There are more than twenty poems by Cao Cao, all of which are Yuefu poems. Some poems reflect the reality of the war at the end of the Han Dynasty and the deep suffering of the people. He Jin, written in Autumn Dew Trip, tried to eliminate eunuchs with the help of warlords, but was first eliminated by eunuchs, which led to Dong Zhuo's insurrection in Luoyang. Hao described the situation in which the Kanto rebels jointly fought against Dong Zhuo and the rebels. The six sentences at the end of the poem highly summarize the sufferings of the raw people and express the poet's feelings when he is frustrated, which is called "A Record of the End of Han Dynasty". The other part of the poem shows the author's political ideal, ambition to unify the whole country and enterprising spirit. Short songs fully express the poet's thirst for talents and his ambition to unify the world. Looking at the sea depicts the vast atmosphere in which the sea devours the universe and shows the poet's broad mind. "Although you live a long life" expresses the great ambition of being old and strong.
Cao Cao's poems, with simple and natural language, use Yuefu ancient inscriptions to write current events, inherit the creative spirit of "feeling sadness and joy, starting from things" in Han Yuefu, and form a straight and sad style. Generous and dignified poetic style. Cao Cao successfully influenced a generation of poetic style with his own poetic creation, and made contributions to the development and prosperity of Jian 'an literature.
Cao Zhi (192 ~ 232), the third son of Cao Cao. He was the most famous writer in Jian 'an period, with more than 80 poems and more than 40 essays.
His poems are divided into two periods, and Cao Pi calls himself the emperor. The early poems enthusiastically praised their ideals and ambitions, and showed the enterprising spirit eager to establish achievements. "White Horse" created a knight errant image with superb martial arts, outstanding military achievements, loyalty and patriotism, and entrusted the poet's impassioned pride and desire for achievement. The poet compares himself to a swan, and compares a snobbish villain who kills for money to a fish Dan who doesn't know the river and the sea. He is determined to become a strong man who "caresses the sword of Lei Yin and makes the mountains and rivers strong", showing the spirit of being free from vulgarity. His later poems mainly talked about his frustration that his talents could not be satisfied, his ambition could not be rewarded, and his grief and indignation at persecution. Prince Charming Wang Biao was written in 223. At that time, the author went to Luoyang Chaohui with Cao Zhang and Cao Biao, and Cao Zhang died suddenly. Later, the poet and Cao Biao, the white horse king, returned to the fief, and the state supervision stipulated that they could not go together. When the poet and Cao Biao were forced to part, they wrote this poem. The poem denounces Cao Pi's courtiers for provoking the friendship between Cao Zhi's brothers, and expresses deep condolences to Cao Zhang and the poet's grief and indignation. This poem embodies the poet's complex feelings of grief and indignation caused by political pressure. It's really touching, and it's a famous lyric novel that integrates narration, scenery description and lyricism.
Cao Zhi made outstanding contributions to the development of poetry. He was the first scholar who tried to create a five-character poem. His poems reflect the elegance of The Book of Songs, the twists and turns of Chu Ci, and the tradition of reflecting reality in Han Yuefu, which greatly improves the artistic expression of five-character poems. Cao Zhi's poems make good use of symbolism. For example, Noda's Huangquexing used an owl and a net to describe evil forces, a Huangquexing to describe suffering, and a teenager to describe rebels. The metaphor is vivid and appropriate. His poems also pay attention to duality, with refined words and beautiful melodies, such as Poems of a Public Banquet, Qiu Lan's Promotion, and Zhu Hua's Meeting the Green Pool. The diving fish jumps in the clear waves, the birds sing loudly, the antithesis is neat, the words are chosen accurately, and they show profound language literacy. Zhong Rong's "Shi Pin" called his poems "extremely tolerant, elegant and resentful, and well written".
Cao Zhi's ci and prose are also excellent. Ode to Luoshen describes the tragedy of a man's love with God, and expresses the author's political frustration and disillusionment by describing the process of pursuing Luoshen and disillusioning him. Rich imagination, rich words, writing objects, endless feelings.
