China was a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. Word service concept,no. released. Yinshan was born in Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang).
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Lu You studied tirelessly all his life. When he was young, he studied the poems of Jiangxi poets and was deeply influenced by Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Du Fu and Cen Can.
At the age of 20, he married Tang Wan. They were very close, but they were forcibly separated by their mother. This kind of emotional pain lasts for a lifetime, and masterpieces such as "Hairpin Phoenix" and "Shenyuan" are all for this. At the age of 29, he went to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and won the first place in the exam. Because he lived before Qin Gui's grandson, and because he didn't forget the national humiliation, he was deleted from the list at the second interview. After Qin Gui's death, Xiaozong acceded to the throne, hawks were taken seriously, and Lu Youfang was put into use. However, due to Zhang Jun's failure to send troops to the Northern Expedition, Lu You was accused of "clamoring for right and wrong and urging Zhang Jun to fight" and was ousted and returned to his hometown. Later, he applied for a job many times, and after five years in the main road (1 169), Kuizhou (now Fengjie, Sichuan) was sentenced to a small official. Wang Yan, the main battle general of Sichuan for eight years, was hired to take charge of military affairs. Soon, the Song court recalled Wang Yan and immediately dismissed him, and Lu You was also appointed as the Senate of the appeasement department of Chengdu government. His hope of recovering the Central Plains was dashed. Since then, Lu You has worked as an agent, judge and magistrate in Zhou Shu, Jiazhou and Yeongju. In the second year (1 175), Lu you was invited to be a senator from central Sichuan, Fan Chengda Town.
In the spring of five years, Lu You's poems became more and more famous, but they were summoned by Xiaozong, but they were not reused. Xiaozong sent him to Fuzhou and Jiangxi to do two official duties of selling Changping tea and salt. When he was working in Jiangxi, there was a flood there. He was invited to open a warehouse for relief, but he was dismissed from his post and returned to his hometown on charges of "ultra vires". After living in my hometown for 6 years, Lu You is also known as Yanzhou (now Jiande, Zhejiang). He was ordered to go to Beijing and wrote the famous seven laws "The Beginning of Spring Rain in Lin 'an". In fifteen years, Lu You was called to Lin 'an as a young military attache. The following year, Guangzong ascended the throne and was appointed as a doctor of the DPRK. So he even wrote a letter advising the court to forge ahead and reduce taxes. As a result, he was impeached and dismissed from office again on charges of "mocking romantics". Since then, Lu You has lived in seclusion in the countryside for a long time, accounting for 12 years, and spent his old age in a quiet and poor life. During this period, Lu You wrote "South Garden Story" for Han Biaozhou at his request, hoping that he would "work hard for the king". In the second year of Jiatai (1202), due to the incomplete records of Xiaozong and Guangzong dynasties, Lu You was called to write in North Korea, and resigned in the following year and returned to his hometown. Since then, there have been many poems and works, but his health has been declining year by year. On December 29th, the second year of Jiading, an 85-year-old poet passed away with regret that he could not recover his motherland.
There are more than 9,300 poems written by Lu You. His poems can be roughly divided into three periods: the first period is from youth to middle age (46 years old) before entering Shu. This period is the longest (about 30 years), but there are at least about 200 poems in the collection, which is the result of his deleting all the works that were "but eager to paint" in his early years. The second period was after he entered Shu, he abdicated at the age of 64 and returned to the East. After nearly 20 years, more than 2,400 poems have been preserved. This period is the mature period of his poetry creation, which established his position as a literary school. The third period was a long-term seclusion in his hometown of Yin Shan until his death, also for 20 years, with nearly 6,500 existing poems. Poetry in this period is the most, because it was deleted in later years. This poem is characterized by a wide and distant pastoral flavor, which sometimes reveals the feeling of desolate life. In the poems of this period, there are also simple and practical creative styles. In Lu You's poems in three periods, there is always a fervent patriotic feeling. This is especially obvious after entering Shu in middle age. It is not only outstanding among contemporary poets, but also rare in the history of China literature. In his poem Five Words Are Restored, resisting enemies and threats has always been the ideological theme that can arouse his creative passion. Lu You's "One Heart Dan" has never been given the opportunity to serve the country, and he can't help but feel depressed and indignant, which is also reflected in the passionate tone of his poems. For example, the book Anger, Guan Shanyue's trip to Jin Cuodao, the feeling of walking out of the hedge door at dawn on autumn night, and so on. What is particularly touching is that Lu You did not forget to recover his country on the eve of his death. He wrote in the famous poem Xiuzi: "I didn't know everything was empty until I died, but I looked at Kyushu sadly." Julian Waghann set the Central Plains Day in the north, and the family did not forget to tell Nai Weng about it. "This kind of poetry can best reflect the creative spirit of Lu You. At the same time, Lu You angrily condemned the corrupt and incompetent ruling authorities and denounced those bureaucrats who were not sympathetic to the national crisis and only knew luxury and enjoyment. Such as Feeling Angry, Reading Fan Zhineng at Night and Remembering the Past. In his poems, Lu You also showed deep concern for the people oppressed by the nation and class. And have unusual sympathy for those who are forced to resist. In his poems, such as "Two Poems" and "A Short Pen for a Short Chapter", his view on "thief" has broken through the views of ordinary scribes. " It was valuable under the historical conditions at that time that officials were good or bad, and thieves were the whole people.
