1. Q: "What poem is this?"
Genre: metrical poems and quatrains.
Content: Poems about expressing feelings, frontier poems, homesickness poems, farewell poems and pastoral poems.
[example]
Cunhang
The horse crossed the chrysanthemum and crossed the mountain road, leaving the horse to walk freely.
Listen to the sound of thousands of valleys at night and watch some peaks silent in the sunset.
The leaves of Li Tang are rosy, and the flowers of Zizania latifolia are fragrant with snow.
To my dismay, the village bridge is like my hometown!
What kind of poem is this in terms of genre?
A: Seven-character verse.
2. Q: "What image has been created?" Images include people, landscapes, things, etc. )
What image do you need to answer this question?
[example]
Niaomingjian
People are idle, osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and empty.
When the moon comes out, the birds are startled, and the sound enters the spring stream.
What kind of image does this poem describe?
It depicts a quiet moonlit picture of a spring mountain.
3. Q: "Understanding thoughts and feelings"
The way to answer is generally: express (explain, expose) what feelings are sometimes answered directly through ….
[example]
San Lv Temple
Yuan Xiang keeps flowing, why does Qu Zi complain?
Autumn wind rises at dusk, and maple trees whisper.
Analyze the thoughts and feelings of this poem.
A: He wrote about what he saw and felt in front of San Lv Temple, expressing the poet's nostalgia for Qu Yuan and his regret that he could not serve the country.
4. Appreciate the language (a word) in the poem.
The answer is generally analyzed from two angles: one is the artistic angle and the other is the ideological content angle.
[example]
well
Last night, it rained suddenly, and I slept soundly.
Ask the shutter man, Haitang is still there.
Know what? Know what? It should be green, fat, red and thin.
I really appreciate the words "fat" and "thin".
A: The words "fat" and "thin" describe the flourishing leaves and the withering flowers respectively, which are vivid and express the poet's love for spring.
5, ask "the relationship between situation and emotion"
A: Lyric by borrowing scenery (scene blending, emotion in the scene); Syaraku's feelings are in happy scenes (positive contrast), sad scenes (positive contrast) and happy scenes (negative contrast).
[example]
Pay tribute to Gong Jing, but don't see him.
The riverside is misty, and the tobacco is tender.
Blow out the willow flowers and people disappear, and the spring flag urges the sun to go down to Chengtou.
Appreciate the relationship between scenery and emotion in this poem.
A: I use scenery to express my feelings. I use the misty riverside, fluffy tobacco, the blowing of willows, the sunset of the spring flag and other sad scenery to write my sadness, and to write the poet's disappointment when visiting relatives and friends.
6. generally ask "analyze and appreciate the artistic skills of this poem."
First of all, pay attention to the whole and typical, and the rest can be slightly mentioned.
Secondly, we should know from which aspects to think about artistic skills (expression, expression, rhetoric).
Furthermore, when writing a reply, you should summarize it first, and then expand it in detail, giving people a striking and clear feeling.
[example]
Hou Yu
The spring sky was hazy and the clouds were low, flying over the front mountain and raining heavily.
Tomorrow, I will find my way back to the clouds, and the horseshoe will still fall into the mud.
Appreciate the artistic skills of this poem.
A: I mainly use the method of combining reality with reality to imagine the scene of "tomorrow".
Fang Shan Shi Chun
There are crows flying in Liangyuan at dusk, and there are three or two families in the order.
I don't know how many people will go, but old flowers are coming.
Analyze and appreciate the artistic expression of this poem: lyricism, contrast, personification, etc.
7. Ask "How to express your feelings"
You can answer directly or indirectly (borrowing scenery and things).
[example]
Say goodbye to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou
Old friends frequently waved to me, bid farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower, and traveled to Yangzhou in this beautiful spring filled with catkins and flowers.
My friend's sail shadow faded away and disappeared at the end of the blue sky, only seeing the first line of the Yangtze River and heading for the distant horizon.
The lyric way of this poem is to borrow scenery to express emotion.
