Eulogizing ideals and expressing grief and indignation are the important contents of the romantic spirit in Li Bai's poems. Li Bai prides himself on being a talented person who is ignorant of the world. He prides himself on the achievement of "striving for wisdom, making the Atlas area big and the sea county clear", and has always pursued the ideal of saving the country, saving the people and stabilizing the country throughout his life. He compared himself with Dapeng, Tianma and Xiong Jian: "The wind rises in Dapeng every day and shakes Wan Li. If the wind stops, it can still lift away the raging water. " ("Upper Li Yong") "The moon rises from the sky ... God walks in a trance." ("Song of Tianma") "Claw swords are blazing at night, aiming at speed. I swear to kill whales and clarify Luoyang water. " I am eager to build a shocking achievement. He wants to imitate Xie An's "Laugh for a while because of prosperity" ("Book loves Cai She Ren Xiong"), hoping that, like Zhuge Liang, "fish and water blend together, flowing like clouds" ("Reading Biography of Zhuge Wuhou"), he can meet a wise master and gallop his talents, and then trace Lu Zhonglian's "Painting clothes successfully, Cangzhou shakes." (Zhiqing) But at that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty no longer made great efforts to govern the country. Li Bai had no way to serve his country, and his ideal was shattered. He strongly protested against social injustice: "I didn't abandon the world, but the world abandoned me." ("Send Cai" "Heaven never shuts one door but the earth never shuts one door." ("Difficult to Go" Part II); The ruler sharply exposed that "Zhu Yu bought songs and laughed, and dross raised talents" (Antique15); Angrily accused evil spirits of being in power: "A group of pearls are filthy and grassy and lonely" (Back to the 37th edition of Antique). The first part of Hard to Walk shows the contradiction between his ideal and reality:
There are gold wine 1000 bottles and jade dishes 10000 yuan. If you don't drink, you can't eat. I pull out my dagger and I peek around for nothing. I want to cross the Yellow River, but ice will block the ferry and Taihang Mountain will be covered with snow. I will sit on a fishing rod and lean lazily by the stream, but I suddenly dream of sailing a boat towards the sun. Travel is difficult. Travel is difficult. There are many roads. Which one should I follow? One day, I will ride the wind and waves, raise the Yun Fan and cross the sea.
Disappointment and self-confidence are intertwined in the poem, with both angry resistance and persistent pursuit. It is the lightning and thunder that came out after his lofty ideal collided with the dark reality, which has soul-stirring power.
Despising dignitaries as their agents and pursuing freedom are important features of the romantic spirit in Li Bai's poems. He thinks that with his own talent, he can "make equal friends with princes and flee far away to see their nests" (Preface to Sending Swallow Garden to Hidden Fairy City and Mountain), and he shows strong contempt for those powerful people who enjoy high positions and high salaries by virtue of their family background, showing his indomitable character: "Alas, how can I bow and scrape solemnly to those high-ranking people, and no one will suffer and be exposed to honesty?" He despised the feudal hierarchy: "Yu Yang is more important than the Lord, playing the waves and being red, but ignoring the virtuous" ("Yu Hu Yin"), "Jin Baiyu laughs when he buys songs, and is drunk and tired, but despises princes." (Recalling the past, sending Yuan Shao to join the army) He doesn't want to flatter, nor does he care about the ups and downs with the secular world: "I died in the grass at the beginning, and I don't want to be born in a golden cage" ("Set up a prostitute to ward off evil spirits, the main pheasant song") "The pine and cypress are lonely and straight, and the peaches and plums are hard to accommodate." (Antique 12) The darkness of reality disillusioned his ideal, and he was suffocated by the shackles of feudal ethics hierarchy. He longed for the freedom and liberation of his personality, so he adopted a wild and unruly attitude towards life to get rid of the shackles and strive for freedom. Its expression still raves: "I will drink, and the cup will not stop." Let me sing you a song! Please listen to me. What are bells and drums, delicacies and treasures? Let me get drunk forever and never be rational! "("will enter the wine "); Or learn the Tao to seek immortality: "The world is mourning every day, watering the wind to disperse the spring source. If you don't pick cassia twig, you will live in the root of evil wood. ..... Go back to Guangchengzi and go