In a word, worrying about the country, loving the people and fighting to the death are the biggest characteristics of Lu's poems, which is also the reason why his poems can be told through the ages. In addition, Lu You also wrote many poems with unique styles. These poems either express life feelings or describe mountains and rivers, showing a natural, smooth, fresh and elegant style; There are also some works that combine poetry and philosophy artistically. For example, "Traveling to Shanxi Village": "There is no doubt about mountains and rivers, and there is another village."
Lu You's poems can be said to have both styles, no matter they are classical, metrical and quatrains, they all have excellent works, among which seven verses are well written. For example, "Jiang Sheng is full of heroic hatred and selfless providence" ("Huangzhou"); "Wan Li Guanhe lonely pillow dream, five more storms and four mountains and autumn" ("pillow work"); "Moonlight is half a window, and autumn trees are in the middle" ("On the pillow") and so on. These famous sayings, either magnificent or picturesque, are both steady and vivid. Apart from the seven laws, his achievements in poetry creation should be regarded as quatrains, such as Xiuer, Jianmen Road Encountered with Light Rain, Feeling of Going out to Fenmen to Meet the Cold in Autumn Night, Chuncheng, Sleeping in a Boat in Extremely Cold Rain and so on. , are worthy of quatrains.
Although Lu You's poems present colorful styles, from the general creative tendency, they are mainly realistic. He inherited the fine tradition of Qu Yuan and other previous generations of poets to care about the country and the people, and made outstanding achievements based on his own era. Therefore, some people compare him with Du Fu and call him "the history of poetry".
Lu's poems have made great achievements in both thought and art, but there are also some shortcomings. Although "empty, clear as words", sometimes it is inevitable that the momentum is greater than the connotation. Another obvious disadvantage is that the meaning and syntax of words are repetitive, especially in later years.
Lu You's ci creation is not only to write poems, but also to write ci. Because he doesn't pay much attention to this poetic style, there are not many words, only 130 * *. His words are also diverse in style and have their own characteristics. There are many beautiful and lingering words, which are close to the graceful school in Song Ci, such as the famous "Hairpin Phoenix". In this poem, he poured out his tortuous and deep love affair with his ex-wife Tang, who was forcibly separated by feudal forces: "Red crisp hands, Huang? Wine, spring willows in the city. The east wind is evil, and the feelings are thin. A sad mood, a cable that I haven't seen for years. No, no, no! " However, some words often express deep feelings about life, or express superb mind, such as "divination operator", "broken bridge outside the post station", "double-headed lotus flower" and "stars on the temple". , or desolate far-reaching, or profound meaning, similar to Su Shi. However, what best reflects Lu You's life experience and personality characteristics are his impassioned and patriotic poems, such as [Han Gongchun], [Xie Chichun], "Joining the Army at a Strong Age", "Looking for Hou in Wan Li", [Visiting the Palace Que at Night] and "Snow in the Morning". This kind of words is close to Xin Qiji.
