Drinking (Part 5)
Author Tao Yuanming (Jin Dynasty)
The house is in a human environment, without the noise of cars and horses.
How can you do this? The mind is far away from itself.
Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, you can leisurely see the Nanshan Mountain.
The mountain air is getting better day by day, and the birds are flying back and forth.
There is a true meaning in this, but I have forgotten to explain it.
Background introduction
Tao Yuanming (365～427), a great poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. A Qian, with the courtesy name Yuan Liang, private name Jingjie, and a native of Chaisang, Xunyang. Tao's poems use his writing style to dilute the distant past to write about pastoral life and the scenery in the ruins, opening up a new realm for poetry
This is the fifth poem in the "Drinking" group of twenty poems. There is a small preface at the beginning, indicating that they are all works written by Drunken. They were not written at one time and have no internal connection. They were written in an independent way. This song mainly expresses the taste of seclusion life. After working and getting drunk, under the glow of the sunset and shrouded in the mist of the mountains, picking chrysanthemums on the east fence and looking at the Nanshan Mountain in the distance. The sentiment at this time is so profound and eternal! A major feature of Tao's poetry is its simplicity, in which feelings and emotions are integrated and inseparable. He often uses words such as "forgetting" and "forgetting" to block the exploration and revelation of the laws of emotion and reason. This may be a manifestation of poetry's return to nature.
Creative background
"Drinking" has twenty poems, and this poem is the fifth. According to the preface, "After I was drunk, I often wrote several sentences to amuse myself, and there was a lot of paper and ink." It can be seen that it was mainly written after being drunk during this period, so it is generally titled "Drinking". The intention is not to drink wine, but to send wine as a trace to express one's feelings.
Translation
My house is located on a busy road where many people live together, but there is never any noise from the traffic and horses.
You want to ask me how I can be so extraordinary and free and easy, my mind is far away from the mundane world and naturally quiet.
I was in a wandering mood while picking chrysanthemums under the east wall. I suddenly looked up and saw the wonderful scenery of Nanshan.
In the dusk, colorful mist lingers and rises, and flocks of birds fly back to the embrace of the distant mountains.
Nanshan Yangzhi, this has the true meaning of life, how should I express the profoundness in my heart!
Notes
① Jielu: Build a house. Human environment: a place where humans live.
② Two sentences of "Ask You": As a question and answer phrase, it means that the mind is far away from the world, and even though it is in a noisy environment, it is like living in a remote place. Jun: Tao Yuanming said so.
③Er: So, so.
④ Two sentences of "Mountain Qi": It means that the mountains are beautiful in the evening and the birds come back together. Sunset, evening. To interact with, to associate with, to be companions with.
⑤ Two sentences of "this": It means that this contains the true meaning of life. I want to identify it, but I forget how to express it in words.
⑥See: The pronunciation is to be tested
⑦Leisurely: A complacent look. Nanshan: refers to Mount Lu. The most wonderful thing about this sentence is that you can see the mountains by picking chrysanthemums, and the environment and your thoughts can be understood.
"Twenty Poems on Drinking"
In 416 AD, Liu Yu mobilized all the troops from across the country to attack the Later Qin in five directions from east to west. Luoyang was first conquered, and the old capital of the Western Jin Dynasty was recovered. The next year, Chang'an was captured. After a hundred years of vicissitudes, Chang'an was finally recovered by the Jin army. The news spread to the south of the Yangtze River, and the court and the public in the Eastern Jin Dynasty were full of joy.
Liu Yu greatly expanded his personal rights through the Northern Expedition. In order to please Liu Yu, the imperial court issued an edict to make Liu Yu the Prime Minister, in charge of the affairs of the state, and also made him the Duke of Song Dynasty. Anyone with a discerning eye would know at a glance that the imperial court was in Liu Yu's hands. Whatever he wanted, the imperial court had to issue an edict to him. He wants to be in the imperial court, and the current imperial court will have to give way to him sooner or later.