to the Infinite Gate. " (Antique No.25) He "drinks not because he likes it, but because he is drunk and makes himself rich ... A good fairy must respect it lightly and ask for what he can't ask for." (Fan's Tombstone of Hanlin Bachelor Li) However, wine can't solve the worries, and the immortal is more ethereal, so he "travels to famous mountains all his life" ("Lushan Ballad"), praising the beautiful nature as the ideal sustenance and the embodiment of freedom: "The Yellow River falls into the East China Sea, and Wan Li writes in his heart." (Fourteen Gifts to Pei) Emei, Huashan, Lushan, Taishan and Huangshan. In his works, there are magnificent clouds and streams: "Emei is higher than the western polar sky, and Luofu meets the south." ("Song of Zhao Shaofu's Fentu Mountain and Waters") "How majestic Xiyue is ... Hongbo jet shoots the East China Sea. ("Song of Xiyue Yuntai") "Lushan Mountain is beautiful next to Nandou, and the cloud is as long as nine screens." . "("Lushan Ballad ") That is a symbol of the poet's lofty aspirations; In the works, the rushing of the Yellow River and the surging of the Yangtze River swept away everything: "The Yellow River decided Kunlun from the west, and roared Wan Li to touch Longmen." (Wu Gong Crossing the River) "I climbed to the top of the mountain. I look around the world, and there is no return. "(Lushan Ballad) shows the poet's unruly character and strong desire to break the fetters.
Exposing reality and attacking current politics are Li Bai's angry struggle against society and an important embodiment of his rebellious spirit. Li Bai pointed his criticism at Xuanzong: "After Yin, the discipline of heaven and earth was in chaos, and Chu Huaiwang was unconscious. Sheep are full of nakano, fat is full of halls. Qu Ping fled to xiang yuan. " (Antique 5 1) He opposed Xuanzong's exultation and belligerence: "I am angry with my holy emperor, and I want to work hard. Yang loves to kill, and it kills Sao zhongtu. 360,000 people, crying like rain. If you are sad, go to work and feel at ease. " (Antique 14) It was revealed that it was not a person, which led to the sacrifice of the militia in vain: "Li is not here, and the people on the side feed the jackals." (ditto) because of Xuanzong's arrogance, the eunuch's power is very hot:
The cart flies dust, and the pavilion is black in the afternoon. China is more expensive than gold, and Lianyun has a room. He Huihe was dubbed cockfighting. When the snorts are dry, pedestrians are afraid. There is no such thing as washing your ears, just Yao and your feet. ("Antique" No.24)
Although it was not until the middle Tang Dynasty that eunuchs became a serious political problem, this curse was planted during the Tianbao period of Xuanzong, and Li Bai was the first person to expose and satirize it. In his later years, Xuanzong sought immortality by eating and abandoned government affairs. Taking Zhou Muwang, Qin Shihuang and Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty as examples, Li Bai used the ancient times to satirize the present and exhorted the present.
Through the analysis of the platform and the field observation in Youyan, Li Bai was sensitive as a poet, and he and Du Fu were the first poets to reveal the disaster at that time. For example, in Farewell, he warned that "if you lose your minister, you will be a fish, but the power will be yours." In "Antique" 53, it is used that "the traitor wants to steal the position, and the party is self-related. Sure enough, Tian Chengzi, once you kill Qi Jun, this historical fact is a metaphor for reality. When the "An Shi Rebellion" broke out, his patriotic enthusiasm was sublimated and he got rid of the contradiction of using Tibetan resources:
The fairy shines like a star on the lotus peak in Huashan Mountain. Holding a white hibiscus flower in both hands, curled up into a ball. Dressed in colorful clothes, elegant clouds floated high into the sky. Invited me to climb Yuntai, Gao Yiwei Yunqing. Anxiously follow them and take Hongyan to Zixuan. Inadvertently, the Luoyang Plain was full of soldiers in the Anshi Rebellion. Blood grass, jackal crown tassel. (Antique (19))
He angrily condemned the disaster caused by the war: "The running water in Tianjin is full of red blood, and the bones are messy." ("Fufeng Shi Haoge") "Bones make a hill, what is the crime of a man!" ("Book Huai Xian Jiang Taishou") expresses the ambition of serving the country and killing the enemy: "Only use Dongshan Xie Anshi as a joke." ("Wang Yong Dong Xunge" Part II) "The cloud is making a decision, and I swear to be silent." This makes his rebellious character and spirit have profound patriotic connotation and rich social significance and characteristics of the times.