RoyceWong (177-217) achieved the highest achievement among the seven sons of Jian 'an. His poems are represented by three poems of seven injuries. The first one is that Dong Zhuo told Li Jue and Guo Si about 192 Chang 'an Uprising, when the poet took refuge in Jingzhou. The poem "Plain Covered with Bones" highly summarizes the tragic scene of countless lives in the war, and the close-up of hungry women abandoning their children reveals the profound disaster of innocent people. Wang Jiang's poems are sentimental, worried about the world and self-pitying.
"Ode to the Building" was written by Wang Lai when he was trapped in Jingzhou and boarded Dangyang. Starting from the natural beauty in front of him, the author expresses his homesickness of "believing in beauty but not learning" and blends in the anguish, grief and indignation that Liu Biao's men are not reused. Ode to the Building is lyrical, touching and true, and it is a popular lyric poem.
Cai Yan (date of birth unknown), namely Cai Wenji. During Dong Zhuo's rebellion, he was taken by the Hu people to the South Xiongnu, married to the Hu people, stayed for 12 years, gave birth to two sons, and was redeemed by Cao Cao and remarried to Dong Si. Her five-word grief and indignation poem is an autobiographical long narrative poem, which narrates her tragic experience and shows the unfortunate experience of women in the war at the end of Han Dynasty. Poetry is influenced by the narrative poems of Han Yuefu. Through careful description, it vividly depicts the mentality of various scenes and characters, which is really touching and makes people cry.
Ruan Ji (2 10 ~ 263) lived in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the later period of Cao Wei, the rulers were incompetent, Sima took power and slaughtered dissidents. The fate of literati is quite different from that of Jian 'an. Ruan Ji passively resisted, drank too much and did nothing to escape persecution. In life, he plays the fool. In his poems, he poured out his sadness, distress and anger in a vague and tortuous way, and 82 five-character poems are its representatives. This group of poems was not written at one time, expressing the poet's complicated thoughts and feelings about turbulent politics, short life and dirty society all his life. In the first poem, "What you will see when you are wandering, you will feel sad when you are upset" can be regarded as the general outline of this group of poems. Among them, there are poems lamenting that time flies and life is short, such as "the morning sun is no longer prosperous, and the day is suddenly quiet." If you pitch here, how can it be like Jiuqiu? "(No.32). Some poems lament the repetition of the world and the troubles of fame and fortune, such as "prosperity is dull and the class is full of vitality" (the third poem), "high fame leads to confusion, while heavy profit leads to anxiety." Dear? With the opposite side, the same flesh and blood are also enemies "(Song 72). Some poems lament history and reality, such as "Xiao Guan has a legacy, and Liang Wang is here" (No.3 1). Some poems express contempt for hypocritical etiquette, such as "Talking outside, putting out the fragrance inside" (No.67). Others eulogize the heroic aspirations of the strong men, such as "How generous the strong men are, aiming to conquer the eight wastes" (No.39), and so on. The author fully expresses his feelings by chanting poems, which is the first of its kind and has a great influence on later generations.
Ruan Ji's poems often express feelings in a roundabout way by means of metaphor, symbol and so on. Zhong Rong's evaluation of the characteristics of his poems in Shi Pin is: "Words are in the eyes and ears, feelings are in the table of eight shortages", and "it is hard to find interest". This also represents the artistic style of Zhengshi's poetry. Ruan Ji is the first poet devoted to writing five-character poems since Jian 'an, and an important writer in the history of five-character poems.
Ruan Ji's ci-fu is full of satire and acrimony. "Fu on Macaques" uses macaques as metaphors to describe people and vividly depicts the ugly face of a treacherous traitor. Biography of Mr. Adult compares a hypocritical courtesy man to a louse in his pants, which vividly and subtly satirizes the ugliness of courtesy man's bullying the world.
Lu Ji (26 1-303) is the most famous writer in Taikang literary world. Lu Ji's poems are mostly imitations of ancient times, and the content is the common feelings of literati. However, his poetry pursues the richness of rhetoric and the neatness of duality, and explores the formal beauty of language art, which is the representative figure of formalism poetry style at that time.
