Wang Wei (71-761), a famous poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, was named You Cheng, a senior official, originally from Qi (now Qixian County, Shanxi Province), moved to Puzhou (now Yongji, Shanxi Province), believed in Buddhism, and lived in Wangchuan Villa in Lantian in his later years, a Han nationality. His achievements in poetry and painting are very high. Su Dongpo praised him for "a poem with a charming taste and pictures in it;" Watch the painting, there are poems in the painting. " Especially for his achievements in landscape poetry, he and Meng Haoran were collectively called "Wang Meng". In his later years, he had no intention of official career and devoted himself to serving the Buddha, so later generations called him "Shi Fo". He is the author of Wang Youcheng Collection, with 4 poems. Good at painting figures, bamboos and landscapes. There are two landscapes recorded by the Tang people: one is similar to the Li and his son, and the other is painted by the ink-breaking method, and his masterpiece Wangchuan Villa is the latter. Unfortunately, no original works have been handed down from generation to generation. The Snow Stream Map and the Fu Sheng Xiang in Jinan, which are passed down to him, are not original works. Obviously, Wang Wei has made higher achievements in the category of Tang poetry. He is the representative of the pastoral school in Tang Dynasty. Kaiyuan was the first scholar (that is, the champion). He served as an official such as Da Lecheng and You Shigler. When An Lushan rebelled, he was forced to assume a pseudo-post. After that, he was recovered by the two capitals and demoted to Prince Zhongyun. After being tired, he moved to give things, and eventually he was the right minister.
[ Edit this paragraph] Life introduction
Wang Wei was rich in literary talent when he was a teenager. In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (721), he was the first scholar, who was Da Lecheng. For some reason, I joined the army in Jeju. After returning to Chang' an. In the twenty-second year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling was appointed as the secretariat, and Wang Wei was relegated to the right. At that time, he wrote a poem "Dedicating the Beginning to Prosper the Public", praising Zhang Jiuling's political opinions against planting party members for personal gain and abusing the knighthood, which reflected his mood of demanding something at that time. In the twenty-fourth year (736), Zhang Jiuling went on strike, and the following year, Jingzhou was demoted as a long history, and Li Linfu was appointed as the secretariat, which was a turning point in Xuanzong's politics from clearer to darker. Wang Wei was very depressed about Zhang Jiuling's demotion, but he didn't quit the officialdom. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, he was appointed to visit Cui Xiyi, the deputy ambassador of Hexi Festival. Later, he learned from the history of the temple that Wang Wei's official position was gradually promoted. Before the Anshi Rebellion, the official gave the matter a hand. On the one hand, he was tired and worried about the officialdom at that time, but on the other hand, he was attached to the stack and could not leave decisively. So do as the Romans do, and live a semi-official and semi-secluded life for a long time.
He used to believe in Buddhism. At this time, with his increasingly negative thoughts, his Buddhist beliefs are also developing day by day. When he was young, he once lived in a mountain forest. After middle age, he once lived in Zhongnanshan. Later, he got another job in Wangchuan, Lantian, Song Zhiwen. So he traveled among them with his good friend Pei Di, and enjoyed writing poems. In the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756), the Anshi Rebels fell into Chang 'an, Xuanzong entered Shu, and Wang Wei was captured by the rebels. Pretending to be ill after taking medicine, he was still sent to Luoyang as a fake official. After the recovery of the two capitals, those who suffered from false jobs were convicted in different grades. He was praised by Su Zong for his poem "Ning Bi Chi" which missed the Tang Dynasty, and his brother Wang Jin had a high official position, so he was only demoted to Prince Zhongyun, and later moved to give things, and finally he was a senior official.
The school of pastoral poetry is one of the two schools of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. This school of poetry is the successor of Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun and Xie Yao. The poets of this school are famous for their good description of pastoral scenery, and their artistic style is also close. By depicting quiet scenery, they can reflect their quiet mood or secluded thoughts, so they are called "the school of pastoral poetry". Among them, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran have the highest achievements and the greatest influence, and they have also become "Wang Meng".
[ Edit this paragraph] The biography of the old Tang Dynasty
Wang Wei's words are fascinating, and he is from Qi, Taiyuan. My father was honest, and eventually he was in Sima, Fenzhou, and moved to Pu, so he became a native of Hedong. Wei Kaiyuan became a scholar in the ninth year. Mother Cui Shi heard it with filial piety. With my younger brother, I am handsome, knowledgeable and versatile, and I am equally famous. Calendar right to pick up the remains, supervise the suggestion, left to fill the gaps, and treasury doctor. When the mother dies, the wood destroys the bones, and it is almost impossible to lose. Take the clothes and worship the official department card shark. At the end of Tianbao, for the sake of giving things.