8. Ask "What is the function of landscape writing?"
You can answer from the perspectives of rendering atmosphere, setting off environment, expressing feelings or metaphors and symbols.
[example]
Foreign night
The breeze rippled on the grassy coast, through the night, and blew to my still mast.
The endless plains are dotted with drooping stars. The moon runs with the river.
I hope my art can bring me fame and liberate my sick old age from the office! .
Flying around, what am I like? Shameng
What is the function of the first couplet to write about scenery?
A: Render a lonely atmosphere.
Poetry Appreciation —— Artistic Skills of Poetry Appreciation
A successful poem must have unique artistic techniques and skills. An important content of appreciating ancient poetry is to appreciate the artistic techniques and skills of poetry, which is both the focus and the difficulty of appreciating ancient poetry.
The appreciation of artistic skills generally includes three aspects: the evaluation of expressive techniques, the appreciation of artistic techniques and the appreciation of rhetorical techniques.
First, the expression of speech
The forms of expression are narration, description, lyricism and discussion. The so-called evaluation of expression means that we can distinguish which expressions are used in poetry and their functions.
1, narrative. Interpretation and introduction of characters and events in the work. For example, "Prepare chicken rice for me, old friend, you entertain me on your farm" (Meng Haoran's Crossing Ancient Villages), "Jin Feng Jiao Gongming, the general hunts Weicheng" (Wang Wei's Hunting). "The King of Yue Gou Jian destroyed Wu Gui, and the soldiers went home" (Li Bai's Yue revisited the ancient times).
2. description. Use image language to describe the shape and characteristics of people, things and environment concretely and vividly. Let readers see their people, hear their voices, see their things and feel at home. For example, "Moonlight in the pine forest, crystal stone in the stream" (Mountain in Autumn Night by Wang Wei), "Three mountains and a half fall out of the sky, and one water egret island" (Climbing Nanjing to Phoenix Terrace by Li Bai) and so on.
3. Lyric. Express your subjective feelings and self-feelings in your works. For example, "I'd like a machete around my waist to cut Loulan straight" (Xia Sai Qu by Li Bai), "We met. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? It is the end of the world. "(Bai Juyi's Pipa Travel).
4. discuss it. Explain opinions and attitudes directly in the works. For example, "Life is an outstanding person, and death is also a ghost" (Li Qingzhao's "Summer quatrains"), "There are many talented people in Jiangdong, and it is unknown to make a comeback" (Mutu's "Wujiang Shangting").
These four expressions are not completely separated in specific applications, but often fused together. We need to pay attention to this point, such as "but before he conquered, he was dead, and the hero cried on their coats" (Du Fu's Book of Letters), which combines four expressions: narrative, description, lyricism and discussion.
Second, the appreciation of artistic techniques.
1. Artistic techniques of description: from the perspective of description, there are positive descriptions and side descriptions; From the description of pen, there are meticulous and line drawing; From the content of description, there are scenery description and character description.
2. Artistic techniques of lyric: There are two main ways of lyric: direct lyric and indirect lyric. Most ancient poems express their feelings with the help of scenery. As the saying goes, "all scenery words are love words", and there are usually four kinds of relationships between scenery and love words: appreciating Syaraku's feelings; Write sad feelings with sad scenes; Happy to write mourning; Mourn the situation in Syaraku.
3. Film sticking technology: It involves front lining and back lining.
4. Contrast technology.
5. Fu Bixing's technique.
6. Use allusions.
7. Virtual writing and real writing.
8. Symbolism.
(See Appendix for details. )
Third, appreciation of rhetorical devices.
The rhetorical devices commonly used in ancient poetry include metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, metonymy, antithesis, rhetorical questions and puns. When appreciating poetry, we should be able to distinguish these rhetorical devices and analyze their artistic effects.
