18 19, when krylov was 50 years old, he decided to study ancient Greek in order to read the original poems of the fables of ancient Greek poets Homer and Aesop. His friend advised him: "It is very difficult to learn a foreign language when you are 50 years old." He said: "As long as you have determination and perseverance, it is never too late to learn." From then on, he had to wear glasses. Two years later, he mastered ancient Greek skillfully and read the original text of Aesop's Fables fluently, which amazed his friend and ancient Greek expert Gnjidic.
Krylov's fables are all about birds, insects, fish, animals, mountains and rivers, flowers and plants, but they all show realistic contents, so they are very attractive to readers. Another feature of krylov's fables is that the language is simple, humorous, witty and charming, and it absorbs a large number of folk proverbs and sayings, making the articles appear popular, vivid and cordial. Now his fables have been translated into dozens of languages and published all over the world.
Krylov is a Russian writer whose full name is Ivan? Andrevich? Krylov (1769— 1844).
He comes from a poor family of infantry captains. In his childhood, krylov often went to the market besides studying, where he studied Italian, violin and painting.
1782 krylov moved to Petersburg. At that time, Feng Weixin's satirical comedy "Wan * # Children" was being staged there. Krylov was very inspired and began to write plays, but most of them were not performed. During this period (1789- 1793), he focused on running magazines, and successively ran the Guide Post, Observer and Mercury in St. Petersburg, but he failed to do so because of his radical political tendency. Later, he roamed Russia, during which he served as golitsyn's family secretary.
1809, krylov published his first collection of fables, which gained a great reputation. 18 1 1 was elected as an academician of the Russian academy of sciences. Krylov was very diligent and wrote 203 fables in his life. At the age of 50, he began to learn ancient Greek and English at the age of 53. His works were translated into more than ten languages before his death, and he became a fable writer as famous as Aesop and Lafontaine. Please briefly describe the main idea of krylov's fable.
Krylov lived in the second third of18th century and the first half of19th century. During this period, Russian society experienced pugachev's uprising against serfdom, the reactionary and declining rule of Catherine II, the reactionary rule of Alexander I, the 18 12 Great Patriotic War, the December Party uprising and other major events. Krylov accepted the influence of advanced social thoughts and paid close attention to the real life of the motherland. His fables can be roughly divided into the following categories:
1. Expose the autocratic rule of the czar, satirize and laugh at the arbitrariness, parasitism and ignorance of the ruling class.
Many fables describe the arbitrariness of the strong, revealing the robber logic that the weak are always guilty in front of the strong, such as wolves and lambs, lions sharing prey, wolves and cranes, and plagues in the animal kingdom. Elephant is an official, Bear Restaurant takes care of beehives, fox architects, villagers' meetings, and so on. Expose the rulers' tricks of oppressing the people. The hypocrisy of the legal protection of the rulers under the czar's autocratic system is revealed in works such as Dog Fish, Farmer and Sheep, Farmer and River, Crow and so on. Foxes and groundhogs, bees and flies, monkeys and glasses, geese and mice all criticized the funny behaviors of rulers, such as corruption, bribery, parasitism, ignorance, incompetence, idolatry and nepotism. Some fables even point the finger at the czar himself, such as mutton sheep.
2. Reflect the sense of powerlessness and exploitation of the oppressed, express sympathy for the people, and praise the people's excellent quality and confidence in their strength.
Pushkin said that krylov was "the most popular poet". Krylov chose fable as his own creative genre, precisely because this popular genre can reach the people most widely.
His fables most vividly reflect the people's nature and express the people's love and hate. If krylov in the above fable expresses the people's hatred for the ruler, then in the second fable, he expresses sympathy, love and confidence for the people.
Although the people have no right and are oppressed, they are hardworking and simple, and they are the real masters of life. Bees and Flies satirizes flies that are not beneficial to human beings, while hardworking bees "live very comfortably in their own country". "The Eagle and the Bee" eulogizes the obscure people engaged in menial labor through bees, praising them for "working for the same benefit", and does not want to highlight the lofty spirit of individual labor. Although workers are unknown and live at the bottom, they have endless vitality and creativity, and they support the whole society and rulers. This dialectical relationship is deeply revealed in Leaves and Roots. Not only that, the weak can even retaliate against the strong (lions and mosquitoes). As well as the famous fable "Wolf Down the Dog House" reflecting 18 12 Great Patriotic War, it not only reveals the face of the invaders, but also shows the firm determination and great strength of the Russian people to fight against them.