Lushan was trapped in two capitals, and Xuanzong was lucky, but Wei's retinue was not as good as it was. For the thief. Taking Uygur medicine to treat dysentery is falsely called dysentery. Lushan pitied him, sent people to meet Luoyang, detained him at Pushi Temple, and forced him to fake it. Lushan feasted his disciples in Ningbi Palace, and all his workers were disciples of Liyuan and workers of Jiaofang. On the sad side of Wei Wen's speech, it was a poem saying, "When will all families be sad and have wild smoke?" Autumn leaves fall into the palace, and the orchestral strings are played in the pool. " Thief ping, trapped in thief officer third-class conviction. Wei Yi {Ning Bi Shi} heard about it, and Su Zong Jiazhi asked him to cut off his assistant minister in the Ministry of Punishment to redeem his brother, especially to give it to the prince Zhong Yun. In the dry yuan dynasty, he moved to the son of the prince and the son of the middle school, and returned to the middle school, and turned to the minister.
Wei is famous for his poems in Kaiyuan and Tianbao, and he travels in Kunzhong, both official capitals. All kings welcome him at the door of your position, and Ning Wang and Xue Wang treat him like teachers and friends. Wei Youchang's five-character poem. Calligraphy and painting are particularly wonderful, and the strokes are thoughtful and involved in nature. However, the creativity is lacking, such as the mountain level is far away, the Yunfeng stone color is extinct, and it is beyond the reach of the painter. I don't know the name of "Playing Music Map", and Wei Shi said, "The third stack of" Nishang "was also the first shot." Good people gather musicians to press them, and they are perfect, and they are convinced of their thoughts.
Brother Wei worships Buddhism, always eats vegetables, does not eat meat and blood, and grows fast in his later years, and does not wear clothes and colors. I got Lantian Villa in Song Zhiwen, at the rim of the rim, surrounded by water. Don't go up to Zhuzhou Flower Dock, communicate with Taoist friend Pei Di Upright, play the piano and compose poems, and chant all day long. Taste his pastoral poems,no. "Wangchuan Collection". In the capital, more than a dozen monks have a meal every day, and they take pleasure in mysterious talks. There is nothing in the lent, only tea pans, medicine mortars, classics and rope beds. After retiring from the DPRK, he burned incense and sat alone, taking meditation as his business. When a wife dies, she will never marry again, and she will live alone in one room for 3 years. He died in July of the second year of Ganyuan. At the end of his life, he was stuck in the wind, suddenly asked for a pen to write a farewell book, and wrote several farewell books with his life relatives. Many friends gave up their pens in order to cultivate their hearts.
In the generation of patriarchs, I was the prime minister, and I was a good writer for patriarchs. I often said, "I am a scholar of Qing Dynasty, and my poems in Tianbao are the best in the generation. I have tasted his movements in the thrones. How many anthologies are there today? You can come in. " He said, "My brother Kaiyuan wrote more than a thousand poems. After Tianbao, not one of the ten poems was saved. Compared with Chinese and foreign relatives and friends, there are more than 4 articles. " On the next day, I was rewarded by the emperor.
[ Edit this paragraph] Attainment of Poems
There are less than 4 poems by Wang Wei. Among them, the most representative of his creative characteristics are poems depicting natural scenery such as landscapes and pastoral areas and singing seclusion. Wang Wei's high achievement in depicting natural scenery made him unique in the poetry circle in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and became a representative of the pastoral poetry school. He inherited and developed the tradition of writing landscape poems initiated by Xie Lingyun, and also absorbed the freshness and naturalness of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, which made the achievements of landscape pastoral poems reach a peak, thus occupying an important position in the history of China's poetry. Together with Meng Haoran, he is a representative figure of the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. Wang Jin compiled more than 4 Wang Wei's poems in the biography of Wang Wei in the Old Tang Dynasty. In addition, Wang Jin's "Into Wang Youcheng Collection Table" has compiled 1 volumes of Wang Wei's poems and articles. Shugu Hall originally contained 1 volumes of Wang Youcheng's Collected Works written by Masha in the Southern Song Dynasty, which was later returned to Lu Xinyuan-Songlou. Beijing Library has 1 volumes of Wang Moshu's Collected Works, which were printed and published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1982. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were six volumes of Wang Youcheng Collection (poetry anthology) commented by Liu Xuxi, and the Four Series was photocopied, including works by Qian Fuqi, Lu Xiang and Cui Xingzong. In the Ming Dynasty, there were 1 volumes of Poems of Wang Youcheng, the Tang Dynasty, with 4 volumes of anthology, which is the earliest extant annotation of Wang Wei's poems. Zhao Diancheng's Annotations on Wang Youcheng Collection in Qing Dynasty is a good annotation so far. In addition to explaining all the poems, comments are attached to explain the author's suspicious poems, and there are occasional textual research; I also collected information about Wang Wei's life and comments on poems and paintings as an appendix. In 1961, the Shanghai Editorial Institute of Zhonghua Book Company revised Zhao's notes, printed them and published them. In addition, Zheng Zhenduo used the four-part series as the base, collated it with Zhao Diancheng's annotation and other four versions, and included it in the World Library. See the new and old biographies of Tang Shu for deeds. Both Gu Qijing's annotation and Zhao Diancheng's annotation are accompanied by Wang Wei's chronicle written by the annotator. Today, Chen Yi □ has a paper on Wang Wei's life and deeds, followed by a brief chronology of Wang Wei (on Tang Poetry).
