Su Shi (103765438+1October 8th-1August 24th) was called "Su Dongpo" and "Su Dongpo". Han nationality, Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan, Meishan, Northern Song Dynasty), Luancheng. Famous essayist, painter, poet and poet in Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi
Su Xun's second son (the eldest son of Su Xun), 1057 (the second year of Jiayou), is a scholar with his younger brother Su Zhe. Su Shi, together with his father Su Xun and his younger brother Su Zhe, is called "Three Sus", and his father and son are among the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties (Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Su Xun, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong). As generous as the sea. Su Shi was twenty-one when he was a scholar. During the Zongshen period, he worked in Fengxiang, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. 1080 (in the third year of Yuanfeng), he was demoted to Huangzhou as assistant minister of Yong Lian because of the Wutai Poetry Case. He worked in Dongpo, Huangzhou City for more than four years, so he was named "Dongpo layman" and called "Su Dongpo". After Zhezong ascended the throne, he became a bachelor and a history of rites, which was well known in Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou. In his later years, he was banished to Huizhou and Danzhou. Amnesty returned to the north, died in Changzhou on the way, and was buried in jia county, Henan Province, chasing Wen Zhonggong.
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Su Shi's literary view comes down in one continuous line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating statutes and releasing wonderful ideas". He believes that composition should be "like running water, with no definite quality at first, but always do what you should do and always stop where you can't stop." The artistic realm of "natural arts and sciences, rich body" ("Thank the teacher's book"). Su Shi's prose works are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is concise and smooth, and it is unrestrained. Shi Dehong's "Postscript Dongpo (swimming on the left (xρn) in the pool" said: "His prose is like water, and his waves are naturally written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu, both called "Ou Su", are one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Su Shi was the leader who presided over the literary world in the Northern Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu, and enjoyed a high reputation among the writers at that time. There was a time when many people made friends with him or accepted his guidance. Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan and Chao, writers of the Northern Song Dynasty, were all trained, rewarded and recommended by him, and were called the Four Bachelor of Sumen.
Second, poetry.
There are about 4,000 poems by Su Shi, which have a wide range of contents and diverse styles, but they are mainly bold, with vertical and horizontal brushwork and extremely changeable color images.
Romantic, which opened up a new road for the development of Song poetry. Ye Xie (Zi Zhou) said in the original poem: "The realm of Su Shi's poetry has never existed in ancient and modern times. Everything in the world laughs and curses, all from the pen. " Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" said: "It is a spectacular sight for a generation to take literature as poetry and go from Changli to Dongpo Yida. ..... Especially out of reach, born with a healthy pen, as cold as a sad pear. Cut together quickly, and there is a sense of secrecy that must be achieved. Therefore, after Li and Du, it is a big family, not as good as Li and Du Chu. " His poems are fresh and vigorous, good at using exaggerated metaphors and unique in artistic expression. A few poems can also reflect the sufferings of the people and accuse the rulers of extravagance and arrogance. The bold and unconstrained writing has a great influence on later generations. "Nian Nujiao, Red Cliff Nostalgia" and "Shui Diao Ge Tou, Ice Dust Mid-Autumn Festival" are widely circulated. His poems include Seven Chapters of Dongpo and so on. There are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi, which break through the narrow theme of writing about love and parting between men and women and have a wide range of social contents. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of China Ci. He extended the spirit of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of ci, swept away the traditional style of ci since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, created a wild school that kept pace with the graceful school, expanded the theme of ci, enriched the artistic conception of ci, broke through the boundary between poetry and poetry, and made great contributions to the innovative development of ci. His representative works include Nian Nujiao and Shuidiao Tou, which created the first example of unconstrained ci, and was also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng said in the preface to Xinjiaxuan: "Ci is broad and aboveboard, like poetry, prose and wonders of heaven and earth." 1 July, 079, Su Shi took office in Huzhou, was convicted and imprisoned for Wutai Poetry, and was exiled to Huangzhou in the following year1month. Before the poem case happened, Su Shi had served as a judge in Hangzhou in 107 1 and had outstanding achievements. Generally speaking, his poetry works are free and easy in the desert, but in content, they mostly point to official life to express political pride. After the poetry case, although there were times when I was a bachelor of official Hanlin, there were few bold and unrestrained embarrassment in my works, but more and more people turned to the understanding of nature and life. As for living in Danzhou, Huizhou in his later years, his indifferent and broad-minded state of mind is even more obvious. As soon as he inherited the style of Huangzhou's works, he converged all his life, and I moved things freely to achieve a suddenly quiet environment. Taking Wutai Poetry Case as the boundary, Su Shi's poetry works have both inheritance and obvious differences in creation. Behind the "going home" complex throughout, people can see that the poet's brush strokes gradually turned to the helplessness of middle age and the broadmindedness of old age-getting older and more mature, and getting more and more dull. First of all, in terms of subject matter, Su Shi's early works mainly reflect his "specific political worries", while his later works mainly focus on "broad life worries", with evil as their resentment. When it comes to evil, it means "spit it out like a fly in Taiwan Province". His flowing works triggered the Wutai poetry case. Huangzhou's relegated life made him "ironic and cruel, sharp in writing style, nervous and angry, all of which disappeared and replaced by a brilliant, warm, kind, tolerant and harmonious understanding." Very sweet, very mature, very thorough and deep. " Secondly, culturally, Confucianism was advocated in the early stage and Taoism in the later stage. In the early stage, he had a sense of social responsibility advocated by Confucianism and was deeply concerned about the sufferings of the people; Later, especially after being demoted twice, Qian Huian, a painter in the late Qing Dynasty, painted Su Dongpo's night tour of Chengtian Temple.