Lu You, an essayist, has also written many essays, which are quite accomplished. Among them, memorizing inscriptions, prefaces and postscripts, or recounting life experiences, or expressing thoughts and feelings, or writing poems, can best reflect the achievements of Lu You's prose, and at the same time, as in poems, it shows patriotic feelings from time to time, such as Collection of Zhen Tang in Beijing, Collection of Tong Hugh, Shu Weiqiao's Family, and Preface to Fugushi's Westernization. Other articles, such as "Preface to the Poems of Lianzhai Jushi", show Lu You's outstanding literary view. Lu You also has some unique essays, such as Smoke Boat, Book Nest and Living Room. Elegant and meaningful, quite like a sentimental essay. The six-volume book A Passage to Shu is concise and vivid. It is not only a fascinating travel note, but also a golden rule for investigating historical sites and geographical evolution. As for his Notes on Old Xuegong, it is an essay. Although the pen and ink are simple and rich in content, the notes are mostly anecdotes and have great historical value. Among them, the theory of poetry (such as "seeking the source of Du Fu in Ming Dynasty" when criticizing) is also outstanding.
Status and this episode Lu You is a rich and talented writer. Especially in poetry creation, the achievements are particularly outstanding. It is generally acknowledged that he is taller than Yu Mao, Fan Chengda and Yang Wanli who were called with him at that time. Generally speaking, especially from the perspective of reflecting the depth and breadth of the times, Lu You was indeed the most outstanding poet in the Song Dynasty.
Lu You's works, according to the Complete Works of Lu Fangweng in Jiguge Engraving, include 85 volumes of Poems from Nanbo, 50 volumes of Collected Works from Weinan (including 2 volumes of Ci, 6 volumes of Entering Shu), 2 volumes of Fang Weng's Legacy, the Book of the South Tang Dynasty 18, and Notes on Lao 'an Studies. There are other books, such as "Family Instructions of Shi Weng" (in the series "I don't know if it is enough") and "Old Home News". In 1976, Zhonghua Book Company printed five volumes of Lu, with the Collected Works of Lu Youyi by Kong. On 1985, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House published Qian Zhonglian's Collation of Jian Nan's Poems.
Du fu (7 12 ~ 770)
China was a poet in Tang Dynasty. Beautiful words. Originally from Xiangyang (now Hubei), he was born in Gongxian (now gongyi city). As he once lived in Shaoling, south of Chang 'an, he was recommended by Yanwu in Chengdu as an economic adviser and Yuan Wailang, proofreader of the Ministry of Industry. Later generations called him Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu.
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Du was the grandson of the poet Du all his life and lived in a family with Confucian tradition and literary tradition. He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. After the age of 20, there are four periods.
During the roaming period, from the 19th year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (73 1) to the 4th year of Tianbao (745), Du Fu lived a romantic life. He has roamed wuyue, Qi and Zhao successively. In the meantime, I failed to go to Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam. Tianbao and Li Bai have been friends in Luoyang for three years. We broke up the next autumn and never met again. There are more than 20 poems of Du Fu in this period, most of which are five laws and five ancient poems, represented by Wang Yue.
During the five to fourteen years in Tianbao, Chang 'an, Du Fu was trapped in Chang 'an and was down and out. He keeps buttering up powerful people to get promoted. Took the exam for six years; In ten years, three gifts were appreciated by Xuanzong, and the prime minister was ordered to try them; But nothing came of it. It was not until October of the fourteenth year, one month before the Anshi Rebellion, that You Weicai led Cao to join the army. Frustration in official career and personal hunger and cold made him objectively realize the corruption of the rulers and the sufferings of the people, and gradually became a poet who cared about the country and the people. The creation has undergone profound and great changes. There are famous articles such as "Military Vehicle Shop, Two Roads", "Before Traffic Jam", "Love 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian after Traffic Jam", and there are also cautionary sentences such as "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road freezes to death". There are about 100 poems handed down in this period, most of which are five-character or seven-character ancient poems.