[ Edit this paragraph] Contents of poetry anthology and famous works
Most of Wang Wei's landscape and pastoral works depict natural beauty while revealing the interest of leisure and leisure in a leisurely life. Wang Wei's landscape poems, usually in the form of five laws and five verses, are short in length, exquisite in language and soothing in syllables, which are especially suitable for expressing the quiet landscape and the poet's comfortable mood. After middle age, Wang Wei became increasingly depressed, seeking sustenance in Buddhism and landscapes. He claimed that "I am happy when I realize silence, and I have more leisure in this life" ("Meal Fu Busan Monk"). This kind of mood is fully reflected in his poetry creation. In the past, many people admired Wang Wei's poems, on the one hand, because of their high artistic skills, on the other hand, because of their leisure and negative thoughts. In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Yinglin called Wang Wei's five unique poems "but entered Zen", and also said two poems, Bird's Singing Stream and Xinyiwu, "I forgot my life experience when I read them, and all my thoughts were silent" (Poems), which is a clear proof. The legend of the snow scene is Wang Wei's works with other themes, such as farewell and trip, and there are often beautiful sentences about the scenery, such as "led along by distant trees, to a sunset shining on a far-away town" ("to Qiwu Qian Bound Home After Failing in an Examination"), "Half rain in the mountains, from each summit come hundreds of silken cascades" ("a message to commissioner li at zizhou"), "The rivers and lakes are white at sunset, and the tide is coming to the sky and the earth" ("Seeing Xing Guizhou off") and "Lonely smoke in the desert.
Taking the military and frontier life as the themes, Joining the Army, Traveling West in Gansu, Yan Branch, Hunting, Making the Frontier Fortress and Making a Frontier Fortress are all magnificent works. "Long Tou Yin" and "Old Generals' Travel" express the sadness that the generals are not rewarded for their meritorious service, reflecting one aspect of the internal contradictions of the feudal ruling class. Yimen Song sings the chivalrous spirit of historical figures. The four poems in A Boys' Journey show the boldness and boldness of chivalry, with vivid images and smooth brushwork. These works are generally believed to have been written by Wang Wei in his early days. There are also some poems, such as Ode to Four Sages in Ji Shang, Allegory and Ode to Unfortunate Encounter, which were written when the official was demoted to Jeju, and the fifth of the six accidental works, Zhao Nv Played an Elegance, which expressed indignation at the unreasonable phenomenon that the rich and noble dominated the official career and the talented people were frustrated, reflecting some dark sides of feudal politics in Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods. "a song of a girl from loyang" and "Xi Shi Yong", on the other hand, express their feelings and satire on the powerful by means of comparison. There are "Lady Xi" and "Ban Jieyu" which describe women's sufferings. They are sad and have certain social significance. Some lyric poems that give gifts to relatives and friends and describe daily life, such as Farewell to friend, I have watched you down the mountain, Sending Li to Lingaotai to Pick Up the Legacy, Sending Two Envoys to Anxi, Sending Shen Zifu to Jiangdong, on the mountain holiday thinking of my brothers in shandong, Acacia, Miscellaneous Poems and you who have come from my old country, have been told to the population for thousands of years. "Send Yuan Er Shi An Xi" and "Acacia" were broadcast as music at that time and were widely sung. These poems are all five-character or seven-character quatrains, with sincere feelings, clear and natural language, and simple and profound beauty, which can be compared with the quatrains of Li Bai and Wang Changling, representing the highest achievement of the quatrains in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
[ Edit this paragraph] Poetry Style
Wang Wei's creative talents are manifold. His five laws and five or seven words are the highest attainments, and he is also good at other subjects, which is quite prominent in the whole Tang Dynasty poetry circle. His seven laws are either vigorous and gorgeous, or clear and clear beautiful and elegant, which was learned by the seven sons of Ming Dynasty. The Seven Ancient Poems "Peach Blossoms", "Old Generals" and "Answering My Brother with Cui Fu" are among the best among the Seven Ancient Poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, with the form of put in order and wandering momentum. Prose also has excellent works. "The Book of the Mountain and Pei Xiucai's Dish" is beautiful and meaningful, full of poetry and painting, which is similar to the style of its landscape poems.
