Who will help me write a composition about evaluating Sima Qian?

Looking at Sima Qian and Historical Records, who doesn't know the teachers and students who have come into contact with middle school Chinese textbooks? Traditional Chinese textbooks often have the classic title of Historical Records, and the reading of classical Chinese in college entrance examination is often based on Historical Records. However, for most teachers and students, to truly understand Sima Qian and study Historical Records in an all-round way, I am afraid that the selection of textbooks should start with Taishi Gongxu. Because Taishi Gongxu is the program of the whole book Historical Records, it is also the general program of this elective textbook, and it is the beginning for us to know Sima Qian and understand Historical Records as a whole. However, Sima Qian did not put the preface at the beginning, but at the end of Biography of Seventy. Why? Jin Shengtan, a Qing Dynasty man, said, "This article is a biography of himself, starting from historical records and ending in Taishigong." . Jin Shengtan's words opened the door for us to interpret Taishi Gongxu. As a preface, this paper expounds the background and purpose of the emergence of Historical Records, explains the process of the emergence of Historical Records, introduces the main contents of Historical Records, and evaluates Historical Records. The creation background of Historical Records has two aspects: First, Sima Qian's experience of reciting ancient prose in his youth and his intense travel in his youth laid the foundation for his creation; Second, the father's entrustment before his death, the call of the times of political stability and economic prosperity, and the opportunity and responsibility after the Taishi order. Through the dialogue with Hu Sui, Sima Qian expounded the purpose of creating Historical Records: to follow the example of Confucius, to write the Spring and Autumn Annals, to "demote the emperor, retire the princes and seek doctors", to "set an example for the world" and to express his "one-family view" in the form of history. In the early stage of the creation of Historical Records, when explaining the creation background, I explained this way: I accepted my father's dying entrustment and started after Taishi's order. 6? "synopsis of the golden chamber historical records" 9, that is, compiling data. The real creation is the humiliation of writing history books after Li Ling's robbery, which is also described affectionately in Sima Qian's "Letter to Ren An" (see required by Soviet Education Edition). The content of Historical Records, that is, its scale and style, is stipulated in the last two paragraphs of the preface. When Sima Qian explained the purpose of creating Historical Records, he said in a confident tone that he would "show the Ming Dynasty" and "imitate the Spring and Autumn Annals" in the form of Historical Records, and at the same time spoke highly of the book, which was actually a self-evaluation of Historical Records and reminded the world of its role. It can be said that after reading the preface, you will basically understand the book Historical Records. In fact, Sima Qian wrote Preface according to the style of Biography. Reading Preface from the perspective of Biography, we can fully understand and understand Sima Qian. What kind of person is Sima Qian? This is the main content of the biography. If you read the article, you can clearly understand Sima Qian. First of all, Sima Qian was born in a historian's family. Although their ancestors had military and economic officials, most of them were historians. It can be seen that compiling history is the ancestor of Sima Qian, and it is naturally an unshirkable responsibility to create historical records. Secondly, Sima Qian worked in his hometown as a teenager. At the age of ten, he began to study China's ancient classics. At the age of twenty, I began to roam, looking for cultural relics and collecting historical materials. This experience laid the foundation for his creation, broadened his horizons and cultivated his view of history. From Langzhong to Taishiling, he gained historical opportunities and responsibilities and prepared for the creation of historical records. Sima Qian's greatest achievement in his life was the creation of Historical Records. Sima Qian's spiritual quality has also been fully reflected in his humiliation book: bear the burden of humiliation, write angrily, and realize the ideal of one family's words; Dare to explore and innovate, and create a biographical general history style; As a historian, he has a strong sense of responsibility and mission-promoting good and restraining evil, which shows his unusual life values. The main purpose of Sima Qian's biographies is to praise those who "help the righteous, don't waste their time and make contributions to the world". "Preface to Taishi Gong embodies this theme, and Sima Qian is such an extraordinary person. The preface of Taishigong is long and rich in content. Read this article, what to read? How to read? This is the problem of reading goal orientation and learning methods. Reading goal orientation should be determined according to the teaching materials and students' reality. Historical Records is written in classical Chinese, and learning and accumulating knowledge of classical Chinese should be the basic goal. The preface to Taishi has been translated, and the focus of classical Chinese knowledge learning is to read important paragraphs, sort out and master commonly used notional words, especially loanwords, ancient and modern synonyms, flexible words and classical Chinese sentence patterns, and truly understand their meaning and usage. Historical Records is a literary work, and its important goal is to understand the characteristics of characters and narratives, and to analyze and appreciate the means of expression. Preface to Taishi Gong is Sima Qian's autobiography, with many wonderful descriptions. An important goal of reading is to appreciate the important paragraphs describing people and things, such as the scene entrusted by Sima Tan before his death, the dialogue between Sima Qian and Hu You, self-narration, humiliation and remorse and passion. Historical records are also historical works, and understanding cultural knowledge and historical knowledge is also a goal that cannot be ignored. Preface to Taishi Gong is a preface, which involves the style and tradition of historical records and some cultural knowledge. You should master this article. Historical Records is an elective course. According to the text and the knowledge learned, doing some inquiry should also be the reading goal. The study of Taishi Gongxu should be discussed from the reasons why Sima Qian wrote Shiji, the tradition of Shiji, Sima Qian's personality and style. It is difficult and conditional for students to learn Taishi Gongxu on the basis of compulsory textbooks. The difficulty lies in: students learn less classical Chinese in the compulsory part and have insufficient knowledge of classical Chinese. Although a translation has been provided, there are still many obstacles to truly understand Taishi Gongxu. The requirements are as follows: Obligation 5. I have studied Baoren An Shu and have a certain understanding of Sima Qian's Historical Records. Therefore, the