Appreciate the expressive skills of poetry
Expression skill is a very broad concept. From the perspective of poetry appreciation, the expressive techniques of poetry include three aspects: expressive techniques (narration, description, discussion and lyricism), rhetorical techniques (metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration, antithesis, analogy, parallelism, questioning, arousing and intertextuality) and expressive techniques (allusions, association, imagination, setting off or contrast, rendering, etc.).
This is the focus of poetry review, emphasizing again the essentials of answering questions: content (what to write), method (how to write, that is, expression skills) and effect (how). (Note: The order of these three items can be reversed as needed, but there can be no gaps in the answer. )
A collection of poetic expressions and techniques.
(1) Performance: narration, description, discussion and lyricism.
1. Narration: Describe the experience of the characters or the process of the occurrence, development and change of things. For example, "it snows on the balcony at night, and the iron horse is clear in the autumn wind." (Lu You's Book of Wrath uses narrative methods to write an unforgettable memory of his going to the front line against gold. )
2. Description: Describe and depict people, events and environment in vivid language. For example, in Du Fu's "People Change Songs", "Jiang Yue is only a few feet away from people, and the lamps are bright at night." The heron in the sand head kept silent with his fist, and the fish jumped to the stern and screamed. "The poem begins with the moonlight in the water, vividly describing the egret bending over and quietly staying on the beach in the moonlight. The big fish at the stern jumped out of the water and made a stinging sound, which constituted the quiet beauty of the moonlit night on the river.
3. Comments: opinions expressed on the nature, right and wrong, value, characteristics and functions of people and things. For example, Yuan Zhen's chrysanthemum: "It's not that chrysanthemum is favored among flowers, but that this flower has no flowers." The last two sentences of the poem point out the reasons for loving chrysanthemums and praise the loyal character of chrysanthemums after weathering and withering.
4. Lyricism: express the author's strong subjective feelings such as love and hate, likes and dislikes, joys and sorrows. There are direct lyric and indirect lyric, and the specific lyric techniques are as follows:
1 Express your feelings by scenery or things. When the author has a feeling about a scene or an objective thing, he entrusts his feelings and thoughts to the scene to express them, and expresses them through the description of the scene and the object. This lyric way is called borrowing scenery or borrowing things to express feelings. In China's ancient poems, pines, bamboos, plums, chrysanthemums, willows, rocks, streams, deserts, ancient roads, borders, sunsets, jathyapple, breezes, drizzles, meadows, etc. are all the objects that poets often use to express their feelings. For example, Bai Juyi's "rambling grass" comes and goes with the seasons. Wildfire never completely devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze. "With the tenacious struggle of" the grass on the original ",the author gave an irresistible sigh to the laws of nature.
(2) Emotion and scene blend in the scene (or thing). This way is to combine feelings in a specific natural scenery or life scene and express feelings by comparing the descriptions of natural scenery or scenes. It is an indirect and implicit lyric way. For example, Du Fu's "Good rain knows the season, when spring comes." Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things quietly ",and the description of the scenery contains the feeling of" happiness "for the spring rain; Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sorrows. "On the other hand, it expresses the poet's worries about the country and his thoughts about his family. Another example is Song Qi's "Red Apricot Branches in Spring" and Zhang Xian's "Clouds Break the Moon and Flowers Shadow". , are examples of scene fusion. The above two lyric ways are indirect lyric.
3 direct lyric. Also known as expressing one's feelings directly, it is a lyrical way for the author to directly express his love and hate attitude towards related people and events without any "attachments". For example, the ending of "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind": "Alas, when I suddenly see this house, my hut will freeze to death alone", which directly expresses the poet's willingness to sacrifice his noble sentiment for the happiness of poor intellectuals in the world. Another example is Chen Ziang's You Zhou Tower: "Before me, where was the past era?" Behind me, where are the future generations? . I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, and my tears fall. " In a generous and sad style, the whole poem directly expresses the poet's grief and frustration by visiting Youzhou Taiwan.
(4) Hold things to express their wishes. Expressing ambition is to express one's ambition and will through the description and narration of the object. The most commonly used writing methods are metaphor, personification and symbol. For example, Li Shangyin's "Cicada": "I am hungry because I am pure, and I sing for nothing all night. Oh, this last broken breath, in the green indifferent trees! . Yes, I am like a driftwood. I have made my garden full of weeds. I thank you for your advice and let you live a pure life like you. " This poem uses cicadas to describe one's nobility. The first four sentences are excited by the smell of cicadas, focusing on chanting cicadas; Writing about cicada meals is elegant and elegant, but it is difficult to eat when you are hoarse. The last four sentences directly express their feelings. My hometown is barren, why not go home? Therefore, the smell of cicadas is a warning to themselves, and they are in the same boat.