What is most lacking in Wang Wei's concentrated works are those poems that should be made to praise and praise, the poems that flatter and sing, and the works that directly preach Buddhism. Their content is not enough, and their language is full of cliches or boring. However, there are also a few famous sayings, such as "the foliage of spring shelters multitudes from rain is in the double wind in the Imperial City of Yunli" ("looking down in a spring-rain on the course from fairy-mountain palace to the pavilion of increase harmonizing the emperor's poem"), which is also praised for its high weather and meticulous physical objects. The illustrations of Wang Weishi's "A Journey to Youth" are selected from Yazhai Block Edition of Wanli Collection of Ming Dynasty "Seven Words of Tang Poetry".
[ Edit this paragraph] Evaluation of Paintings
Su Shi once said: "Poems that are fascinating have pictures in them; Watch the painting, there are poems in the painting. " (Dongpo's Inscription, Calligraphy, Misty and Rain in Lantian) Wang Wei not only has outstanding literary talent, but also is an excellent painter and good at music. His profound artistic accomplishment, love for nature and long-term experience of living in the mountains and forests make him have a keen, unique and nuanced feeling of natural beauty. Therefore, the landscape scenery in his works is particularly full of charm, and it is often slightly exaggerated, which shows a profound and long-lasting artistic conception and is intriguing. His poems are very picturesque, with bright and beautiful colors, and the combination of dynamic and static scenery, especially good at expressing the changes of light color and sound in nature in detail. For example, rapids hum over heaped rocks, but where light grows dim in the thick pines (Qingxi), a rillet sings over winding rocks, the sun is tempered by green pines (Crossing xiangji temple), Birding Stream, Luchai, Mulan Chai, etc., all of which have subtle works. The illustrations of Wang Wei's poem on the mountain holiday thinking of my brothers in shandong are selected from the Qing Dynasty Guangxu block-printed Paintings by Famous Artists.
[ Edit this paragraph] Evaluation of later generations
There is a saying that "Li Bai is a genius, Du Fu is a local talent, and Wang Wei is a talent". Wang Wei is not only recognized as Shi Fo, but also the master of literati painting in Nanshan (Qian Zhongshu called him "the number one painter in the prosperous Tang Dynasty"), and he is proficient in temperament. Is a rare all-rounder
Wang Weishi was famous both before and after his death. History says that it is "famous in Kaiyuan and Tianbao, and the noble heroes are vain to meet them, and the kings of Ning and Xue treat them as teachers and friends" (the book of the New Tang Dynasty). Tang Daizong once praised it as "the literate sect in the world" ("Answering Wang Jin's imperial edict to Wang Wei's Collection"). Du Fu also called him "the most beautiful sentence with a full atlas" (Eight of Twelve Poems in Jieboredom). Yin Kun said: "Uygur poetry is elegant and elegant, with new ideas and ideas. It is a pearl in the spring and a painting on the wall. Every word is out of the ordinary." At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Si Kongtu praised it as "interesting and clear, if clear and penetrating" ("Comment on Poetry with Wang Jia"). In the past, people once praised Wang Wei as "Shi Fo" and compared him with Du Fu, a poet sage, and Li Bai, a poet immortal. In terms of ideological content, Wang Wei's poems are far from being compared with Li and Du Fu. In terms of art, Wang Wei did have his unique achievements and contributions. The poems of Liu Changqing in Tang Dynasty, ten gifted scholars in Dali period, Yao He, Jia Dao and others were all influenced by Wang Wei to varying degrees. Until the Qing Dynasty, Wang Shi-marked the charm, in fact, his poems were also regarded as the worship. However, this school of poetry is often sentimental and lacks social content.