"Zen, net sorrow also. Meditation is a combination of meditation and meditation: a kind of thinking activity that obtains enlightenment through concentration. What the meditator wants to achieve is probably the realm of "no thoughts", so that he can "nirvana" and get rid of all "troubles" [1]. Zen believes that a person's pure heart is Buddha nature. Therefore, to become a Buddha is not to seek outward, but to "purify one's heart and have an epiphany." In the history of China's poetry, Wang Wei had an indissoluble bond with Zen, represented by Zen. He made friends with Buddhist monks. His mother has been worshipping Buddha for a long time, and his ideal is shattered. When he was lonely, he became increasingly close to nature, meditated and realized the Tao, and practiced for a long time. He must "be sincere in China and be external", integrate his Zen enlightenment into poetry and turn religious feelings into poetry. The purity, remoteness and ethereality of his landscape poems reflect the poet's pursuit of the realm of "self-purity" and "quietness", and "emptiness can be accommodated and still can be illuminated" [2], so his mind can be in harmony with nature. Whether it's a mountain, a stone, a flower, a tree, a bug or a bird, they all fit their mood. Therefore, the indifferent landscape figures reveal a graceful, self-adaptive and ethereal charm, reaching the realm of taking painting as poetry, poetry in painting and Zen machine everywhere.
Wang Wei built a bridge between "poetry" and "Zen" with his genius. Then, how is the poetic realm and Zen of his landscape poems expressed? The author thinks that it is mainly manifested in creating a quiet poetic artistic conception and a free "willful" meditation.
Meditation theory can help poets get rid of their troubles when enjoying nature, listen to the sounds of nature in virtual silence, realize the shape outside the image in empty silence, perceive the subtle rhythm of life in nature, and feel the "true meaning" of life and the wonder of the world. This kind of "quiet beauty" composed of emptiness and emptiness has become Wang Wei's poetic meditation abroad. For example, "Bird Sound Stream" said, "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. When the moon comes out, it surprises the birds and sounds into the spring stream. " People are leisurely and leisurely, the night is quiet and the mountains are empty, and a few birds are more quiet in the spring mountains. At this time, the poet can feel the faint sound of osmanthus falling quietly. This kind of poetry is like seeing stillness in motion, showing motion in stillness, bringing out the best in each other, and finally ending in stillness. In this silent and subtle observation, we can see the passing of the poet's spirit. "Chai Lu" cloud "there seems to be no one on the empty mountain, but I think I heard a voice. The scenery is like a dense forest, reflecting light from the green moss to me. " There is no one in the empty mountain, there is sound in the air, a touch of oblique light, and moss returns. There are a few kind words in the empty mountain forest, and there is a glimmer of light and warmth in the darkness and cold. The last two sentences show that "see eternity in an instant, see eternity in an instant and end in eternity" [3]. Isn't the poet's epiphany after realizing "subtlety" and "truth" in the process of deep meditation like the sound and light that suddenly appeared in this silent darkness? In these intuitive moments of nature, the poet seems to have discovered the great beauty of nature. "They seem to have nothing to do with the world. Birds sing in the spring stream, the setting sun sets off, flowers bloom and fall. It is in this movement of time and space that nature is immortal "[4]. It is no wonder that the predecessors commented that these poems "forget the life experience after reading, and all thoughts are silent", which is quite insightful.
As a Buddhist philosophy, Zen can help poets to understand the depth of the soul, so that the "source of the heart" and "nature" can be unified. Therefore, with his special sensitivity as a poet, painter and Buddhist, Wang Wei makes the landscape in his works present a natural and interesting silent beauty. The harmony and tranquility of the poetic scene is the natural expression of the poet's peaceful and peaceful state of mind, and the natural freedom of landscape lies in the poet's "Zen mind" of "following fate" In this kind of landscape, the poet is willful and carefree, getting rid of many troubles, and he feels happy and free. Such as "My retreat in Zhongnanshan" and "My middle-aged heart has found a way, who will come to Nanshan late. Interest concentration is often unique to play and have a happy thing to enjoy self-appreciation. Sometimes go to the end of the water to seek the source, or sit and watch the ever-changing clouds rise. One day I met an old woodcutter, laughing and laughing, and never came back. This poem takes "goodness" as a warning strategy, and the trace of "Zen enlightenment" is at the neckline: "Baiyun" is a symbol of leisurely and unobstructed Zen, and everything is pure natural, such as flowing water and carefree. When he is happy, he travels alone, but seeks comfort; "I will keep walking until the water blocks my way", just sit down and watch the clouds roll; When I met Chaucer Lin, I played a joke on him. Let alone go home? He doesn't even know it. This poem is almost full of accidents and encounters, and the ethereal poetic realm conveys a kind of indifferent, natural harmony and eternal and infinite quiet beauty to readers. Similarly, in Wu Xinyi, "hibiscus flowers with broken red calyx in the mountains". There's no one at home. It's left open. "This poetry is like seeing the emptiness in the color, the color is empty, and finally it is empty: Magnolia is like a hibiscus, but it was born in a deserted mountain stream, leaving it open, without the joy of life, without the sorrow of death, neither clinging to life, nor losing heart. This life will die, and this life will die. In Wang Wei's spiritual world, aren't "life" and "existence" like "willfulness" of magnolia flowers, which naturally evolve at the moment of life and death, with no beginning and no end?