(See Appendix for details. )
Appendix 1: Examples of artistic techniques and rhetorical devices
1. Bixing technique: Fu Bixing is a summary of poetic expression techniques in the earliest poetry collection "The Book of Songs" in China. Later poems inherited the expressive techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing. Fu describes the scenery in detail and expresses the author's attitude. For example, in the Book of Songs, "cutting sandalwood, the river dries up" and "the crops are not enough, and 300 kilograms are collected." No hunting, no hunting. Is there a county seat in Huzhaner Pavilion? He is a gentleman, not a vegetarian! "Describe a group of logging slaves cutting ebony for slave owners to make cars. In the arduous labor, they think that slave owners get something for nothing and can't restrain their inner anger. Comparison is to compare one thing with another. The Book of Songs Shuo compared the slave owner to a big mouse, using the method of comparison. Xing, that is, "say something else first, so that words can be sung." "For example, the' river flowing with clear water' in the Book of Songs leads to the following narrative." "Xing" and "Bi" are often used together in a poem. For example, "Peacock flies southeast and drifts five miles" at the beginning of "Peacock flies southeast" is both "Xing" and "Bi".
2. Direct lyric and indirect lyric: Direct expression means direct expression of one's feelings, also called direct expression. To express one's feelings implicitly through the narration, description or discussion of something or a problem is indirect lyricism. China's classical poetry pursues implication, so it is often indirect lyricism, achieving a blend of scenes. "All scenery words are sentimental words", and the emotional combination of scenery and scene is a common technique in classical poetry. Whether the scene blends is a sign to judge whether the classical poetry has artistic conception; Whether there is artistic conception is also a sign to judge whether classical poetry is excellent or not. For example, Zhang Kejiu's [Double Tone] Qing Jiang Yin Qiu Huai: Xifeng sent a letter to Wan Li asking me if I would come back? Wild geese crow in red leaves, people get drunk in yellow flowers, and banana rains in Qiu Meng. The poet firmly grasped the meaning of the topic and painted a bleak autumn scenery with west wind, wild geese, red leaves, yellow flowers, plantains and the sound of rain. And because of the arrival of the "west wind", it is related to the uncertainty of "return date"; Because of The Sound of Banana Rain, I was worried about fame and fortune, tossing and turning. Every sentence is a description of the scenery, and every sentence is the unity of lyricism, emotion and scenery.
3. Symbolism: Symbolism is a rhetorical way to convey a certain spiritual quality or abstract things with concrete and concrete things by means of the connection between things. Symbol is a way to express one's ambition with the help of concrete objects. For example, Yu Qian's Ode to Lime: "A thousand hammers cut out a deep mountain, and if the fire burns idle. I am not afraid of broken bones, but I want to remain innocent in the world. " This is a relatively simple and straightforward lyric poem, in which the word "naive" is not only a recitation of the external characteristics of the reciting object, but also a high summary of its charm and character. The value of this poem lies in its self-metaphor, which expresses a person's determination to be loyal to the country, not afraid of sacrifice and stick to noble sentiments. Lime symbolizes the poet's open mind and noble and innocent personality.
4, virtual writing and real writing: virtual writing, not writing the real scene in front of you, but writing the imaginary scene. When literary and artistic works are written in complex situations, the combination of reality and fiction is often adopted, which makes the structure of the works more compact, the image more vivid and the capacity more abundant. For example, Wang Changling's "Join the Army": "There are dark snow-capped mountains in Qinghai, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan. The yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, and the loulan is not returned. " "There are dark snow-capped mountains in Qinghai, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan" is an imaginary writing, describing an imaginary scene. Over Qinghai Lake, there is a long mist; To the north of the lake, there is a faint snow-capped mountain stretching for thousands of miles; Crossing the snow-capped mountains, it is an isolated city, standing in the desert of Hexi Corridor. Further west, it is Yumenguan, a military fortress far away from the lonely city. Imagine, if you don't have to write in vain, how can you show such a vast scene? This kind of environmental description has played a very good role in expressing the lofty sentiments and ambitions of the soldiers guarding the border. The actual writing is self-evident, so I won't analyze it.