method of reading Taishi Gongxu should be considered around the "three essays" (classical Chinese, literature and culture), combining intensive and brief lectures, combining understanding and inquiry, attaching importance to reading, advocating promoting reading with practice and guiding lectures with practice. First of all, we can design and write an exercise from the perspective of summarizing the knowledge of classical Chinese words, including understanding important real words, commonly used function words and important classical Chinese sentence patterns, until students read the text against the translation and complete the study of word knowledge. Secondly, on the basis of preview, it is introduced by Bao Ren An Shu (recalling Sima Qian's morality and personality in his letter, or reciting the fifth paragraph's determination to write history with humiliation, and introducing the preface), grasping the characteristics of "biography" and "preface", finding out relevant paragraphs and sentences, and understanding and analyzing them in different ways. Third, read the fifth paragraph of the autobiography intensively. First understand the three meanings of Sima Tan's dying entrustment from the above: writing history is the ancestral business, and completing this mission is "filial piety"; Following the example of Duke Zhou and Confucius, writing history and promoting rites and music is the king. Entrusted Sima Qian to remember his wishes and wills. Reading this passage repeatedly, I realized the dignified and touching scene of holding hands and crying when I was entrusted at the end of my life. Then I understood the profound meaning of entrustment: handing over the heavy responsibility of historical facts to Sima Qian is not only a manifestation of filial piety, but also a call of the times. Finally, it embodies Sima Qian's inner tears and solemn commitment. Fourthly, read and explore the three paragraphs of the dialogue between Sima Qian and Hu Ai. First of all, read the article aloud and find a sentence that expresses Sima Qian's evaluation of Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals. After reading it aloud, I realized that Sima Qian wanted to be Confucius, the third person's self-confidence, and spoke highly of the affection of Spring and Autumn Annals. Finally, it discusses the true meaning of Sima Qian's high evaluation of Chunqiu: it implies the purpose of creating Historical Records; Self-evaluation of Historical Records; Remind the world of the role of history books. Fifth, design some questions and skim the rest of the paragraphs. There are two ways to explore the text: one is to involve some exploratory questions according to the content of the text, or to guide students to choose their favorite angle or content for extended research. Explore the reference question (1) The reason why Taishi Gongxu wrote Historical Records (2) Sima Qian's motivation to write history with humiliation (3) the relationship between Sima Tan's death and Sima Qian's turning point in life (4) Sima Qian was respected as a great historian and writer by later generations because of his creation of Historical Records, and became the originator of official history and a large number of articles. However, some experts pointed out: even if the title of historian and writer is crowned "great", it is not appropriate to praise Sima Qian; As the originator of authenticity, Historical Records has a large number of articles, but it fails to truly reflect the value and brilliance of Historical Records. How do you know this problem by studying Taishi Gongxu and Ren An's cover letter? 5. Talk about the contribution of three cultural giants-Duke Zhou, Confucius and Sima Qian to the development of the Chinese nation. Another way to explore the text is to read and understand the special research paragraphs of some research experts, and understand, analyze and synthesize the arguments in them. In this way, we can combine the reading of inquiry text with that of social science text. Here's an example: Read the following words and complete the following questions: The maturity of China's ancient biographical literature should begin with Sima Qian's Historical Records. Historical Records is the first great historical work centered on people in ancient China and the first great literary work centered on people in China. From a historical point of view, Historical Records initiated the "official history" of the dynasties with people as the center in ancient China for more than 2,000 years. From the literary point of view, Historical Records shows people a vivid portrait gallery with colorful artistic techniques for the first time. Historical Records can achieve such brilliant historical and literary achievements, on the one hand, because of Sima Qian's personal genius and special life experience, on the other hand, because of the excellent literary works produced in the pre-Qin period, which played a very important role in the formation of Sima Qian's historical view, literary view and aesthetic view and its specific artistic operation. Many chapters, such as Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin, National Policy, etc. It has reached a superb level in narrative writing methods, descriptive language and clever character wording. So the difference is that they are not centered on characters, but are still written for narrative purposes. There were also works with similar names and biographies in the pre-Qin period, such as Yanzi Chunqiu. Unfortunately, its purpose is not to write people, but like a compilation of anecdotes, without abridgement at all. Therefore, the founder of truly character-centered biographical literature can only be attributed to Sima Qian. The establishment of Historical Records as the first biographical literature is of world significance. In the past, Europeans called Plutarch in ancient Greece "Biography of the king of world". She wrote 50 biographies, which is the beginning of European biographical literature. By comparison, we can find that Sima Qian's Historical Records is nearly two centuries earlier than Plutarch's biography. From the Western Han Dynasty recorded in historical books to the feudal society that overthrew the Qing Dynasty for more than 2,000 years, China produced a large number of biographies and biographical literature. In the official history of past dynasties, Historical Records is the first one called "Biographical Literature" by later generations, followed by Hou, History of the Three Kingdoms and History of the New Five Dynasties. Other "official histories" are rarely mentioned in the history of China literature. Historical Records is a perfect combination of historicity and literariness, which is unprecedented in the history of historiography and literature. Ban Gu is an outstanding successor of Sima Qian and a reformer of ancient historical tradition. From Ban Gu, he consciously separated "history" from "literature". From today's perspective, Hanshu, as the character of "historiography", is undoubtedly more perfect, systematic and thorough; But from the literary point of view, Hanshu is undoubtedly a big step backwards. However, Hanshu, after all, inherited the old achievements of Shiji. Therefore, Hanshu, as an official history, is also one of the few outstanding writers in ancient Chinese literature.