Dugong Temple in Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province (built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty)
From Su Zong's exile to the first year of Germany (756) to the second year of Gan Yuan (759), the Anshi Rebellion was the most prosperous. Du Fu also experienced hardships, but his creative achievements were enormous. After the fall of Chang 'an, he went to Suzong from Lingwu in northern Zhangzhou, but he was caught halfway and trapped among thieves for nearly half a year. Later, he fled Chang 'an and returned to Fengxiang Suzong, where he was picked up by Zuo. Soon after, he almost died because of Fang Yi's case. After the recovery of Chang 'an, he returned to Beijing as his original post. In May 758, Foreign Minister Zhou Hua Sigong joined the army and bid farewell to Chang 'an. During this period, Du Fu had a more sober understanding of the reality, and successively wrote Sad Chen Tao, Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Three Officials (Xin 'an official, Tongguan official, Shi Haoguan) and Three Farewells (New Wedding, Farewell to the Old). In 759, Guan Fu went hungry and Du Fu was disappointed with politics. After beginning of autumn resigned, he passed through Qin Zhou and Tonggu and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year. There are more than 200 poems handed down during this period, most of which are masterpieces of Du Fu's poems.
Wandering southwest period
From the first year of Shangyuan (760) to the fifth year of Daizong Dali (770) 1 1, Du Fu spent eight years in Shu and three years in Jingxiang. In the spring of 760, at the age of 48, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhua River in Chengdu, and lived there intermittently for five years. In the meantime, he exiled Zizhou and Langchang. In 765, after the death of Yanwu, Du Fu lost his support and left Chengdu with his family. He stayed in Yun 'an due to illness and moved to Kuizhou the following spring. In 768, he left the gorge, moved to Jiangling and Gongan, and arrived in Yueyang at the end of the year. In the last two years of his life, he had no fixed abode. Wandering between Yueyang, Changsha, Hengyang and Leiyang, I spent most of my time on the boat. In the winter of 770, Du Fu died on a ship from Changsha to Yueyang at the age of 59. Before his death, he wrote a 36-rhyme long poem "Sleeping on the Shocking Boat". There is a sentence that "the blood of the war is still there, and the sound of the military is still moving", and he still thinks about the national disaster. During the period of 1 1, he wrote more than 1000 poems (including more than 430 Kuizhou poems), accounting for 5/7 of all Du Fu's poems. Most of them are quatrains and metrical poems, and there are also long sentences. His representative works include Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River, Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity, Ascending the Mountain, and Revealing Wu Lang again.
Du Fu wrote more than 1400 poems. It profoundly reflects the social panorama of more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty, and vividly records Du Fu's life experience. Closely combine social reality with personal life to realize the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form; Represents the highest achievement of Tang poetry. Known as the history of poetry by later generations. However, Du Fu did not objectively describe and write history with poetry, but expressed his subjective feelings through unique artistic means while profoundly and widely reflecting reality. As Pu Qilong said: "Poems of Shaoling are a person's temperament, and things of the Three Dynasties must be sent to others." (Reading) In the late Tianbao period, Du Fu wrote many poems about current politics. Short stories such as Washing Horse, Love, Being a Taoist, Three Jueju, Sick Orange, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Appearing as a Wulang, etc., while novels such as Shu Huai in Kuizhou, Cottage and Farewell are the combination of personal feelings and facts. There are a lot of war themes in Du Fu's poems. Du Fu has different attitudes towards different kinds of wars. Those who oppose the imperial court's belligerence and consume national strength are "Garage Shop" and "Going to the Foot of the Backyard". Two poems, Watching An Xi Soldiers Go to Guanzhong and Stand by, Watching Soldiers and The Year of National subjugation, supported the suppression of rebellion and resistance to foreign aggression. Two groups of poems, Before the Frontier and After the Frontier, not only praised the bravery of the soldiers, but also condemned the insatiable frontier expansion of the king and the arrogance and extravagance of the lords. The confession of a soldier sums up the unfortunate fate of countless brave soldiers. In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", the poet sympathizes with the people's sufferings and hates barbaric Latin; However, due to the current situation of the enemy and the shortage of soldiers, he can only comfort the conscripts with tears, which shows the sharp and complicated contradictions and conflicts in the author's heart. Du Fu has many poems praising nature. The object of singing is often related to oneself and current events, and it is a blend of feelings, scenes and events, not just scenes. The most representative ones are Spring Hope