5. Frontal description and profile description: For example, Qin Luofu was described in Shang Mo sung by Han Yuefu, with a bun on his head and a bright moon pearl in his ear. Qi is the lower skirt and Qi is the upper skirt. When Monkey saw Luo Fu, he put it on his shoulder and smoothed his moustache. As soon as the teenager saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and put his hair on his head. The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe. In spite of resentment, he sat watching Luo Fu. The first four sentences are positive descriptions and the last eight sentences are side descriptions. The first four sentences exaggerate the beauty of Luo Fu's clothes to set off the nobility and beauty of the characters. As for Luo Fu, how beautiful is it? It's hard to describe. Therefore, the author did not directly write about Luo Fu itself, but wrote about the people around him who were attracted by Luo Fu. Through profile description, he left people with infinite imagination space. She is as beautiful as you wish.
6. Allusions: Stories or words in ancient books are often quoted in classical poems, which are called action allusions. The use of allusions enriches the content of poetry. For example, 1996, a yuanqu selected in the poetry appreciation of the college entrance examination, Aruvi's "Winning the laurels and chanting poems with two tones": Who is the hero in the world? There is wine near the river, which is transverse to tso. Purple covers the yellow flag, which should be borrowed, and the east wind in Chibi. Even more shocked by Wolong in Nanyang, he became famous in the Eight Arrays. Three points in the foot, one point in Xishu and one point in Jiangdong. The main technique used in this poem is "allusion". For poems with allusions, we need to understand the meaning of allusions in order to understand poems. The most typical one is Xin Qiji's Ode to Yule, Jingkou Gubeiting and Nostalgia, which successfully uses five allusions.
7. Set-off: Use similar or opposite conditions between things to highlight some things with some things as a set-off. Using the approximate conditions of one thing to set off another thing is called positive contrast; Using the opposite condition of one thing to set off another thing is called contrast. For example, "the cicada forest is quieter, Tonamiyama is quieter", "Birds sing in the spring stream when the moon rises" and "the trees are shaded everywhere, and the nightingale is quiet when she dreams".
8. Contrast: put two opposing things or two different aspects of the same thing together and compare them with each other. Use contrast, or make the contradiction of opposing things stand out clearly, reveal the essence, and give people profound enlightenment; Or make the two opposing aspects of things set off against each other and complement each other, giving people a deep impression. For example, Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing: "Half of our soldiers died at the front, but the other half is still alive, and there are beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the military camp." Comparing the death of soldiers on the battlefield with the indulgence of the general, the image is vivid and profound. Another example is "the four seas have no idle fields, but farmers still starve to death" (Li Shen's "Agricultural Compassion"). The sharp contrast between "no idle fields" and "starving to death" reveals sharp class contradictions.
9. Ask questions: pretend to ask questions without doubt, and then answer them yourself; Or pretend to ask questions and not answer, so that readers can think about the experience. For example, Du Fu's "Shu Xiang": "Where is the Hall of Fame? In a pine forest near the Silk City. The green grass in spring stained the steps and the birds sang happily under the leaves. " The first sentence is caused by asking. Where is the ancestral temple? Jin Guancheng, thousands of miles away, looking from a distance, saw the cypress forest early, lush and extraordinary weather-that is where Zhuge Wuhou Temple is located. This couplet, straight to the point, falls freely, answers two sentences and opens itself.
10, metaphor: through the similarities between two different things, compare things with things. For example, Li He's History of Horse: "The desert sand is like snow, and the Yanshan moon is like a hook. When you are a golden brain, step on the clear autumn. " For metaphor, it is especially necessary to find out the similarities between ontology and vehicle. Comparing one thing with another is a similar association. Wan Li in Pingsha is like a battlefield scene covered with frost and snow in the moonlight. Most people may only feel sad and cold, but it has an unusual appeal to those who are determined to serve their country. Hook is a kind of machete, which is associated with the weapon image from the bright moon and also means eager to participate in the battle. Comparing one thing with another is based on the need of conception, so our understanding of metaphor must also take into account the theme of poetry.