Li Bai was arrogant and unyielding to princes and nobles, exposed and criticized their arrogance and extravagance, and expressed deep concern and sympathy for the tragic situation of working people. "Wu Niuchuan month, tugboat a why bother. Turbid water can't be drunk, and the pot pulp is half turned into soil. When I sang "The Song of the Tiger Alone", my heart was filled with tears. " ("Ding Du Hugh") "Tianjia is bitter in autumn, and the neighborhood is cold at night." ("Love is in the ditch under the rime mountain") He expressed their working life in poetry: "The fire shines on heaven and earth, and red stars are everywhere. On a moonlit night, songs are moving in Hanchuan "(Autumn Songs 14). Praise them for their deep understanding of the great righteousness and their courage to go to the national disaster: "I will die if I cherish the war, so as to sweep away the fierce for you?" Jingcheng stone has no feathers, which is difficult. "("Yu ") After experiencing the indifference of officialdom, he was deeply moved by the sincerity and simplicity shown by the working people:" Falling mother is ashamed, and three thanks can't be eaten. "("Love is at Xunshu's Home under Wusong Mountain ") Li Bai is very concerned about and sympathizes with the fate of women. In his poems, he successfully created many female images with different identities and personalities, including maids, weavers, lotus pickers, pawnbrokers, businessmen, homesick women, dissatisfied women, crown women and village girls. Poets describe their naivety like this: "When you, my love, rode a bamboo horse, trotted around in circles and threw your childhood, we lived in a long lane nearby, and we were both young and happy. "Long March") praised their innocence: "And the autumn wind blows my heart and goes to Yutong forever." (Midnight Wu Ge No.3) Praise their bravery: "In order to avenge your husband, you will sacrifice your own life. "("There are brave women in the East China Sea ") sympathizes with their experience:" I can't bear to say that I am bitter, and I will help you. Heartbroken at night. "(typhoid fever song) exposes and condemns the rulers' behavior of playing with and destroying them:" In the past, hibiscus flowers have become rootless grass. How long can it take to convince people with color? "Li Bai and Ren are sincere to my friends. His poems, such as Du Fu at the Dune Gate, Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou, Wang Lun, and Wang Changling's Left Move, are touching.
Li Bai's thoughts are extremely complicated and his emotions fluctuate. His poems are also full of contradictions. He has a lofty side and a vulgar and humble side (of course, this is not the main aspect): "Shame on face and dare to admit mistakes" (History Book of Li Chang, Shang 'an County). "Fortunately, accompany luan chariot out of hongdu, riding a pony flying days. The princes borrowed color, and the gold list was brought together. " His ideals and freedom can only be found in the mountains, fairyland and drunken hometown, so his poems such as Into the Wine, Songs on the River and Songs of Xiangyang reveal such negative and decadent thoughts as dreaming, eating, drinking, and escaping from reality, and are also representatives of upright and arrogant literati in feudal society.
Artistic achievements of Li Bai's poems
Li Bai's poems and songs not only have typical romantic spirit, but also have typical romantic artistic characteristics from the aspects of image shaping, material intake, genre selection and the application of various artistic techniques.