3. Reflect daily life phenomena, gain philosophy of life, and be rich in moral admonitions.
There are two kinds of fables: one is double meaning. On the one hand, they criticize and expose the rulers or express their love for the people. On the other hand, these fables have transcended the historical era at that time and have universal significance. For example, the Quartet was written for the reorganization of the government in that year, but its idea of focusing on the essence of things rather than the form has universal significance. Caravan was originally a criticism of the rulers who were dissatisfied with Kutuzov's command of the Great Patriotic War, but today it is also very suitable for warning people not to command blindly and not to embarrass others.
The other is pure moral admonition. Krylov used humor and satire to criticize and laugh at all kinds of defects in daily life, summed up life experience, and then warned people how to improve themselves. The author covers a wide range of life phenomena, such as warning people not to listen to flattery (foxes and grapes), not to be too picky and lose opportunities (picky girls get married), not to blame others (owners and mice), to be cautious about friendship (friendship between forest and fire and dogs), but to be modest and eager to learn (fish soup in Demjan), and to do good deeds requires cooperation (swans, dogfish and dogs). In a word, krylov expressed rich ideological content in the short form of fable, which has distinct popularity and profound reality. Please briefly describe the artistic features of krylov's fables. Krylov writes very carefully. Before publication, he will recite it to his friends and then listen to their opinions. He often revises it more than once and rewrites it five or seven times.
Krylov used to be a playwright before writing fables, and some features of drama creation are also obvious in fables, such as compact structure and rapid plot progress. His fables are not long, some are only a few lines, and some describe the character characteristics of the image with a few lines. Dialogue is the basic element of drama and is also fully used in fables. Some fables are almost full of dialogue, and the dialogue conforms to the personality of the image, such as pigs, monkeys and glasses under the oak tree. Contrast is also an indispensable factor in drama. This image contrast can often be seen in krylov's fables, such as freedom and non-freedom (kite), poverty and wealth (contractor and shoemaker), power and power (wolf and lamb), labor and laziness (dragonfly and ant) and so on.
When krylov started a satirical magazine, he wrote many satirical articles and sketches. Humor and satire became another feature of his fable. This kind of humor and satire is often manifested in characterization, scene setting, event ending and so on. For example, "Friendship of Dogs" adopts the way of promoting first and then suppressing to achieve strong satire, while "Fox and Groundhog" uses the phrase "I only see chicken feathers sticking to your mouth" to humorously explain the essence of foxes.
The language of krylov's fables is unpretentious, and common folk terms and idioms not used in the past literature are introduced into his creation.
The images in krylov's fables are exact and vivid, and the distinctive animal images are used to express the complex characters of corresponding characters in various social positions, so the connotation of their images is particularly profound, such as the fox in The Crow and the Fox and the wolf in The Lamb. On the position of krylov's fables in the history of literature. As far as fable creation itself is concerned, before or at the same time as krylov, fables were only described as pleasing books, works read by Sharon, or just obsessed with naturalistic details. Even Aesop's and Lafontaine's fables are basically limited to general moral admonitions. Krylov's fables opposed the czar's autocratic system, expressed democratic thoughts, and turned them into realistic satirical literature. As Pushkin pointed out in his letter to a friend, "What is Dmitrieff? All his fables are not worth a good fable by krylov. "No Frenchman dares to put anyone above La Fontaine, but we seem to think that krylov is better than him." "krylov's fable is higher than La Fontaine."
Krylov's fables were closely combined with real life, which became a significant milestone in the literature of this period, and undoubtedly made an important step forward in Russian realism. His works laid a solid foundation for the establishment and development of realism such as Griboyedov, Pushkin and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol. Krylov's fables reflected real life, portrayed various personalities and expressed advanced ideas, so they were deeply loved by people at that time and became one of the favorite works of readers in the first half of the19th century. Every time he published a new fable, it became a noticeable object in literature and social life, and his fable played a positive role in the formation of Russian people's social consciousness.