1 1, analogy: a rhetorical way of writing things as if they were things B. Including personification and simulacra. Personalize things, enliven inanimate things, concretize abstract things, inspire people to associate, and make people feel lively and interesting. At the same time, it can also express rich thoughts and feelings, such as making the lovely more lively and lovely and making the hateful more hateful. "Hibiscus is still worried about the heat at dusk, and its face hides an umbrella" (Yang Wanli's Walking on the Lotus at dusk). Through the anthropomorphic description of the lotus in the pond, the shy and immature modality of the lotus is written, which is fresh and lively, full of scenes and interesting. "I'm afraid I can't bear a lot of worries" (Li Qingzhao's Wuling Spring), the author turns the invisible and boundless worries into things with quality and quantity, carries them by boat, and writes the inner world of the characters incisively and vividly by imitating things.
12, metonymy; Don't say the original name of the person or thing you want to say directly, but borrow the name of the person or thing that is closely related to the person or thing instead. The use of metonymy can highlight the characteristics of the described object, arouse readers' association and make them get a clear and profound impression. For example, Li He's "South Garden": Why don't men take Wu Gou and accept fifty states in Guanshan? Please go to see the paintings of the founder heroes with pictures. Another scholar was once called the aristocrat of a million families? "Wu Gou" is a kind of machete in ancient Wu. This represents cutting-edge weapons. "Taking Wu Gou" refers to the action of joining the army, wearing a saber and going to the battlefield. How heroic this spirit is.
13. Duality: Duality, also called duality, refers to the symmetrical arrangement of two sentences or phrases with equal or roughly equal words, the same or similar structure and related meanings. Duality can make the meaning of expression more full and clear; Make the melody appear cadence, clear rhythm and harmonious. Structurally, duality can be divided into strict pair and wide pair. Strict requirements, the upper and lower sentences are required to have the same number of words, the same structure, the same part of speech, flat and parallel, and cannot be used repeatedly. Such as "However, when China keeps our friendship, heaven is still our neighbor" and "Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward". The former is five or six sentences in five-character poems, and the latter is five or six sentences in seven-character poems. The second couplet (three or four sentences) and the third couplet (five or six sentences) in metrical poems must be antithetical sentences. These two cases fully meet the strict requirements, with neat form, harmonious rhythm, cadence and catchiness. In China's classical poems, metrical poems pay attention to the parallelism and antithesis of words, so they are often strictly opposed. Tolerance is not so strict. Forgiveness is not used in formal poetry, but in prose and parallel prose. Judging from the relationship between the upper and lower sentences in meaning, there are basically three kinds of duality: positive, negative and string. On the contrary, the meanings of the upper and lower sentences are the same, similar or complementary. For example, "two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky." The window contains thousands of autumn snows in Xiling, and it is at the gate of Wu Dong Wan Li. "The two antitheses complement each other in meaning and depict the scenery of the thatched cottage observed from the interior. Objection, the meaning of the upper and lower sentences is opposite or relative. For example, "Mei Xu Xun's snow is three points white, and the snow will lose a piece of Mei Xiang. "String pairs (flow pairs), the meanings of the upper and lower sentences are related (there are relationships such as inheritance, progression, causality, assumptions, conditions, etc.). ), such as "But you can broaden your horizons for 300 miles by walking up a flight of stairs" and "Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south, and then go north-to my own town! ".The former is a hypothetical connection, and the latter is an inheritance.
14. exaggeration: deliberately exaggerating or narrowing a certain feature or character of the expression object to enhance the expressive force of the text. Exaggeration can strongly express the author's emotional attitude towards the person or thing he wants to express, or praise or derogate, or affirm or deny, thus arousing readers' strong * * *. It can also arouse people's association and imagination, which is conducive to revealing the essence of things. For example, Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall" can be recited by preschool children, which shows the spectacular scene of the waterfall flying down in an exaggerated way and is full of the poet's praise for the magical power of nature.