Lu Ji's prose achievements are relatively high. The sketch of hanging Wei Wudi is sad and moving, while Julian's performance shows his skillful use of arrogant words. Essays on Prose is a literary theory work with strong literary color, and its proposition that poetry is bound to be frustrated by emotion has great influence.
Zuo Si (250? —305? In the Western Jin Dynasty, he stood out. He inherited and carried forward the tradition of "Jian 'an style", and his poems satirized the present by borrowing ancient times, expressing his strong dissatisfaction with the social reality at that time.
Zuo Si once shook Kyoto and Luoyang in the name of Sandu Fu, but it was Eight Poems on Historical Poems that established his position in the history of literature. Its main content is to attack the unfair phenomenon of the society to the talents with humble origins at that time and to show the poet's contempt and resistance to the gentry. The second song wrote: "The bottom of the gloomy ravine is loose, leaving seedlings on the mountain, one inch in diameter and a hundred feet in shade." The stomach of the world is tall and handsome. Because of the terrain, the origin is not once. "In the poem, pine grass is used as a metaphor, which vividly exposes the repression of talents in the door-to-door society. And "being exposed, being chased by Xu; The fifth song "Wan Li Flows with a Thousand Clothes" shows the author's heroic and tragic spirit. Zuo Si's poem "Ode to History" opened up a new way to express his feelings by chanting history, which had a great influence on later generations.
Liu Kun (270 ~ 3 17) was a patriot and poet in the late Western Jin Dynasty. The story of him and Zu Ti dancing with the smell of chicken has become an example to encourage people to work hard. There are only three existing poems of Liu Kun, which are historical testimony of his later fighting life to defend the Central Plains. Fu Fengge described how he went to Bing to make a secretariat, recruited more than a thousand soldiers, and went through hardships to get to Jinyang to take up his post, revealing the poet's sincere patriotism and worries about the future. Answering Lu Chen and Appreciating Lu Chen are his farewell poems. Liu Kun was defeated in the battle with Schleswig-Holstein, and went to the secretariat section of Youzhou to worship the monument. Later, because I offended Duan, I was trapped to death. His poems not only inspired Lu Chen to make contributions to the country, but also expressed the infinite sadness that the poet was at the end of his tether and the hero lost his way. The famous sentence "What does it mean to turn steel into soft fingers" in A Gift for Lu Chen makes people feel bitter. Liu Kun's poems are full of deep feeling, tragic and vigorous. Yuan Haowen spoke highly of his poems in On Yuan Poems, saying that "it's a pity that Liu Yueshi is in Bingzhou and doesn't teach Jian 'an Middle School", and compared Liu Kun with Jian 'an poets, indicating that his poems can catch up with Jian 'an's character.
Guo Pu (276 ~ 324) was a poet at the turn of the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His poems are represented by 14 poems about immortals. With colorful and vivid words, he vividly described the realm of hermits and immortals, such as "Near-source Bibo, Huang Dan, Ling Gang" (No.1). Guo Pu's poems inherited the tradition of relying on comparison and happiness, and expressed his feelings of frustration through wandering immortals. For example, the fifth song: "Qingyuan has no increase, and the sparrow is safe." Although the silicon raft is very special, it is difficult to cast a bright moon. "Describe the darkness of the world, can't display their talents, also don't want to play the lute to a cow, go with the flow of secular feelings. Therefore, Guo Pu's poems are quite different from the metaphysical poems prevailing at that time, and the evaluation of The Poetry is "brilliant in writing and can be played. It began to be changed into the plain body of Yongjia, so it was called Zhongxing first. "
Tao Yuanming (365 ~ 427) was a famous poet in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is eager to maintain a noble personality in a beautiful and free pastoral life. He describes his life in returning to China and living on the farm with a lot of poems and songs, and vividly records his mental journey of returning to nature. His works and personal deeds had a great influence on later scholars and literature.