Li Bai successfully shaped himself in his poems, expressed himself strongly, and highlighted the unique personality of the lyric hero, so his poems have distinct romantic characteristics. He likes to express himself with gorgeous images. The soaring Shu Road, the roaring Yellow River, the vast Tianshan Mountains with a sea of clouds, the great achievements of the world, the great Peng who fought the storm, the quiet singing in the box, the Shandong merchants who fished for 80 years, and the poets who once proclaimed themselves emperor all entrusted his ambitions. In his poems, he expresses his feelings freely and openly, showing his joys and sorrows. When he was proud, he "went out with a smile" and sang "Are we Artemisia selengensis people" ("Nanling children don't go to Beijing"). When frustrated, he drew his sword out of its sheath to protest "the sky is crisp, no way back". For power, he "holds a chrysanthemum and stirs two thousand stones" (one of the two songs "Send Cui Shiyu after Drunk"); Seeing the hard work of the working people, he was "heartbroken like rain". When the country was destroyed and the people perished, he vowed to cross the river to clear the Central Plains. Draw a sword and hit the front column, and the sad song is hard to recover "("South Ben Shu Huai "), so impassioned; When drinking heartily with friends, "two people fall in love, one cup after another." I'm drunk and want to sleep. The Ming Dynasty intends to hold the piano ("Mountain Lovers"), which is so naive and straightforward. In a word, his poems vividly show his unruly character and image.
"Xing Hao put pen to paper, shook the five mountains, and became a proud poem in Cangzhou." The romantic style of Li Bai's poems is characterized by boldness and elegance. In addition to the factors of ideological character and talent, the artistic expression and genre structure used in Li Bai's poems are also important reasons for his bold and elegant style. Being good at relying on imagination and subjectively reproducing objectivity are the important characteristics of romantic artistic techniques in Li Bai's poems. His imagination is extremely rich, almost every article has imagination, and some even use a variety of imagination throughout. Realistic things, natural landscapes, myths and legends, historical allusions and dreamland have all become the media of his imagination. For example, Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream depicts a fairyland in a dream: "Today, the moon shines on the gold and silver platform", the immortal "wears colorful clothes and walks in the wind" and "takes the tiger as the piano and the phoenix as the dance", which is in sharp contrast with the darkness and ugliness of reality. His imagination is strange and novel: "Speak the heavens and the earth, think of ghosts and gods, be fascinated by reading, and measure the four senses" (Inscription by Liu Zaoqiang by Pi Rixiu). He often transcends time and space with imagination, interweaves reality with dreams and fairyland, and reproduces objective reality with the help of nature and human society. The images in his works are not the direct reflection of objective reality, but the externalization of his inner subjective world, which is the truth of art.
One of the artistic techniques of romanticism in Li Bai's poems is to skillfully combine personification with metaphor. Empathy for things, comparing things with people, such as "Wen Daochun never met, walking beside Han Mei to interview." ("Send the monarch to Hanyang in early spring") "Spring breeze does not know the bitterness, and the willows do not stay green." (Grandma Pavilion) Use water to express feelings, such as "Oh, ask this river that flows eastward, whether it can go further than the love of friends! ? "(Parting in a Restaurant in Nanjing)" Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lunqing. " Such personification and metaphor concretize and visualize abstract feelings and turn them into things that can be seen, touched and heard. Another romantic artistic technique in Li Bai's poems is to grasp a certain feature of things and boldly exaggerate on the basis of real life, such as "white hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is like a beard." (Qiupu Song (15) "Flying straight down to thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has set for nine days" ("Looking at Lushan Waterfall"), "Drunk lying on an empty mountain, heaven and earth are just pillows." ("Friends will be waiting") "Raise your hand and understand, and board the Weaver Machine by mistake." (6) His exaggeration is not only strange in imagination, but also always combined with concrete things, so it is natural not to show traces; So bold, true and credible, it has played a role in highlighting the image and strengthening feelings. Sometimes he also combines bold exaggeration with sharp contrast, such as "three cups of promises, five mountains are light." ("Chivalry") "Poetry is not as good as a glass of water in the north window." (Answer the King on Twelve Cold Nights) Enhance the artistic effect by increasing artistic contrast.