That autumn, Tao Yuanming was always depressed. He had long seen through that the Eastern Jin Dynasty was exhausted, and it was only a matter of time before Liu Yu usurped the throne. He was sad and depressed about this matter all day long. As long as the Eastern Jin Dynasty exists, great-grandfather Tao Kan's achievements will shine brightly on the family. Once the Eastern Jin Dynasty was destroyed, it would be wiped out. He also thought that everything was developing and changing, and the rise and fall of honor and disgrace were constantly alternating. It can be as big as a country or as small as a family. There is no use worrying about these things, just drink more wine and have a good sleep.
As long as Tao Yuanming could get his hands on wine, there wouldn't be a night without drinking until he got drunk. He realized that life in this world is like lightning, fleeting, and should be spent calmly and carefree. Maybe by drinking, I, Tao Yuanming, can leave a name in history.
After being drunk, I became inspired by poetry. I randomly pulled out a piece of paper and wrote down my feelings. I would revise and polish it when I sobered up the next day. The pile of poems I had written was getting thicker and thicker, so I asked old friends to help me organize and copy them. One day, 20 poems were obtained. Tao Yuanming titled this group of poems "Twenty Poems on Drinking" and the preface is:
I am living in leisure and have few pleasures, and the night is already long. I occasionally have famous wines, so I drink them all the time. . Gu Ying was alone and suddenly became drunk again. After getting drunk, he often wrote a few sentences to amuse himself. There was too much paper and ink, and the words were incomprehensible.
One
The bird is missing from the flock, still flying alone at dusk.
Wandering without end, the sound turns sad every night.
The sharp sound reminds me of the clear distance, and I have to go back and forth;
Because of the solitary pine, I gather my feathers and come back far away.
There is no glorious tree in the strong wind, but this shade alone will not fade;
The support has been achieved, and it will not be violated for thousands of years.
This poem uses the metaphor of a lost bird clinging to a lonely pine, as a metaphor for living in seclusion and guarding one's ambitions, and achieving success throughout one's life.
A frightened and lost bird, still lingering and flying alone at dusk. No suitable place to perch was found. The cry is sad at night, and it is attached to it and refuses to go away. Because he encountered a solitary pine tree, he gathered his wings and took refuge. The cold wind caused all the trees to wither, but the pine trees alone survived. Like this flying bird, I finally found my home and stayed there for thousands of years.
Second
The green pines are in the east garden, and the grass has lost its beauty;
The condensation of frost has killed the strange ones, and the tall branches are still visible.
Even the people in the forest are not aware of it, and it is strange that a single tree has many people.
Carrying the pot and hanging the cold kettle, it will appear again when looking from afar.
In the dream of my life, what is the matter with the world!
Some trees are taller than the pine trees, covering up the majestic appearance of the pine trees. But when the cold winter comes, all the trees wither, and only the pine trees become more lush. The author should learn from the style of pine trees, and his character should be firm and noble.
The green pines are in the east garden, but the miscellaneous trees are useless. When the severe frost comes, all the trees wither, and only the green pines stand tall. When pine trees formed a forest in large numbers, this quality was not valued. The solitary pine stands tall and tall, and the talents are amazed. Drinking alone, sometimes looking into the distance. When I think about my life, I feel like I am in a dream. How can life be held back by the fetters of the worldly world!
The third one
There are thousands of ways to behave, but who knows what is wrong and what is right;
Right and wrong are nothing compared to each other, and they are the same as being destroyed.
Three seasons of this matter, it seems that Da Shi is not here.
If you are foolish in the vulgar world, you should follow Huang Qi.
The three seasons refer to the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. This poem says that for three generations, people have not distinguished between right and wrong, and have only followed the trend of the times. The author wants to go against the world and follow the four hermits who lived in seclusion in Shangshan during the Qin Dynasty, including Xia Huanggong and Qili Ji.
There are tens of thousands of people’s behaviors in the world. Who knows what they call right and wrong? Some people only look at the right and wrong of things simply and roughly from the surface, and follow others' praise or denigration. Since the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, there have been many such things, but open-minded people have their own opinions and do not follow others' opinions. The foolish people in the world are aggressive, but I cannot be the same and am determined to live in seclusion.