Today, Tao Yuanming has more than 120 poems, and more than 10 words and essays. The most important things are his pastoral poems, homesick poems and epic poems. The pastoral area described by the poet is not only the place where the poet lives, but also the ideal realm opposite to the dark reality and dirty officialdom. One of "The Return of the Native": "Without rhyme, I naturally love Qiushan. I accidentally fell into the dust net. Thirty years later ... I stayed in the cage for a long time, and I returned to nature. " On the one hand, the poet compares the real society and officialdom to a "dust net" and a "cage", which expresses the feelings that the poet hates; On the other hand, it describes the purity and beauty of the countryside in detail and shows sincere love. In The Peach Blossom Garden, the poet described an ideal society-"Peach Blossom Garden", where everyone works, lives well and the society is peaceful. This is the sublimation of the author's return to pastoral thought, from getting rid of the "cage", gaining freedom and pursuing individual freedom to pursuing freedom, beauty and happiness of the whole society. This is an amazing change, expressing the author's true and beautiful life realm.
There are also some pastoral poems that reflect the poet's working life and farming experience. The third part of "Returning to the Garden": "Beans are planted in Nanshan, and the grass is full of bean seedlings. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. The clothes are not covered, but the wish is not violated. " This paper describes the labor image of a weeding man who came back from the grass path with a hoe in the moonlight. Field work, as an important part of a self-reliant hermit's life, the poet affirmed its value and significance, and sincerely loved it, as written in "Looking back on the past in the spring of Guimao": "Even the plains are far away, good seedlings are new; Although I have not measured my service years, I am happy with many things. " The successful creation of pastoral poetry broadens the field of poetry expression and becomes an important theme of later poetry.
Other poems show the poet's unyielding character: "Fang Jukai Lin Yao, Song Qingyan Guanpai; With this beautiful face, it stands out under the frost "("What Country Master Book "); Song Qing is in the East Garden, and the grass has no posture; First frost is rare and rare, and high branches can be seen "(Volume 8 of Drinking). Chrysanthemums in full bloom in frost and pine trees that never wither in winter are symbols of the poet's unyielding personality. Huaihuai's poems concentrate on the contradictions and pains in the poet's heart, and he is determined to win "(Miscellaneous Poem 2)," If the prime of life does not come again, it will be difficult to get up in the morning "(Miscellaneous Poem 1), which makes us feel the poet's inner anxiety. Poetry-chanting shows the bold side of the poet's character. Ode to Jing Ke warmly praised Jing Min, a brave man who bravely eliminated violence at the cost of his life, while Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas 10 praised Jing Ke and Xingtian's indomitable spirit of dying.
Tao Yuanming's poems describe the content close to real life with very ordinary "Tianjia dialect", which is full of true feelings and reaches a state of beauty that turns gorgeous into plain. This is quite different from the poetic style of the metaphysical school at that time. In this regard, Su Wu gave a high evaluation: "His poems are substantial, clumsy and true."
Tao Yuanming's prose of ci and fu is also novel and unique. The Biography of Mr. Wu Liu is less than 200 words, but it describes the master's hobbies, attitude towards life and ideological temperament. "Give Your Life" is unique, writing commemorative articles for yourself; Leisure Fu is a famous love Fu, which expresses the deep feelings between men and women through arrangement.
Xie Lingyun (385 ~ 433) was the first famous poet who initiated the school of landscape poetry. Most of his landscape poems were written after he became the magistrate of Yongjia. The language of these poems is rich and delicate, and they depict the natural scenery of Yongjia, Huiji and Pengjiahu with the carefree mood of the palace masters. "White clouds embrace secluded stones, green and dripping, clear and blue waves" ("After the Early Shu Ning"), and the beautiful scenery in the mountains is written by anthropomorphic methods; "The wild sand beach is clean, and Gao Yueming is in autumn" ("Going to the county town at the beginning"), which is about the vastness of autumn night; "The bright moon shines on the snow, and the north wind is strong and sad" ("Year of the Year"), which is written on a chilly winter night; And "Spring grass grows in the pond and willow turns into songbirds" in Climbing the pond upstairs is famous for its delicate description of the early spring scenery.
The greatest feature of Xie Lingyun's poems is that there are no lines and excessive carving, which embodies the characteristics of landscape poems summarized in Wen Xin Diao Long: "I use a hundred words occasionally to compete for a strange sentence." Love must be extremely beautiful to write something, and words must be completely new. His poems created a new poetic style in the Southern Dynasties.