He advocated Taoist culture more and returned to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of religion. Inspired by Buddhism's "normal mind is the Tao", he lived a real peasant life in Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou, and enjoyed it. Thirdly, in style, the previous works are magnificent and unrestrained, like a flood bursting its banks and spilling thousands of miles; Later works are ethereal and meaningful, simple and light, such as Deep Willow and White Pear Flower. As far as ci is concerned, there are not many works that really belong to the bold style. According to Mr. Zhu Jinghua's statistics, similar works accounted for about one-tenth of all Su Shi's poems, and most of them were concentrated in Xuzhou, Mizhou, which was the mainstream of creation at that time. Although these works are not dominant in quantity, they truly reflect Su Shi's positive attitude towards being an official at that time. Some of the later works have both the style of local customs and the charm of hospitality. For example, it is almost all-encompassing, colorful and lyrical, remembering the scenery, nostalgic feelings, giving gifts away, pastoral scenery and talking about Zen. This part accounts for about nine times out of ten of Su Shi's whole poems, and it is full of Zhuangzi, which turned into a butterfly and I forgot everything. At this point, he expelled all dissatisfaction with reality and politics, hysterical rants, and criticisms that criticized the shortcomings of the times. Its subject matter is more and more extensive, and its style is more and more plain and far-reaching. Su Shi's ci style can be divided into three categories: one is bold style, which is the ideal style that Su Shi deliberately pursues. With rich, passionate and even slightly sad feelings, he integrated his ci and wrote a portrait of Chen Hongshou painting Dongpo in the late Ming Dynasty.
Things win with generous and heroic images and vast and magnificent scenes; 2. Broad-minded style This is the most representative of Su Shi's thought and personality characteristics, expressing the poet's desire to retire, avoid troubled times and look forward to peace. 3. Graceful Style The number of graceful words of Su Shi accounts for an absolute proportion in the total number of words. These words are pure and profound in feelings and healthy and lofty in style, and they are also the inheritance and development of traditional graceful words.
Third, calligraphy.
Su Shi is also good at regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. He studied the portraits of Su Shi painted by Zhao Mengfu in Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties.
Famous artists, such as Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, formed their own families and created their own new ideas. The end of the pen is ups and downs, naive. Ziyun: "I can't have published a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and don't practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, his pen was refined, not as natural as his boss"; Another cloud said, "When I arrived in Huangzhou, my pen was very strong." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas storms. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge are outstanding everywhere, and his life has been ups and downs. His calligraphy style is rich and naive. You can imagine that he is a person by looking at his calligraphy. People and books respect each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews, You, Mai and Guo, as well as his friends and Zhao Lingzhi studied under him. Later, famous historical figures such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan and Zhang Zhidong also learned from him in the Qing Dynasty, which shows the great influence. Huang Tingjian said in Valley Collection: "Those who are good at books in this dynasty should take (Su) as the first."
Fourth, painting.
Su Shi draws ink and bamboo in his paintings, drawing lessons from the same style of writing (that is, writing is capable), which is more concise than writing and has the potential to dance. Mi Fei said that Sun Wei was a portrait of Dongpo in the Ming Dynasty.
He "made ink bamboo, from the ground to the top." I asked: Why not divide it into sections? Say: when bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? "Also good at making strange stones. Mi Fei also said: "As a dead branch, bending is unreasonable; The stone is hard, and it is strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in his chest. "I can see that his paintings are very strange and I want to send them far away. His theory of painting and calligraphy is outstanding and his painting theory has far-reaching influence. For example, we attach importance to the likeness of spirit, think that "paintings are similar in shape, and we can see our neighbors", advocate that there is affection outside paintings and sustenance in paintings, oppose similarity and procedural constraints, advocate that "poetry and painting are unified, ingenious and fresh", clearly put forward the concept of "literati painting", and highly value the artistic attainments of "painting in poetry and painting in poetry". It laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The existing books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry, Cliff Ode, Paper of Thanks to the Teacher, Several Essays in Memory of Huang, Thousand Cliff Odes and so on. The surviving paintings include "Ancient Wood and Strange Stones" and "Bamboo Stone Map"; The "Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Atlas" discovered in recent years is also his work. In Song Dynasty, Su Shi made great achievements in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy, painting and many other aspects. He is a rare literary genius in the history of China.