. Zhang Chengzhi proposed "taking the pen as a flag" to resist "the low ebb and decadence of culture". (2) Opposition: Wang Meng et al. Later, he published articles such as "Occasional Reflections on Humanistic Spiritual Issues" and "Shanghai Thoughts".
(3) Significance: It promotes writers and other humanities workers to increase their understanding of the current historical and spiritual situation.
3. How to understand the pluralistic existence pattern of literature in the new era?
Answer: 1. There are phased changes in the vertical direction: 1. The realism in the early 1980s leading. It’s called the new era. 2. The trend toward diversification after the mid-1980s. It’s called the late period of the new era. Root-seeking literature appeared, new realist novels appeared, and avant-garde novels also appeared. 3. The diversified pattern of the 1990s. It is called the post-new era (proposed by Zhang Yiwu and others).
2. Diverse coexistence and intersection in the horizontal direction:
1. The coexistence of elite literature, popular literature, and mainstream ideological literature. (1) Elite literature: The first characteristic is the avant-garde nature of the discourse, that is, the modern ideological consciousness or the modern humanistic spirit. It is heterogeneous relative to power discourse and mainstream discourse. Such as novels by Zhang Chengzhi, Mo Yan, Yu Hua and others. The second is the pioneering nature of the form. Pay attention to the use of modern novel techniques such as restricted narrative, symbolism, stream of consciousness, irony, and metafictional narrative. (2) Popular literature or popular literature: it is literature oriented to market consumption, and entertainment and commerciality are its biggest characteristics. For example, Wang Shuo claims that his novel is just to make money. (3) Mainstream literature or mainstream ideological literature. It is the embodiment of national ideological concepts in literature. Also called theme literature. Realism shock waves or current anti-corruption literature, such as Liu Xinglong's "Phoenix Qin", Zhang Ping's "The Choice between Life and Death", and the movie "Kong Fansen".
2. The coexistence of various literary trends such as realism, romanticism, modernism, and postmodernism. Realism: scar novels, reflective novels, reform novels. Romanticism: Novels by Zhang Chengzhi and Zhang Wei. Modernism: hazy poetry, avant-garde novels or trendy novels. Postmodernism: Wang Shuo's Novels. Ma Yuan's novel. New generation poetry. Novels by elite writers such as Wang Anyi.
3. The coexistence of various specific literary creation trends. The coexistence of new realistic novels, new realism (i.e. realistic shock wave novels), new historical novels, feminist novels, new generation novels, etc.
4. The mixture and intersection of various literary trends. (1) Realism presents an open attitude and accommodates modernist expression techniques. For example, Zong Pu's "Who Am I", a scar novel, was greatly influenced by Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" and contains modernist exaggeration, fantasy, psychological description and other techniques. (2) Pioneer novels return to story form and absorb the storytelling advantages of realist novels. "Alive" by Yu Hua. (3) Pure literature adopts the packaging of popular literature - inner packaging, and uses soliciting text. "White Deer Plain" and "Abandoned Capital".
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