Fourth
Autumn chrysanthemums are beautiful, and the dew makes them beautiful.
I forget my worries and my worldly feelings are far away from me.
Although the cup is empty, the cup will overturn when the cup is empty.
The sun is moving among the flocks, and the returning birds are singing in the forest.
Xiao Ao Dongxuan, chatting about regaining this life.
The author of this poem drinks wine and eats chrysanthemums, staying away from the world. Since the world is far away, you can be contented.
Autumn is the best time for chrysanthemums. With dew, pick chrysanthemums and soak them in wine to drink. The aroma of chrysanthemums and wine blend into one, which is excellent. Qu Yuan said in "Li Sao": "When you eat magnolias in the morning, the dew falls, and when you eat autumn chrysanthemums in the evening, they fall into bloom." Because chrysanthemum is a product of proud frost, eating chrysanthemum can cultivate one's health and cleanse oneself. Drinking this wine that forgets worries makes the feelings more extraordinary and refined. Although I was drinking chrysanthemum alone, I was in high spirits and didn't drink enough. The sun sets, all movement ceases, and the birds return to the forest. I whistled loudly under the east window and felt comfortable.
Fifth
The house is in a human environment, without the noise of horses and carriages.
How can you do this? The mind is far away from itself.
Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, you can see the Nanshan Mountain leisurely;
The mountain air is getting better day by day, and the birds are flying back and forth.
There is a true meaning in this, and you forget to tell yourself if you want to distinguish yourself.
(Note: Most of them are the fifth poem in textbooks)
This poem writes that one's heart is far away from the world, so while one is in the world, one's heart can feel the transcendent truth. interest.
Although I build a house and live in the human world, there is no noise like the traffic of cars and horses in the world. This is because your mind is far away from the worldly world, so even if you live in a busy city, you will be as undisturbed as you are in a remote place. Su Shi said: "When you pick chrysanthemums, you can see the mountains, and the environment and the mind are connected. This sentence is the most wonderful." These two sentences mean that I met Nanshan accidentally, and felt the true meaning and fun from the scenic beauty of Nanshan, the leisurely and contented mood, and my own secluded life. At sunset, the mountain scenery is especially beautiful, accompanied by flying birds. All things follow their natural course. There is a profound mystery here. If you want to discern it, you will forget its words and cannot discern it.
Sixth
Early in the morning, when I heard the door being knocked, I took my clothes and opened it.
Ask for whom? Father Tian has a good idea.
The pot of pulp is far away from the future, and I doubt that I will be good with the time.
"Under the thatched eaves, there is not enough room for a high place to live.
We are all the same in this life, and I hope you will gurgle the mud."
"I deeply feel what my father said, and the talent is too small to be harmed.
You can learn how to be honest, but it is not a delusion if it goes against oneself!
And *** is happy I can't go back after drinking this!"
This poem is based on the question and answer between Tian's father and himself, to express his determined attitude of retiring to seclusion for life, and to reply to those who kindly persuaded him to become an official.
I heard the knock on the door early in the morning, and ran to open it before I had finished putting on my clothes. It turned out to be a kind-hearted old farmer, carrying wine, who came from afar to greet me, comfort me, and doubt what I was doing. Not in keeping with the times and contrary to the world. Tian's father said: "A shabby hut is not a place to live. The whole society advocates collaborating with others. I hope you can follow the trend." Qu Yuan said in "The Fisherman of Chu Ci": "Everyone in the world is dirty, why not stir up the mud and make waves?" ? ’”
The poet replied to Tian’s father: “I deeply feel that my father has good intentions to persuade me, but my nature is rarely in harmony with others. It is true that one can learn to return to an official career, but to do it against one's own nature would not be foolish! Let's have a drink together for now, my car will not be able to return. The decision to go into seclusion has been made, and there is no point in talking about it. ”
The Seventh
There are guests who often stay together, choosing a different place.
One man is often drunk alone, and the other is awake all the year round.
< p> When we are drunk, we still laugh at each other, and we don’t understand each other’s words.How stupid is it to be arrogant? .