Li Bai "disdains to be bound by the duality of metrical rules and to compete with sculptors." (Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" Volume 1) Therefore, there are only more than 70 five laws in the poetry collection, and only 10 in the seven laws. His best genre is seven-character poems and quatrains. Seven-character songs are long in length, large in capacity and free in form, which are suitable for expressing the poet's contradictory and complicated thoughts and expressing the poet's unrestrained talent, while Li Bai's seven-character songs adopt a structure of wide opening and wide closing and jumping. The beginning of a poem is often abrupt, such as a sudden surge, such as "Difficult Road to Shu": "Hey, it's so dangerous!" Such a trip is more difficult than climbing the blue sky. "However, the sudden change of images in poems often omits the transitional care, which seems to have no trace to follow. For example, a passage in" Climbing in the Dream of Tianmu Mountain "is extremely bizarre and trance-it seems that the end of the poem comes to an abrupt end at the emotional climax, such as" Song of Liangyuan ":"The East Mountain is high, and it is not too late to get up. I dream of climbing Mount Tianmu. Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking people who will never be seen with an honest face? Li Bai's seven-character poems can best represent the bold and elegant style of his poems. "White poem is a genius, but as for the seven-character poem, it often struggles. "If there is no wind in the river, the waves are rough, the white clouds are empty, and the wind is disillusioned. It can be said that it is strange and wonderful. " (Poetry in Tang and Song Dynasties, Volume 6)
Li Bai's five or seven-character quatrains are the last words of the Tang Dynasty. It more embodies the fresh and lively style of his poems. For example, early production of Baidicheng, Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou, Looking at Tianmen Mountain, Jade Family, Quiet Night Thinking and so on. The beauty lies in "only looking at the prospect and saying words, but there are overtones and foreign flavors, which make people stay away from it." (On)
The language of Li Bai's poems is as fresh as spoken language, such as "Looking up, I found it was moonlight, and then sinking, and I suddenly thought of home." ("Silent Night Thinking") "Once, my intestines were broken. Remember the March 3rd column." (Look at the Rhododendrons in Xuancheng) Some of them are bold, informal and close to prose, such as "I have to abandon Bolt and me since yesterday! It hurts my heart even more today! " ("Song of Accompanying to the Building") but all of them are unified in "Clear water gives hibiscus, natural carving" ("Giving Jiang Taishou"). This is related to his conscious pursuit of natural beauty. He inherited Chen Ziang's literary thought and took it as his duty to restore the tradition of poetry and Sao. He once said, "since Liang Chen, Yan Bosi is extremely thin, and Shen Xiuwen still pays attention to temperament and will go back to the ancients." Who is it, not me? " (Bai Meng's "Gao Yi") He advocated "halal" and satirized "it's naive to carve insects" (Gu Feng, No.35), and he was a toddler in Handan. The natural beauty of his poetic language is the result of his careful study of folk songs and his understanding of popular characteristics such as "human nature is good, farming is evil" and "Hengjiang Ci".
Li Bai's Prose and Ci
Li Bai's prose is not as successful as poetry, but it is also considerable. Fu Dapeng, his masterpiece of Fu, was all the rage, but there were traces of imitating Zhuangzi and Han Fu. Not as good as his lyric poems, such as Jiange Fu and Sad Autumn Fu, can make a difference in ancient and modern Tao Zhu.
Li Bai's prose is a poet's prose, which is "written in words and scattered in the mist" ("Preface to seeing my brother off and asking about Huainan's trip"), such as "Preface to the Spring Banquet in Peach Blossom Garden". Influenced by Zhuangzi and other writers, Li Bai's prose has the characteristics of "pure and unrestrained" (the history of Shang 'an and Peichang), such as Jingzhou with Han Shu;
Fortunately, I am willing to open my heart and face it, and I will not refuse it for a long time. If there is a high banquet, then discuss it in a quiet way. Please try every word every day and rely on Kyle to wait on you. Today, you are the master of the article and the balance of characters. Once you taste the title, you will be a good scholar. Why cherish the land in front of the steps, so as not to make Bai proud and affectionate?
It is in the process of asking for recommendations that we can talk, and we are very proud.
Among Li Bai's poems handed down from ancient times, three were written by imperial edicts, while Bodhisattva Man and Qin Yi 'e were praised as "ancestors of hundreds of pronouns" by the Song Dynasty (Selected Poems of Hua 'an 1), but their authenticity has been disputed for thousands of years. Source: Beijing sizhong. com