Krylov's fables also enjoy a wide reputation in the world. They were translated into more than ten languages before the writer's death, and now there are 50 or 60 languages, and some of them have been included in teaching materials, so his influence is far-reaching.
Nicola Ivanovich Krylov (1April 90316-1February 9, 972) Soviet military strategist and marshal (1962).
1903 19 19 was born in Garyayev town, Penza province, Soviet Union on April 6, joined the Soviet Red Army, and 1920 graduated from the infantry machine gun training class for Red Army commanders. During the Soviet Civil War, he served as a private in the southern line, as a platoon leader and company commander in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, and later as a foreign Baikal.
1927 After the end of the civil war, krylov joined the Soviet * * * Production Party, and 1928 graduated from the Advanced Infantry School. He successively served as the command and staff officer in the Siberian Military Region and the Red Flag Far East Special Corps, and later served as the chief of staff of the Danube Fortification Zone.
After the outbreak of the Soviet-German War, krylov served as the Minister of Operations and Chief of Staff of the Binhai Army, and participated in the command of the Battle of Odessa and the Battle of Sevastopol. Among them, krylov independently commanded the action of withdrawing coastal troops from Odessa to Sevastopol, which showed krylov's extraordinary command ability.
After the Battle of Sevastopol, krylov, who had rich experience in commanding roadblocks and street fighting, was sent by the Soviet High Command to the 62nd Soviet Army, which was struggling in Stalingrad, as the chief of staff. During the transfer of the former army commander Lupadin and the arrival of the new commander, krylov undertook the operational command task of the whole army alone. On September 12, Cui Kefu, the new commander of the 62nd Army, came to report for duty. From this day to the beginning of 1943, krylov and Cui Kefu always led the 62nd Army to command their subordinate units in Stalingrad, which made great contributions.
1in April, 943, the 62nd Army, which has repeatedly made meritorious military service in Stalingrad, was renamed the 8th Army of Guards, and krylov was still the chief of staff. However, his excellent command ability in Stalingrad was highly praised by Cui Kefu and army commanders. 1in July, 943, krylov lived up to expectations and was appointed commander of the 2 1 army by the Soviet high command. 1943, 10, as the commander of the fifth army. In the Battle of Belarus, krylov commanded the 5th Army of the Soviet 3rd Army to assault the cluster in the north of Belarus, which ensured that the mechanized cavalry cluster and the 5th Army of the Guards Tank made breakthroughs one after another, and achieved remarkable results. The 5th Army took the lead in crossing the Berezna River and liberated the city of Berysov. In the Battle of East Prussia, krylov's 5th Army wiped out the German Zemland Group, so krylov won the title of Soviet hero on April 1945. After the European War, krylov and his Fifth Army came to the Far East and were incorporated into the First Army of the Far East. The fifth army was assigned to the main attack direction. After the battle began, the army quickly broke through the fortifications built by the Japanese army and became one of the fastest growing troops of the Red Army in the Far East. 1September 8, 945, krylov won the title of Soviet hero for the second time because of his superb command ability.
Krylov served as deputy commander of Binhai Military Region from 1945 to 1947, commander of Far East Military Region from 1947 to 1953, and from 1953 to-/kloc-0.50000.00000000605 Krylov served as the commander-in-chief of the Strategic Rocket Army, the most important branch of the Soviet Union, during the Cold War, especially during the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. This shows his position in the Soviet army at that time (the leader of the Soviet Union was Khrushchev at that time, and Khrushchev was the political commissar of the Stalingrad army during the war). Not surprisingly, he trusted Cui Kefu and the 62nd Army under his command. It seems that every country has "mountain" ism! )。
Krylov has been a member of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union since 196 1. Representatives of the third to eighth supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. Won four Lenin medals, the October Revolution Medal 1 piece, four Red Flag medals, first-class suvorov and first-class Kutuzov Medal 1 piece, several medals and foreign medals, and honorary weapons 1 piece. 1972 died in Moscow on February 9 and was buried under the wall of the Kremlin in Moscow's Red Square.