This poem compares the drunken person with the sober person, thinking that the sober person is clinging to worldly views and appears dull and pitiful; the drunk person can detect the hypocrisy, which shows that he is sober in the world. , I couldn't bear to hear anything, so I had to drink heavily to show my anger.
There are two guests who live in the same place, but their attitudes are completely different. Ridicule, no one can listen to what the other party says. A sober person is so stupid when he is careful and cautious, but a drunk person is more intelligent when he is slumped and wild. "Drunk is not really drunk but really beautiful." Tell those who are drunk that they should drink at night with a candle after sunset.
Eighth
Young people are rare in human affairs, and the best way to travel is in the Six Classics.
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If you walk without confusion, you will not achieve anything if you stay in the flood.
Unexpectedly, you will be hungry, cold and full.
The poor house will be surrounded by sad wind, and the weeds will disappear in the front yard.
The rooster refuses to crow in the morning even though it is covered with brown clothes.
The author laments that his youth is full of love. , had the ambition to help the world, but the world was difficult and dangerous, and he could not achieve anything. He stayed in poverty, lived in seclusion, and worked hard, enduring the hardships of hunger and cold, but he was lonely and had no close friends.
When he was young, he rarely interacted with outsiders. , What I like most is the Six Classics of Confucianism. Now I am old, but my studies are stagnant and I have no success. I live in seclusion in the countryside with the moral integrity of "a gentleman is poor", and he suffers from hunger and cold, and the front yard is overgrown. Wild grass. I couldn't sleep due to hunger and cold, so I put on my clothes and sat down to wait for dawn. However, the morning rooster refused to crow, and the night was longer. Therefore, what I did will be covered up and I will not be able to express it. .
The name Meng Gong in the poem is the character of Liu Gong of the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to the "Biography of Gaotu", Zhang Zhongwei of the Eastern Han Dynasty lived in seclusion and lived in isolation. , no one knew about it, but Liu Gong knew about it. "
Nineteen
Orchids grow in the vestibule, waiting for the breeze.
The breeze comes suddenly, and I see Xiao Ai in the middle of farewell.
< p> If you lose your way, you may be able to pass through it.When you are enlightened, you should remember that all the birds have lost their good bows.
The author uses orchids to wait for the breeze to reveal their fragrance. It is a metaphor for the talent that is waiting for you. However, the career path is dangerous, so you have to live in seclusion and keep yourself fragrant.
The orchid growing in the front yard is full of fragrance, waiting for the breeze to blow it. The fragrance is blown far away to avoid the wormwood. I seem to have lost my direction and don't recognize the old road. I want to live in seclusion in the countryside and let nature take its course. I realize that it is right to go back to the fields and live in seclusion. , it’s time to collect good bows.
Ten of them
Ziyun was addicted to alcohol and his family was poor.
At that time, he relied on good people to drink wine. Confused.
If you don't want to speak out, then you are not using your heart. The author of this poem expressed his ambition through Yang Xiong in the late Western Han Dynasty. When Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, those eloquent people praised Wang Mang for becoming emperor. God's will, so Yang Xiong refused to follow the trend, so he was not granted a title.
Yang Xiong was born with a good taste for wine, and his family was poor and could not often get it. He could only rely on those who liked to pursue ancient things to bring wine and food. Only when you ask him for advice and doubts can you drink. He will drink all the wine and answer any difficult questions. Of course, if you ask him about the strategy of attacking other countries, he will not tell you because a benevolent person considers the problem seriously. Say what you say, don't say what you don't mean.
The eleventh chapter
An old friend came to me with a pot in hand
Sitting under the pine tree. I am drunk again after drinking wine.
My father talks nonsense and drinks wine.
I don’t know that I am there.
Youyou. Confused, there is a deep flavor in the wine!
Tao Yuanming lived a quiet country life. On this day, he invited his friend to sit down and drink.
My old friend appreciated my interest and brought me a pot to meet me. There were no tables or stools to use for drinking, so we had to spread thorns on the ground and sit around. Without silk and bamboo music, I can only listen to the wind blowing pine leaves, and I can only listen to the rambling words of the elders. In this situation, if the wine is not drunk, everyone will be drunk.