Bao Zhao (4 14? 1466), there are more than 200 existing poems, among which 18 Quasi-Difficult Walking is his masterpiece. An important content of Bao Zhao's poetry is his strong dissatisfaction and resistance to the gentry's gate system. The sixth part of "The Code is Difficult to Do" wrote: "You can't eat the case, draw a sword and hit the column, and you will sigh. When will her husband be alive and can Ann hang down her wings? " His feelings are full of grief and indignation, and it is difficult to restrain himself. Another important content is to reflect the life of frontier soldiers, such as "the wind blows suddenly and the sand flies." The horse's hair shrinks like a hedgehog, but its horns can't be stretched out "("Journey from Jibei Gate "), which describes the hard and cold scenery of the frontier fortress battlefield and has a great influence on the frontier fortress poems in Tang Dynasty. In addition, poems such as "On behalf of the poor" and "On behalf of the poor" reflect the anguish and pain of the poor and the wise at the bottom of society. Bao Zhao's poems are rich in content and unrestrained in emotion, showing the characteristics of boldness and boldness.
Bao Zhao's unique contribution to China literature also lies in his creation of seven-character singing style. He enriched this ballad style from Yuefu with rich content, and reformed it with innovative spirit, changing the rhyme from one sentence to every other sentence, or freely changing the rhyme, which broadened the road for the development of seven-character poetry and had a great influence on later generations.
Xie Tiao (464-499) was a poet in the Southern Dynasties. His poems are greatly influenced by Xie Lingyun, describing the scenery carefully and realistically, and there are many famous sentences. For example, "Heaven knows the boat, and the rivers and trees distinguish the clouds" ("Xinlinpu to Banqiao in Xuancheng County") describes the sparse rivers and trees in the distance; "Fish play new lotus, birds scatter flowers" ("You Dongtian") describes the scenery of fish swimming and birds flying in early summer. Xie Tiao developed landscape poetry, formed its own characteristics, completely got rid of the influence of metaphysical poetry, integrated scenery description with lyricism, enhanced the artistic image characteristics of landscape, and thus formed a fresh and beautiful poetic style.
Xie Tiao is a representative poet of Yongming style. His poems pay attention to four tones and are neat in antithesis. Some of these short poems, such as Wang Sunyou and Yu Jiefen, are harmonious in tone and implicit in emotion, which have influenced the formation and development of five-character quatrains.
Geng Xin (5 13 ~ 58 1) was the last important writer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He lived in Jiangnan in his early years and was a famous court poet in Liang Dynasty. Most of his early works belong to palace poems, which are comprehensive in form, poor in content and full of peace and entertainment. The style of his later poems is closely related to his life experience: in 554, he was ordered by Emperor Liang Yuan to go to the Western Wei Dynasty and was demoted to Chang 'an as an official. After the Northern Zhou Dynasty replaced the Western Wei Dynasty, it continued to be an official in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. At this time, the content and style of his poems also changed, and 27 poems, Zhun Yong Huai and Ai Jiang Nan Fu, were its representatives. The content is full of nostalgia for the old country, lamenting the ups and downs of life and the pain of being an enemy. Long-term life in the north has added a broad and desolate northland flavor to his works, such as "shooting stars look in the mirror at dusk, bonfires burn the original at night", "light clouds float, the moon moves" (all see "Ode to the bosom"), and his poetic style has become desolate, tragic and profound.
Geng Xin's early poems were influenced by the new poetic style of Qi and Liang Dynasties, and paid attention to metrical antithesis. Some of his poems even coincided with the laity of modern poetry in Tang Dynasty, such as "The Tune of Wu Ye". Five-character poems in late autumn had the most direct influence on Tang people. His later literary creation was influenced by the literature of the Northern Dynasties. The combination of Fu Shu's creative skills and his heavy life experience has brought his artistic attainments to a new height. Du Fu's "Plays for Six quatrains" is called "Geng Xin's articles are getting older and more mature, and his brushwork is vertical and horizontal".