The Night Rain Sends to the North
Author: Li Shangyin Era: Tang Dynasty Genre: Qijue Category: Unknown
The king asked about the return date but it has not been announced, and the night rain in Bashan swelled the autumn pond.
Why should I cut off the candles from the west window and talk about the rainy night in Bashan?
Notes:
1. Bashan: north of present-day Nanjiang County, Sichuan Province.
2. Cut the candle wick from the west window: cut the wick together; cut the candle core under the west window.
3. Refusal: Let’s talk about it again.
Rhyme translation:
You asked me about the day when I will return home, but I have not yet set a return date;
It is raining heavily in Bashan tonight, and the rainwater has filled the autumn pond.
When will you and I get together again and cut the candles from the west window?
I will tell you about my painful feelings in the autumn rain tonight.
Writing background:
There is no doubt that this poem was written in Bashu, but who is the "jun" to whom it is sent? The explanation is different. "Ten Thousands of Tang Dynasty Quatrains" is titled "The Night Rain Sends Inside". Feng's note: "The words are shallow and the feelings are deep, and they are sent to the inside. However, the titles of the poems sent in the collection are all unknown, so they should still be called 'Send to the North'." Since Shang Yin's wife died in the spring and summer of the second year of Dazhong, Feng " Both the "Pu" and "Jian" all believe that Shangyin had a short trip to Bashu in the second year of Dazhong (848), during which he wrote this poem and sent it to his wife in the north. However, Cen Zhongmian's "Yuxi Birth Annals Huijian Pingzhi" argues that the so-called tour of Bashu does not exist. Liu and Yu's "Jijie" also stated that the trip to Bashu was false. Yang Liu's article "How to Correctly Interpret Li Shangyin's Poems" believes that this poem should have been written by Shangyin in the second year of Dazhong when he was returning from Liumu, Guilin to the north of Yanliujing and Ba, at the turn of summer and autumn. Liu and Yu's "Jijie" argued: "Bashan in Tang poetry generally refers to the mountains in today's Sichuan...it may not specifically refer to Daba Mountain or Bashan in the south of Badong County." "The sentiment of this poem is clearly related to long-term stay. , the return date is unknown, which is different from the one who was briefly detained on the way. It must be a poem written by Zi Mu to pay tribute to his friends in Beijing. The exact year is unknown, and it was probably written in the late period of Zi Mu. At night, the words are simpler, but the tone is kind and natural, the loops are repetitive, the feelings are deep and touching, and it is very touching. Scenes are intertwined, and all scene language is love language. It is rich in meaning and has far-reaching meaning. "Selected Poems of the Tang Dynasty" quoted Li Mengyang as saying: "The poems of the Tang Dynasty are like noble princes, elegant and elegant, I believe this." "Poetry in Yuxi" said: "Seeing the emotion in the scene, clear and subtle, Yuxi is the best in concentration." . "Selection of Ten Thousand Quatrains of the Tang Dynasty": "Euphemistic, lingering, and rippling."
Li Shangyin was an outstanding poet in the late Tang Dynasty. His song "Night Rain Sends to the North" is very popular.
In "Ten Thousand Tang Dynasty Quatrains" compiled by Hong Mai of the Southern Song Dynasty, the title of this poem is "Send the Rain in the Night", which means that the poem is sent to his wife. From the word "Bashan" in the poem, it seems that the poem was written in the land of Bashu. Li Shangyin once applied to Sichuan and served as an aide to Liu Zhongying during the Dongchuan Festival in the sixth year of Dazhong reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (852 AD). A year before this, Li Shangyin's wife passed away. Feng Hao, a man from the Qing Dynasty who wrote annotations for Li Shangyin's collection of poems, believed that the title of the poem did not need to be changed to "Send to Nei" (because "the titles of all the poems sent in the collection were unknown"), but the content was "Sent to Nei". For this reason, he pushed back the writing time of the poem to the second year of Dazhong (848 AD). According to Feng Hao's research, Li Shangyin was in the shogunate of Zheng Ya in Guizhou (now Guilin, Guangxi) that year. At that time, Zheng Ya was demoted to the governor of Xunzhou due to frame-up by his political enemies. Li Shangyin did not go to Xunzhou, but passed through Changsha by water and returned to Chang'an the following year. Feng Hao believes that on his way back, Li Shangyin "wandered around Jianghan and traveled between Bashu and Bashu" and "did both land and water journeys between Bashu and Bashu". "Night Rain Sends to the North" was written when passing through Bashu on the way home. Recent scholars Cen Zhongmian and Chen Yinke once pointed out that the statement about the journey of Bashu is incorrect. In fact, Feng Hao didn't say it too harshly. He vaguely said that Li Shangyin had been to Bashu at this time and "you can see it by playing various poems, but there is no way to pinpoint it". It can be seen that it is usually said that "Night Rain Sends to the North" was sent by Li Shangyin to his wife; this statement seems to be worthy of further consideration.