and Sword Gate. Du Fu also has some poems praising painting, music, architecture, dance, utensils and agricultural production, which also focus on the author's feelings and have the characteristics of the times. In Du Fu's poetry collection, there are also some poems with weak flavor of the times and indifferent personal feelings, especially some poems written in Chengdu Caotang. This is the expression of his mood after he got a temporary rest after a long wandering. In his poems, such as Screen Trace, For Agriculture, Tian She, Xu Bu, Heart of Water Threshold, Afterward Tour and Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, the poet has a delicate observation on the dynamics of flowers, trees, birds, animals, fish and insects, and has infinite love and profound experience. It embodies the other side of Du Fu's poetry and life. Du Fu's poems about missing relatives and friends are mostly sentimental and spoony. For example, I miss his wife on a moonlit night, and my brother misses his younger brother on a moonlit night. Among many poems and songs about cherishing friends, the most outstanding one is to commemorate Li Bai. From breaking up with Li Bai to his later years, there were 15 poems that remembered or talked about Li Bai. Showed his admiration and friendship for Li Bai. Du Fu also commented on poems with poems, and expressed his artistic thoughts of "learning from others" and "being unique" in Six Jueju, Occasionally Asked and Twelve Poems for Relieving boredom (the fourth to the eighth). During his stay in Chang 'an and wandering southwest, Du Fu also wrote some poems with boring content and low style, which were dedicated to dignitaries, officials and social parties. There are many five-character poems in it. Du Fu's poetry system is diverse, with many advantages and diverse styles, which can bring forth the old and innovate. His five-character ancient poems are extensive and profound, and they combine feelings, records and feelings in one furnace, which opens the realm of the Five Ancient Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty. Representative works include Five Hundred Words from Beijing to Fengxian, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Gift to Chu Shi, Three Officials and Three Farewells. Seven-character ancient poems are good at stating opinions, with bold and gloomy feelings and strange style. Such as Drunk Songs for Zheng Guangwen, Washing Horses, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sui Yanxing, etc. Fifth, the five-seven-word rhyme is extremely skilled. The five laws are the longing for spring, reaching Li Bai at the end of the day, traveling later, "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night", water sill, going abroad overnight, climbing Yueyang Tower, and the seven laws are Shuxiang and Elymus. The two sides of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army, and Su Fu, Bai Di and five generals. Du Fu also has many five-character poems and several seven-character poems, which have greatly developed the poems. His "Autumn Li Ke Bai Yun" has 1000 words. But Du Fu also heaped up allusions and presented entertainment works. His quatrains are lyrical, reflecting current events, opening up the discussion body of quatrains, opening up a new road and making great contributions. Du Fu's poems are profound and sincere. The artistic collection and innovative development of classical poetry; It greatly expanded the field of poetry in content and form, and had a wide influence on later generations. Du Fu was also honored as a poet by later generations. Du Fu was down and out all his life, and wrote a poem, "A hundred years' song is bitter, and there is no confidant" (Du Fu's "Southern Expedition"). However, after his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems have a profound influence on the literary thought of the New Yuefu Movement and Li Shangyin's modern allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art since ancient times. ..
Textual research data for nearly a thousand years, the wind of governing Du Fu has been endless. There are many works about the chronology, classification and annotation of Du Fu's poems in Song Dynasty, such as Du Gongbu's Collection, Du Fu's Nine Poems, Lu? Cai Mengbi edited Du Gongbu Caotang Poetry and Xu edited Du Gongbu Poetry. There are more than 100 kinds of comments on Du Ji by later generations, among which Du Gongbu's Notes on Du Ji, Qiu's Detailed Notes on Du Shi, Yang Lun's Jing Quan of Du Shi and Pu Qilong's Interpretation are widely circulated. There are biographies of Du Fu in both old and new Tang books. After the Song Dynasty, there were a lot of words to comment and explain Du Fu's poems. Zhonghua Book Company compiled A Collection of Research Materials on Du Fu and Classical Literature of Tang and Song Dynasties. In the late Ming Dynasty, Wang Siyuan had Du Yi, and Qing Hongshi had Du Shi Shuo. In addition, Zhonghua Book Company also compiled the more important papers after the May 4th Movement into the Collected Papers on Du Fu Studies. Biographies and new research monographs include Feng Zhi's Biography of Du Fu, Xiao Difei's Study of Du Fu, Fu Gengsheng's On Du Fu's Poetry and Zhu Dongrun's On Du Fu's Narrative. More detailed chronicles include Wen Yiduo's Notes on Mr. Shaoling's Chronology and Du Fu's Chronology of Sichuan Institute of Literature and History Research.