In the hazy state of drunkenness, self-awareness disappears, and the poet enters a state of forgetfulness of things and myself, allowing people to see the image of the poet in a drunken state.
The poet finally said: Some people are obsessed with vanity, fame and fortune, but I know that "there is a deep flavor in wine." Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, celebrities have respected nature and been addicted to alcohol. What they pursue is the state of being in harmony with nature. This state can only be achieved through drinking. This is where the deep flavor of wine lies.
The Twelve
Good deeds will be rewarded. Uncle Yi is in Xishan.
If good and evil do not meet each other, why should we make empty words?
Ninety lines of rope, hungry and cold.
It’s not the Guqiong Festival, who will pass it on to all generations.
The poet pointedly exposed a contradictory phenomenon in one stroke: People say that good will be rewarded with good and evil will be rewarded with evil. In fact, Boyi and Shuqi, who can be said to be the most good people, starved to death in Xishan (first chapter) Yangshan). Boyi and Shuqi were the two sons of Lord Guzhu of the Shang Dynasty. After their father died, they gave up the throne to each other. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, they ate Zhou millet in shame and hid in Shouyang Mountain, gathering weeds and eating them, and eventually died of starvation. The poet then sternly proposed that since good is not rewarded with good and evil is punished with evil, why did the ancient sages and sages say such empty words?
The poet also cited the deeds of Rong Qiqi to prove that preaching such as good deeds are rewarded is empty talk. Rong Qiqi was a poor and humble man and a good man in feudal society. Confucius said of Rong Qiqi: "A good man is one who can forgive himself." But at the age of ninety, this good man still wore deerskin as his clothes and ropes as his belt, and lived a life of hunger and cold, just like he did in his youth.
However, whether Boyi, Shuqi, or Rong Qiqi, they did not receive good rewards during their lifetime, but their reputations were passed down to future generations after their death. The reason why their reputation is passed down from generation to generation depends on the integrity of adhering to poverty. Tao Yuanming himself was such a poor man who clung to poverty.
The Thirteenth
Yan Sheng is known as benevolent, and Rong Gong is right in his words.
The years are endless and the years are long and hungry until old.
Although he leaves behind a name, his life will be withered.
It is better to know nothing after death.
The guest nourishes the body of a thousand gold, and the treasure will be dissolved in time.
Why is it evil to be buried naked? People should understand their intentions.
Yan Hui, a disciple of Confucius, can be described as a benevolent person. However, he was 29 years old, his hair was all white, and he died young. Rong Qiqi was also a well-known good man, but he was still living a life of hunger and cold at the age of ninety. Although they left behind a good reputation, they are not known after their death.
During life, some people take good care of themselves and regard their bodies as valuable as gold. But when they die, no matter how precious their bodies are, they will be destroyed. When the grandson of King Yang of the Western Han Dynasty was critically ill, he asked his son to be buried naked and to be close to the earth with his own body. People should understand its true meaning.
The first eight lines of this poem say that fame is not valuable enough, and the last four lines say that one's body is not worth cherishing. They are all cynical remarks.
When Tao Yuanming wrote the poem "Twenty Drinking Poems", he drank a lot of wine and often stopped drinking at home. When he finished writing nineteen poems, the wine jar and jar at home were empty for several days. At this time, one morning I suddenly heard someone knocking on the door. Tao Yuanming put on his clothes, opened the door and saw that his neighbor, old man Li, was standing outside the door holding a wine jar. Old Man Li said: "Our family just brewed the wine early in the morning. I wanted you to have a try, so I sent it to you quickly!"
When Tao Yuanming saw the wine coming, he danced for joy. Said:
"I haven't eaten for a few days without feeling hungry, but I haven't drank for a few days, and I am so thirsty!"
"I don't know you yet!" Old Man Li Said, "Even if I die of thirst, I will still be a drunkard."
The two people laughed heartily.