Li Shangyin’s life was unfortunate. As soon as he entered the official career, he was involved in the crony struggle between Niu and Li. (Niu, Niu Sengru; Li, Li Deyu. Clique, bureaucratic group.) In 852, he followed Liu Zhongying into Shu, which was really a last resort. His official career was difficult, his wife died young, and he felt sad. A few years ago, when he was in the shogunate of Lu Xunzheng in Xuzhou, he was quite ambitious. "It is said that Wang Can returned from military music without Fu Yuanming." ("Gift to Four Houses") After arriving in Sichuan, this optimism disappeared. "Three years of mist and mist on the river did not light up the beams of the house for those who left." ("The Beginning") He cut off contact with the outside world, and even had no friendship with the staff of the same government. "A Night Rain Sends to the North" is written with deep affection, and the "jun" to whom the poem is sent asks with concern about his return date. He also looks forward to "cutting the candles from the west window" with "jun". This "jun" must meet at least three conditions. First, they had a close relationship in the past; second, they still exchange poems and books; third, they are close to each other. Judging from the existing poems of Li Shangyin, there is one person who can become such a "king", and that is Wen Tingyun, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty. When Li Shangyin was in Xuzhou, Wen Zeng wrote a poem "Autumn Hostel Sends Li Shiyu to Yishan". When Li Shangyin was in Sichuan, he also sent three poems to Wen. Wen's background was more noble than Li's, and he was the grandson of Wen Yanbo, the prime minister in the early Tang Dynasty. However, he was also marginalized and suppressed by the Niu Party Linghu Fu, and in his later years he became an assistant to Fang Chengwei and Guozi.
If there is no evidence to the contrary, it can be said that "Night Rain Sends to the North" was written by Li Shangyin to Wen Tingyun when he was in the Zizhou shogunate. In this way, we may be able to taste the emotional content contained in the poem more delicately.
"You asked me whether my return date has not yet been announced." At the beginning of the poem, an irresolvable contradiction is set out. The hope of a return date and the disappointment of an unexpected return are opposite to each other. Sadness and pain envelope the entire story. "Bashan night rain makes the autumn pond rise", on the surface, it is the title of the scenic spot. But this scene made the sad feeling of not returning home more vivid and intense. Alone in a foreign land, Bashan is autumn, late at night, and rainy at night. The situation itself is sad. Especially the three words "Rising Autumn Pond", the autumn rain is continuous, filling the pond with water. The poet captured this delicate and realistic picture, mobilizing the reader's imagination. It seems that what is rising in the autumn pond is not the autumn water, but the poet's pain that is difficult to escape.
Although quatrains are short, they also pay attention to structural skills. The predecessors have said that it is generally difficult to start a quatrain and follow two sentences, but it is better to describe it in a straightforward manner, and it is appropriate to follow it calmly. The entire transformation process is in the third sentence. The third sentence of this poem shows this kind of skill. "When will the mother-in-law cut the west window candle?", with a single stroke, jumping from the present to the future, from Bashan to the north (Chang'an), using the rhetorical method of presentation to write the poet's reverie. "The mother-in-law cuts the candle at the west window" may have melted the poetic scene in Du Fu's "Three Poems on the Qiang Village", "The candles are held at night, and the relationship is like a dream", but the couple turned into friends and used it in a more emotional way. The word "He Dang" means "when will it be possible", which corresponds to the first sentence "not yet expected", which contains both eager hope and unpredictable melancholy. In terms of affection, it seems to be broken but not broken with the previous two sentences.
The fourth sentence is even more exciting. "The words "When it rains at night in Bashan" are derived from "the mother-in-law cuts the west window", which is a boat flowing with the current. In the quatrain genre, which is so short that it can only have four sentences, the repetition of sentence meanings is used without regret, which cannot but be called bold. However, the reappearance of "Bashan Night Rain" is not monotonous, but the text is full of twists and turns. If the previous sentence "Bashan Night Rain" describes the scenery with scenery, then the "Bashan Night Rain" in this sentence describes the scenery with emotion. Together with "Candle Cutting from the West Window", it forms a warm and dynamic picture, which expresses the poet's longing for the return date and his deep friendship for "Jun". This adds a sense of joy to the poem. This kind of joy is just an unpredictable expectation, so the joy of showing up in the future intensifies the pain of an unexpected return in the present. We can feel the poet's emotions constantly ups and downs, but the emotional tone throughout the article is harmonious and unified.