Wang Wei's landscape poems have a certain Zen meaning, but they are not dead and lifeless. They not only "depict the natural beauty of mountains and rivers, but also melt into the ideal beauty of poets higher than nature" [5], so poems often reveal a lot of life and convey a happy and leisurely mood. Such as "Mulan Chai", "Autumn Mountain gathers many photos, and birds chase their predecessors. When the color is clear, there is nowhere at dusk. " Autumn mountains gather in the afterglow of the sunset, and birds come home late. The autumn leaves all over the mountain are shining with colorful colors in the glow, and gradually merge with the clouds to form an endless haze. In this gorgeous and bright autumn sunset, Shan Lan is flowing, colorful and beautiful: nature is "willful", but it is full of infinite vitality, sweeping away the sad mood of autumn and hurting the evening. Autumn Night in the Mountains, like Mulan Chai, is also a masterpiece with beautiful and ethereal artistic conception. "After the rain, an empty mountain stands on an autumn night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. My friend's prince, what does it matter if spring is over and you are still here? "The new rain washed away the dust in the mountains and became clearer and clearer. Dust and customs disturbed and washed away the mood before it became clear and broad. Such an empty mountain, the bright moon is in the sky, pine trees are covered, mountain springs are flowing, happy women are returning, lotus shadows are swaying, and fishing boats are light. The autumn mountain here: the bright moon shines, the clear spring flows, the flowers are proud, the grass is withered, and people come and go. Everything here seems natural, business is booming, and it is undoubtedly the ideal residence for poets. So, "Isn't' Empty Mountain' the' Taoyuan' in your heart?" [6]。
Wang Wei's landscape poems are quiet and natural, although they absorb the thoughts of Zen Buddhism, but it is precisely because of his disillusionment, the difficulty of meeting his bosom friend, and his rejection, neglect and abandonment of secular music dogs that he finally turned to empty and natural expression. Therefore, the poet's spiritual character is mostly as quiet as the lonely smoke in the desert and the sunset in the long river, and he is comfortable and does not appreciate it. In his "Wangchuan" world, there is often such a poetic realm. For example, "it's too light, no one can hear it except my comrade-in-arms Mingyue." (Bamboo House) The host sits alone, playing the piano and singing, and only the bright moon is dating. This "bright moon" is a symbol of "clear" and "clean" spirit. When we read "The sunset lingers at the ferry, and the midnight snack smoke rises from the house" ("A letter from my cabin in Wangchuan to Pei Di"), the poet seems to be merging with the affectionate sunset and lonely smoke; Sometimes, he simply turns into a bunch of wild flowers, a solitary bird, a fruit drop, and a trace of insect singing, such as "The wild flowers bloom well, and the valley birds are quiet" ("Hanging on the Shadow Temple, Ascending to the Mountain Yard") and "The fruit drops in the rain, and the insects sing under the lamp" ("Sitting alone in the autumn night").
It can be seen that Wang Wei's landscape poems are the natural integration of poetic aesthetic experience and Zen aesthetic experience. In fact, the subtle life rhythm of nature shown in those poems reflects the poet's insight and Zen. Every ray of sunshine, every flying flower, every bird song and every insect song, nature perceives and contains the poet's profound soul. When the poet melts himself into the mountains and rivers, there is a pulse between things and me, and there is a rhythm between things and me. Two kinds of life nod instantly, understand each other and smile at each other. This is the life philosophy that Wang Wei's landscape poems can express infinite interest with limited words and mysterious Zen with ethereal poetry.
China's landscape poems were perfected in Wang Wei's works in the Tang Dynasty. Poets observe nature with a quiet heart and enter poetry with Zen, which makes their landscape poems full of sense of security and self-adaptation, and full of artistic conception of "ethereal", "carefree", "quiet" and "elegant", reaching a clear realm and forming the natural characteristics of the poetic style in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Undoubtedly, this ethereal poetic scene and natural meditation make Wang Wei's landscape poems have a very high aesthetic status in the history of China poetry.