Entering the room, Tao Yuanming eagerly poured out a bowl of wine. The light yellow liquid exuded a charming aroma that made people salivate. Because the wine has just been brewed and has not been filtered, there are some lees floating on the surface of the wine, like some white ants. Tao Yuanming went to look for the wine towel, but he couldn't find it after searching for a long time. Scratching his head, he remembered the Ge scarf wrapped around his head, covering it on an empty bowl, and poured another bowl of muddy wine on the Ge scarf. He dusted off the wine lees on the scarf and tied it around his head again. The scarf on his head also carried a charming aroma of wine, which penetrated through his nose and penetrated into Tao Yuanming's heart.
"This is a good idea," Tao Yuanming said proudly, "it filters the wine and can wear it on the head to smell the fragrance."
Tao Yuanming raised the bowl of filtered wine and drank it in one gulp. He suddenly felt that his eyes were bright, the wind was blowing from his chest, every pore was breathable, and every cell was happy.
Tao Yuanming drank all the wine sent by Old Man Li and wrote the last poem of "Twenty Poems on Drinking".
Fourteenth Chapter
Xi Nong has been gone for a long time, and the whole world has rarely recovered.
The old man in Jijilu will fill the gaps to make him pure.
Although the phoenix bird has not arrived, the rituals and music have been renewed for the time being.
Zhu Si stopped making a slight sound, drifting to catch Kuang Qin.
What's the crime with poetry and books? They turn into dust once.
All the old men are sincere and diligent in their work.
How can one be so unparalleled that he has no relatives among his six relatives?
Driving around all day without seeing anything?
If you don’t drink quickly, you may be afraid of wearing a turban on your head.
But if you hate the many fallacies, you should forgive the intoxication.
Tao Yuanming was the first person to write a large number of wine poems with drinking as the theme. His poems can be said to be filled with wine, and wine is the trace.
Fifteen:
The house is poor and lacks labor, and the bushes and deserted houses are left.
There are flying birds everywhere, but there are no traces of them.
The universe is as short as one, and the number of lives is as short as a hundred.
As time passes by, my temples have already turned white.
It would be a pity if you don’t reach poverty alleviation.
Chapter 16:
Young people have few people and things to do, so the best way to travel is in the Six Classics.
Walking without confusion will lead to failure.
My hut is surrounded by sad winds, and the weeds have covered the front yard.
We keep watch all night long in brown clothes, but the rooster refuses to crow in the morning.
Meng Gong is not here, so he always hides my love.
Chapter 17:
Orchids grow in the vestibule, waiting for the breeze.
The breeze came suddenly and I saw Xiao Aizhong leaving.
If you lose your way, you may be able to pass by any other road.
When you wake up, you should think about it. All birds will waste a good bow.
Chapter 18:
Ziyun was addicted to alcohol and his family was poor.
At that time, he relied on good people to dispel his confusion.
The drinkers come and do everything, and the consultation is blocked.
If you refuse to speak sometimes, you are not attacking the country.
A benevolent person uses his heart, so he loses his clarity and silence.
Nineteen:
In the past, I suffered from hardship and hunger, so I went to study in Lei.
The general will not be able to take care of himself, and he will be entangled in the cold.
This is the time to start a new year, and there are many ambitions and humiliations.
Then he separated himself and returned to the fields.
The air flowed slowly, and the pavilions and pavilions returned to each other.
The road to the world is long and long, but Yang Zhu stopped there.
Although there is nothing to spend money on, the wine can be relied on.
Twenty:
It has been a long time since Xi Nong left me, and the whole world has rarely returned to its true state.
The old man in Jijilu will fill the gaps to make him pure.
Although the phoenix bird has not arrived, the rituals and music have been renewed temporarily.
The Zhu Si dropped slightly and drifted to catch Kuang Qin.
What kind of crime is poetry and writing? Once turned into dust.
All the old men are sincere and diligent in their work.
How could it be that in this peerless world, there is no one relative among the six families?
Driving around all day without seeing anything.
If you don’t drink quickly, you will be wearing a turban on your head.
But if you hate the many fallacies, you should forgive the intoxication.