⑤ Support things and reasoning. Generally, it is a philosophical poem, such as Zhu's Random Thoughts on Reading (I): "Open a square pond of half an acre, and the sky is high and the clouds are light." Ask how clear the canal is because there is running water at the source. "
⑥ Express your feelings with allusions. That is, quoting historical facts and using allusions in poetry. Ancient poetry attaches great importance to the use of allusions, which can not only make the language of poetry concise, but also increase the richness of content, increase the vividness and implicitness of expression, receive concise and thought-provoking effects, and enhance the expressive force and appeal of works. For example, Xin Qiji successfully used five allusions: Sun Quan, Emperor Wu of Song, Liu Yilong, Beaver, and Qianpo in "Ode to Yule, Jingkou, Gubei Pavilion". These allusions are historical anecdotes of Jingkou, and the poet expresses his thoughts and feelings implicitly and naturally with the help of these historical facts.
⑦ Narrative lyric. For example, Du Fu's "The Hut Was Blown by Autumn Wind" and Bai Juyi's "Pipa Trip".
⑧ Use the past to satirize the present. For example, Rong Hong's "Ode to History": "The history of the Han family is close to the humble. Society depends on the Lord, and safety depends on women. How can you make a jade capacity, and you will be quiet. " Who will be the assistant minister? "This is a political satire that satirizes the present from the past. After the rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the government was in chaos, the national strength was weakened, the vassal regime was divided, and the border problem was very serious, and the court blindly made peace, which made the people of all ethnic groups in the border suffer greatly. Therefore, the poet carried out a humiliating pro-government policy towards the imperial court, thinking that this was a national humiliation and saddened him. This allegorical poem is filled with indignation, painful, straightforward and hit the nail on the head.
(2) Expression techniques: allusion, association, imagination, setting off or contrast, rendering, symbol, contrast, contrast, cadence, care, action, positive, direct expression of mind, lyricism by borrowing scenery, integration of feelings and scenery, and lyricism by holding things.
1. Allusions: (1) There are two kinds of allusions: using useful things and quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings. For example, Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Le Jingkou Gu Beiting Nostalgia": "Think of today, Jin Goma Iron, swallowing Wan Li like a tiger." This word is practical except recalling the author's experience of going south 43 years ago. "At that time, Jin Ge was an iron horse and swallowed Wan Li." It is about the heroic spirit of Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition against the enemy. By praising Emperor Wu of Song and satirizing the shameless behavior of the pacifists in the Southern Song Dynasty, the author showed his determination to oppose Jin Zhuzhang and restore the Central Plains. (2) The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words. For example, Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow: "After ten miles of spring breeze, the wheat will be green." Du Mu's poems are quoted in Spring Breeze in Shili, which shows the prosperity of Shili Long Street in Yangzhou in the past and is empty words. "The wheat is green", and the bleak situation that the writer sees today is the real writing. These two contrasting pictures convey the poet's feelings about the prosperity and decline of the past.
2. Correlation: linking one thing with another related thing, or linking similar features in things to form a model. How to Zhang Zhi's "Chanting Willow": "Jasper weaves trees high, and thousands of green tapestries hang down." I don't know who cut the thin leaves, but the spring breeze in February is like scissors. "The poet linked the graceful willow branches with the green ribbon, and used clever metaphors to create a novel image with unique romantic color, which changed the symbolic meaning of willow leaves.
3. Imagination: On the basis of existing materials and ideas, people create new ideas through association, reasoning, analysis and synthesis. For example, Liu Yuxi's Looking at Dongting Lake: "The lake is full of moonlight, and there is no wind mirror on the pool surface." Looking at Dongting Lake, there is a green snail in the silver plate. This poem chooses the perspective of moonlit night, and through imaginative description, the lakes and mountains of Dongting are skillfully reproduced on paper.
4. contrast or contrast: refers to the use of eternal nails to make the characteristics of nails more prominent. There are positive contrast and negative contrast. For example, Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia: "A river does not return, and a romantic figure makes waves." To the west of the base is the Red Cliff in Zhou Lang, the Three Kingdoms. Zhou Yu is the character to be portrayed in this poem, but from the beginning of "the romantic figure of the ages", how many heroes are drawn from Battle of Red Cliffs, and finally concentrated on Zhou Yu, which highlights Zhou Yu's dominant position in the author's mind.