15, inhibition: say the negative and positive aspects at the same time, and only emphasize one of them to achieve the purpose of inhibiting one and promoting the other. According to the form, cadence can be divided into two types: first rising and then suppressing. Give an example of trying to suppress before promoting. For example, Li Shangyin's Jia Sheng: the propaganda room asks for a virtuous person to visit the minister, and Jia Sheng's tone is even more incoherent. Poor midnight is unprecedented, and Mo Wen people ask ghosts and gods. The first two sentences of this poem are written from the front without any derogatory meaning, as if they warmly praised Wendy's thirst for virtue, his open-mindedness and his admiration for Jia Sheng. But after reading the last two sentences, I suddenly realized that the original intention of earnestly seeking talents, asking for advice with an open mind, confiding in one's heart and even "confinement" is not to seek the way of governing the country and reassuring the people, but to "ask ghosts and gods"! What exactly is this pursuit of sages, and what does it mean to sages? Irony, meanness, deep feelings and no inhibition can not achieve this effect.
Appendix II: Appreciation of Poetic Images
First, the classification of poetic images.
Image is the most basic and key element in poetry. Poetic imagery refers to concrete and sensible objects or pictures used by poets to express their thoughts and feelings. It can be people, flowers, grass, insects, fish and other things. The college entrance examination mainly examines the recognition of image, the perception of its symbolic meaning, the grasp of its characteristics and the understanding of its social value.
Understanding and analyzing the images in poetry is the key to poetry appreciation. There are three kinds of images in poetry: ① the image of the hero in poetry. For example, The Book of Songs depicts the image of a pair of young lovers. Young men are warm and simple, while young women are beautiful, lively, smart and playful. Zhang, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, created a calm and self-adaptive fisherman image in The Fisherman's Song. ② The poet's own image. For example, in Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains, through the description of the beautiful scenery of the mountain village, we also get a glimpse of the poet's hermit image. ③ Scenery and objects (images) described in poetry. For example, lakes and mountains, rural Sang Ma and lonely desert city are all images in the poem. For example, Du Mu's Mountain Walk describes the scenery in the mountains, including mountain roads, people's homes, white clouds, red leaves and other scenery, which constitute the image, and the frosted red leaves in the maple forest have the most charm. These images pour into the poet's thoughts and feelings, so only by truly understanding the images of poetry can we deeply understand the thoughts and feelings of poetry.
Specifically, the common images in ancient poems are as follows:
(1) bold and free and easy image.
Li Bai's "Since God has given talents, let them find jobs!"! , spin a thousand silver, all come back! " (Into the Wine) shows his thoughts of being indifferent to wealth and despising sages, and also reflects Li Bai's arrogant and unruly character.
(2) The shirt image of Lacrimosa who cares about his country and people.
Du Fu's Andrew Xia Guang has thousands of rooms, which is a great refuge for all the poor people in the world. ..... I am alone enough to freeze to death "("Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage "), the poet not only stays in personal sorrow, but also pushes himself and others, and his spirit of worrying about the country and the people can be seen; Bai Juyi's "But who among them cries the most? , this Jiujiang officer. My blue sleeves are wet "(Sapaxing), and the words" weeping "and" wet "greatly broaden the artistic conception of the poem.
(3) the image of seclusion in the countryside and love for mountains and rivers.
Tao Yuanming's "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan ... there is truth in it, forgetting what to argue about" ("Drinking") describes the leisurely seclusion life and explains the poet's thought of being poor and happy; Wang Wei's "Prepare chicken and rice for me, old friend, you entertain me on your farm ... I'll come back when I'm on holiday in the mountains" ("Passing by the old man's village") describes the life scene of mountain village scenery and friends gathering, like an idyllic scenery, which makes people linger.
④ The image of loving people and talents.
Gong Zizhen's "I urge God to shake hands again and drop talents in an unconventional way" ("Jihai Miscellaneous Work"), the desire for talents between the lines is not obvious.
⑤ The image of loving children.
Li Shangyin's "Time passed long before I met her, but since we separated, the time has become longer, and the east wind has started and a hundred flowers have blossomed. In spring, the silk quilt will be woven until it dies, and the candle will drain the wick every night "("Untitled "), which describes the infinite sadness of parting with the beloved woman in late spring and the continuous affection of acacia after parting, and expresses the praise of faithful love.