Li Shangyin’s poems, especially those in his later years, are very sentimental. This sentimentality reflects the darkness of the times and his personal misfortune. "The Night Rain Sends to the North", although it has some happy reflections, is generally sentimental. It's just that this sentimentality is very tortuous and profound. The sentence "Bashan night rain makes the autumn pond rise" contains a lot of rich subtext. This does not seem to be the pain caused by the separation of husband and wife. In fact, it deeply contains the sadness of the poet looking back on his life here and now, implying the resentment and despair towards reality.
This poem was written impromptu and describes the poet's emotional changes in a moment. The language is simple, and there is no trace of modification in the choice of words or sentences. Most of Li Shangyin's poems are rich in diction, exquisite in allusion, and good at symbolism and suggestion. This poem "Night Rain Sends to the North" shows another style of Li Shangyin's poems: simple and natural, but also has the artistic characteristics of "deep sustenance and graceful wording".
Night Mooring at Maple Bridge 1
Author: Zhang Ji
The moon is setting, the crows are crying, the sky is full of frost, Jiang Feng is fishing and the fire is facing melancholy 2.
Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou City 3, the midnight bell rings to the passenger ship 4.
All notes
1. Fengqiao: outside Changmen in today’s Suzhou City. The title of this poem is "Mooring at Maple Bridge at Night".
2. Jiang Feng: maple tree by the water. Fishing lights: lights on fishing boats. Chou Mian: A person who cannot fall asleep due to sorrow. Later generations named a local mountain "Chou Mian" because of this poem.
3. Gusu: Another name for Suzhou, named after Gusu Mountain in the southwest of the city. Hanshan Temple: Located near Fengqiao, it was built in the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties. According to legend, it was named after Hanshan, a monk from the Tang Dynasty, who lived here.
4. Midnight bell ringing: At that time, monks and monasteries had the habit of ringing the bell at midnight, which was also called the "Impermanent Bell". Ouyang Xiu once said in "Sixty-One Poetry Talks": "Poets are greedy for good sentences but have problems with their reasoning, which is also a disease of language. For example... there is a saying in the Tang Dynasty, 'Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, the midnight bell rings to the passenger ship', the speaker also said that the sentence is It's so good, it's like the third watch is not the time to ring the bell. "Gengxi Poetry Talk" explains this: "But in the past, when the three drums were finished and the fourth drum was started, all the temple bells would ring. I think this has happened since the Tang Dynasty." That's it. Later, Yu Hu's poem said: "I will know how to leave you at home, and listen to the midnight bell in Gou Mountain." Bai Letian said, "Under the shadow of the new autumn pine trees, after the midnight bell." Wen Tingyun said, "Youran Travel List." Looking back frequently, there is no more pine window in the middle of the night. 'The predecessors said it, not only Zhang Jiye. The moon falls in the temple beside the bridge, and I can still hear the midnight bell while leaning on my pillow. "Shisou" says: "Zhang Ji's "The bell rings at the passenger ship at midnight". Many people are talking about it, and they are all fooled by the ancients. The only reason is the rhythm. He has no time to think about the tune, the combination of phenomena, and the mere facts. No matter whether it is right or wrong in the middle of the night, it is impossible to know whether the bell is heard or not." "Tang Poetry Excerpts": "The sound of the midnight bell may be said to be a mistake, or it may be said that the midnight bell is the reason for this place, which is not an explanation.
The important thing is that the poet should not be attached to whatever he is inspired by. If you are persistent, you will not be able to understand the "morning bell with clouds outside", "bells ringing with white clouds", and "falling leaves full of sparse bells". "
This Qijue is the most famous work in Dali poetry. The first two sentences are densely packed with images: the falling moon, crows, the sky full of frost, river maples, fishing fires, and sleepless people, creating a kind of artistic charm. A rich aesthetic scene. The images in the last two sentences are sparse: city, temple, boat, bell, it is an ethereal and far-off artistic conception. There is no moon at night, and it is difficult to see anything, but the fishing fire is eye-catching and the frost and cold can be felt; it is Khotan in the middle of the night. In the quiet time, I heard the crow of the bell and the sound of the bell. Such a contrast between light and dark, silent and sound, the scenery is the scenery in the love, and the sound is the sound in the mind. The artistic conception is dense and scattered, blending and distant, with a faint guest feeling. Sorrow is dyed hazy and meaningful, swaying in the night sky of Gusu City, adding an eternal charm to the bridges, water, temples and cities there, attracting dream seekers from all over the world. The whole poem is unified by the word "sorrow". Starting from "Three Collections of Tang Poems": "The whole poem begins with 'Chou Mian', and the beauty is that it is not expressed. "Qi Sha Tang Poems": "The three characters "Dui Chou Mian" are the key points of the whole chapter. The word "sorrow" is written in the Ming Dynasty, but the empty word is the sunset scene, and the meaning of tossing and turning is obvious. "Combined Interpretation of Ancient Tang Poems": "This poem has the most wonderful syntax. It seems to be connected but broken, and it seems to be broken but connected."
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