5. Rendering: Describe the environment and scenery in various ways to highlight the image and strengthen the artistic effect. For example, Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain": "The sky is high and the wind is urgent, apes crow and birds crow, and the blue lake and white sand return." What I saw and heard in the first pitch, six close-ups appeared one after another, rendering the characteristics of the scenery of Qiujiang River.
6. Symbol: Concepts, thoughts and feelings with similar or similar characteristics are expressed through concrete images that are easy to associate. For example, Li Deyu's "Climbing Cliff City": "Castle Peak seems to want to keep people around the county." These two sentences describe that the green hills are surrounded by mountains, and the counties and cities where they are located are tightly blocked and the barriers are strict. It symbolizes the persecution of his political opponents and expresses his sadness that he can't go home.
7. Contrast: Compare two different things or situations and compare them with each other. For example, Li Bai's "Visiting Yue Gu": "The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers returned home." Maid-in-waiting is like a palace full of spring, but only partridges can fly. The first three sentences describe the prosperity of the past, and the last sentence describes the coldness and desolation of today, which makes readers feel particularly profound and contains the poet's profound historical thinking.
8. Restraint: Speak out the negative and positive aspects at the same time, and only highlight one of them, so as to achieve the purpose of restraining one, promoting the other or restraining the other. There is a difference between promoting first, then restraining and then promoting. For example, Wang Changling's "Forever in My Heart": "Young women in the boudoir don't know how to worry, and spring comes to put on makeup." Suddenly I saw the willow color in the strange head and regretted letting my husband find a marquis. This poem adopts the method of praising first and then restraining. It first describes the young woman's "ignorance" and then her "regret". Through the description of the subtle changes of young women's mood, it profoundly shows the young women's sentimental feelings caused by touching the scene and highlights the theme of "in my heart forever".
9. Concern: refers to the necessary answer to what is written in the poem. This method is used properly to make the structure compact and rigorous. For example, Wei's "Night Rain Farewell to Li Zhou": "Is it raining all the way to Chu? The bell in the evening came to us from Nanjing. Your wet sails are dragging and you don't want to go, and the birds in the shadow are flying slowly. " In the first two sentences, the poet stood by the drizzling river at dusk, pointed out the "dusk rain" in the poem title, and took care of the word "send" in the poem title.
10. The dynamic and static descriptions of things and scenery set off each other and constitute a kind of interest. For example, Du Fu's "Mancheng Yi": "The heron on the sand head waits for silence, and the fish jumps at the stern to stir." The fourth sentence "dynamic" of fish jumping sets off the "static" of the first three sentences.
1 1. positive: the direct description of the description object is a positive description; Describe the things around the object to make it more vivid and prominent. For example, Bai Juyi's "Yang Liuzhi Ci" said: "Trees are tender than gold and softer than silk." Who belongs to all day in the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng? "Wang Changling's Joining the Army": "The desert is dusty, and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. "The former army fought a midnight oil on Taohe River, but they were captured by Gu Hun. The first sentence and the second sentence of the white poem describe the beautiful form of willow in spring by means of positive description. The second sentence of Wang's poem describes the side situation. On the one hand, it is very windy to write, which is convenient to roll up the red flag and March in a hurry. On the other hand, it is highly alert and unobtrusive, highlighting the tension of war.
12. Express your feelings directly: express your feelings on the spot and express the poet's philosophical thinking about natural scenery. For example, Wang Zhihuan's "In the Lodge of the Heron": "The mountains cover the day, and the ocean drains the golden river. But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. " The first two sentences describe the scenery, while the last two sentences directly express the feelings, natural situations, vast weather and the poet's philosophical thinking in front of this scene.
13. Expressing feelings through scenery: The poet's thoughts and feelings are not positive, and he is completely in the natural scenery in front of him, expressing his feelings through natural scenery. For example, Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou": "The lonely sail is far away from the sky, but the Yangtze River flows in the sky." The figure of the old friend is getting farther and farther, and finally disappears completely. It's like thinking about friends constantly.
14. Express one's will by supporting things: on the basis of trying to describe things, integrate the author's feelings and entrust the author's mind. For example, Bai Juyi's "Yang Liuzhi Ci" said: "Trees are tender than gold and softer than silk." Who belongs to all day in the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng? "To express one's ambition by holding things, write that Liu left the barren garden unattended, and express the feeling of burying talents.
(3) Rhetorical devices: metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, analogy, parallelism, questioning, arousing, and combination of reality and reality.
The third category
First, a detailed analysis of the original college entrance examination questions
1. Read the following Tang poem and answer the questions as required. (Fujian Volume of College Entrance Examination in 2006)
End (1)
Li shangyin
Far away, the book is a dream for two long hours, and only the empty bed is facing Su Qiu.
Under the steps of moss mangroves, the moon is sad in the rain.
Note: ① End residence: idle residence. ② Pingqiu: synonymous with autumn.
(1) Can the word "enemy" in the second sentence of this poem be replaced by "right" or other words? Please briefly explain the reasons.
A:
(2) What are the artistic features of the three or four sentences in this poem? Please analyze it briefly.
A:
Answer: (1) cannot be replaced by "right" or other words. The word "enemy" not only highlights the lonely atmosphere of "empty bed" and "plain autumn", but also shows that people who sleep alone in an empty bed can't stand the desolate situation of "plain autumn" and expresses the unspeakable sadness in the poet's heart. It is difficult to achieve this expression effect with "right" or other words.
(2) In terms of artistic techniques, the biggest feature of the third and fourth sentences is to express emotions through scenery. With the help of the descriptions of moss, mangrove, rain and moon, the poet endowed the objective scenery with a strong subjective color, created a cold atmosphere and expressed sadness, loneliness and homesickness.
It makes sense to answer from other angles (or intertextuality).
Analysis: (1) The ancients emphasized the word "Jing". The "knock" of "monks knocking on the moon and knocking at the door" shows the quietness of the mountain with sports. The noise of "the branches of red apricots are full of spring" suddenly makes the garden full of vitality; The "green" of "Spring Breeze Green Jiang Nanan" shows the vibrant spring in the south of the Yangtze River. The same "enemy" word, stability, is not only loneliness and coldness in the objective environment, but also loneliness and sadness in the subjective mind. If you taste it carefully, you will feel infinite charm.
(2) The artistic technique, that is, the expressive technique of poetry, can be analyzed from the lyric style, writing technique and rhetoric technique of poetry. For example, in rhetoric, the greatest feature of this poem is the use of intertextuality. "Moss" and "mangrove", "rain" and "moon", "loneliness" and "sorrow" in three or four sentences are intertextual errors. It seems unlikely that In the Rain and Mid-Moon will appear on the same night. However, when the poet faces one of the scenes, he might as well see another scene he has experienced before. In this way, the real scene in front of us is intertwined with the virtual scene in memory, which invisibly extends the connotation of time, suggesting that it is not overnight to stay up late and miss people far away.
2. Read the following Song poems and then answer this question. (Guangdong Volume 2007)
Xiting
Lin Jingxi
There are thoughts in clear autumn, and the sunset glow is still pavilion.
At the beginning of the month, the trees are tall and white, and the breeze is half awake.
Walking alone in the fallen leaves, sitting around and counting fireflies.
Where is the fishing song? Lonely lights are far apart.
(1) What time-varying images did the poet use to express his feelings?
(2) Please evaluate the artistic effect of the word "wear" and "number" in the third part of the poem.
Answer: (1) White deciduous fireflies stand alone in the dusk and early month of autumn.
(2) In the late autumn, the poet rested in the Xiting. In the middle of the month, on the high trees, the wine is half awake, and it is cold and quiet all around. The poet walked alone among the fallen leaves in the forest. The word "wear" vividly conveys the poet's loneliness and wandering mood. The poet sat in the forest and bored "counting" fireflies. The word "counting" vividly described the poet's depressed and bored state of mind.
The first topic of this topic is the examination of poetic images, which belongs to the examination of appreciating poetic images, and the second topic is the examination of exquisite words in poetry.
Analysis: To do this kind of test questions, we should pay attention to the relatively fixed correspondence between the "image" of classical poetry and the author's emotion. Table below:
The historical changes of palace tower, partridge willow and fog dike have been ups and downs in the past and present, and things have changed.
Folding willows, saying goodbye to catkins, melancholy, falling
Bright moon, spring, plum blossoms, wild geese, homesickness and homesickness, as well as wandering and caring.
Chrysanthemum, plum blossom and lotus flower are noble, arrogant and lead a totally clean life.
Late spring, fleeting time, beauty withered, unable to serve the country.
Fallen leaves, falling flowers hurt spring, sad autumn
Smash clothes and jade and pass them to my husband and lady.
Vanilla, beauty, loyal minister and virtuous minister, peace and prosperity.
Indus, drizzle, chilling, sad.
Jade bird, swan goose, postman, tidings
Therefore, it is a shortcut to answer such questions from the corresponding relationship between images and feelings.