About the writer\x0d\Su Shi (1037-1101), courtesy name Zizhan, also known as Dongpo Jushi, was a native of Meishan in the Northern Song Dynasty. He is a famous writer and one of the eight great writers of Tang and Song Dynasties. He is knowledgeable and versatile, and has high attainments in calligraphy, painting, poetry, and prose. His calligraphy, together with Cai Xiang, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fu, is known as the "Four Calligraphy Masters of the Song Dynasty"; he is good at painting bamboo, wood and strange rocks, and he is also outstanding in painting theory and calligraphy theory. He is the literary leader after Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty. His prose is as famous as Ouyang Xiu; his poetry is as famous as Huang Tingjian; his poetry is majestic and bold in style. Instead of the elegance of his poetry, he is called "Su Xin" together with Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty, and he is the most bold and bold. Send a lyricist. Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao Buzhi and Zhang Lei were all trained, rewarded and recommended by him. Therefore, they are called the Four Scholars of Sumen. \x0d\His father Su Xun is the "Su Laoquan" mentioned in the "Three Character Classic" who "begins to get angry at the age of twenty-seven". Although Su Xun got angry late, he worked very hard. In his later years, Su Shi recalled studying with his father when he was young, and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's diligent study, it would have been impossible for Su Shi to receive a good tutor at a young age, and it would have been even less possible for Su Shi to have "learned the classics and history well enough to write thousands of words a day" when he was still young. Everyone. \x0d\\x0d\In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Su Shi, who was twenty-one years old, left Sichuan for the first time in Beijing to take part in the imperial examination. In the following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites and won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu with his article "On the Perfection of Honesty and Honesty in Punishments and Rewards", and was awarded a high school Jinshi. \x0d\\x0d\ In the sixth year of Jiayou's reign, Su Shi took the high school examination, which is commonly known as the "three-year Beijing inspection". He entered the third class and was awarded the title of judge of Dali and Fengxiang Prefecture. Later, when his father died of illness in Bianjing, Ding You returned home to support the funeral. In the second year of Xining (1069), he returned to the court after serving, and was still granted his post. \x0d\\x0d\Su Shi has not been in the capital for several years, and great changes have taken place in the court. After Shenzong ascended the throne, he appointed Wang Anshi to support the reform. Many of Su Shi's mentors, including Ouyang Xiu, his mentor who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing due to disagreements with the new king Anshi on the implementation of the new law. The old rain in the government and the field has withered, and what Su Shi sees in his eyes is no longer the "peaceful world" he saw when he was twenty. \x0d\\x0d\ Su Shi saw the harm caused by the new law to ordinary people on his way back to Beijing, so he disagreed with Prime Minister Wang Anshi's approach. He believed that the new law was not convenient for the people, so he wrote a letter to oppose it. One result of this is that, like his mentors and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not tolerated by the court. So Su Shi asked for a post and was transferred to Hangzhou Tongpan. \x0d\\x0d\Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After his term was completed, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places as magistrate. \x0d\\x0d\This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi encountered the first disaster in his life. At that time, some people deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss about it. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), less than three months after Su Shi arrived in Huzhou, he was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems that satirized the new law and "slandered the emperor and prime minister in writing". This is known as the "Wutai Poetry Case" in history. \x0d\\x0d\Su Shi spent 103 days in prison and was almost on the verge of being beheaded. Fortunately, the Northern Song Dynasty made a national policy not to kill ministers during the reign of Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, so Su Shi escaped the disaster. \x0d\\x0d\After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to deputy envoy of Huangzhou Tuanlian (equivalent to the deputy captain of the modern private self-defense force). This position was quite humble. At this time, Su Shi had become discouraged after going to prison. In his spare time, he led his family to reclaim wasteland and farm to help make ends meet. It was at this time that he gave himself the nickname "Dongpo Lay Scholar". \x0d\\x0d\In the seventh year of Yuanfeng, Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, Su Shi left Huangzhou and went to Ruzhou to take office. Due to the long journey and exhaustion from the journey, Su Shi's infant died unfortunately. The road to Ruzhou was far away, and the travel expenses had been exhausted. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, but to live in Changzhou first, which was later approved. When he was about to return south to Changzhou, Shenzong died. \x0d\\x0d\Zhezong ascended the throne, Empress Dowager Gao took over the government, the New Party forces collapsed, and Sima Guang was re-elected as prime minister. Su Shi was summoned back to the court that year as a doctor in the Ministry of Rites. In the first half of the morning, he was promoted to Jusheren. Three months later, he was promoted to Zhongshusheren, and soon he was promoted to Hanlin bachelor's degree. \x0d\\x0d\As the saying goes: "It's not easy to be a Beijing official." When Su Shi saw that the emerging forces were desperately suppressing the figures in Wang Anshi's group and abolishing the new law, he believed that they were just the same as the so-called "royal party" and once again made suggestions to the emperor. discussion. \x0d\\x0d\Su Shi could neither be tolerated by the new party nor forgiven by the old party, so he once again asked for external transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he once again went to Hangzhou to serve as the governor after an absence of sixteen years. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredging the West Lake and using the excavated mud to build a dam next to the West Lake, which is also the famous "Su Causeway". \x0d\\x0d\Su Shi lived very comfortably in Hangzhou, compared with Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in the sixth year of Yuanyou, he was recalled to the court. But soon he was exiled to Yingzhou due to political differences. In the eighth year of Yuanyou (1093), the new party came to power again. On the charge of "ridiculing the previous dynasty", he was demoted to Huizhou resettlement, and then demoted to Danzhou (now Dan County, Hainan Province) Biejia and Changhuajun resettlement. When Huizong came to the throne, he transferred Lianzhou resettlement, Shuzhou Tuanlian deputy envoy, and Yongzhou resettlement. In the third year of Yuanfu (1101), a general amnesty was granted, and he was reinstated as Chaofeng Lang. On his way back to the north, he died in Changzhou, with his posthumous title of Wenzhong. He died at the age of sixty-six.
\x0d\\x0d\Su Shi's literary and artistic achievements\x0d\\x0d\Su Shi's literary views are in the same vein as Ouyang Xiu, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thought emphasizes "doing something for something", advocating nature, getting rid of constraints, "creating new ideas in laws and regulations, and expressing wonderful principles in boldness". He believes that compositions should reach the artistic realm of "like flowing clouds and flowing water, with no definite quality at first, but always doing what they should do and always stopping at what they must do. Natural literature and science, full of gestures" ("A Letter of Thanks to Minshi"). Su Shi's prose writings are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is easy and smooth, bold and free. Shi Dehong's "Postscript to Dongpo (Left and Right Yun) Chi Lu" said: "The writing is as smooth as the quality of water, and it spreads vastly, so its waves will naturally become written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu are both called "Ou Su", and they are "Ou Su". One of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. \x0d\\x0d\Su Shi was committed to promoting underachievers, and Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, etc. all came from his disciples. \x0d\\x0d\There are about 4,000 Su poems in existence. The poems are broad in content and diverse in style. They are mainly bold and unrestrained, with powerful writing, endless changes, and romanticism, which opened up a new path for the development of Song poetry. Xie Zhou's "Original Poems" said: "Su Shi's poems have opened up a realm unprecedented in ancient and modern times. Everything in the world laughs and curses, and they are all inspired by the writing." Zhao Yi's "Oubei Poetry Talk" said: "Take text as poetry , from Changli to Dongpo, he became more and more eloquent, opened up new perspectives, and became the grand view of the generation? Especially those who are unreachable, born with a strong pen, as refreshing as a sad pear, quick to cut, there is a secret that must be reached, and no difficult feelings to show. , so he became a great poet after Li and Du, but he is not as good as Li and Du. "\x0d\\x0d\ There are more than 340 poems by Su Shi in existence, which are more than just writing about love and divorce between men and women. The narrow subject matter of Beisu has broad social content. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of Chinese poetry. He expanded the spirit of the Northern Song Dynasty's poetry innovation movement to the field of Ci, swept away the traditional Ci style since the late Tang and Five Dynasties, and created the Bold Ci School that stood side by side with the Graceful School. He expanded the subject matter of Ci and enriched the artistic conception of Ci. It broke through the boundaries of poetry in Shizhuang and made a significant contribution to the innovation and development of poetry. His famous works include "Nian Nujiao", "Shui Diao Ge Tou", etc. He pioneered the bold style of poetry and was known as "Su Xin" together with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng's "Xin Jiaxuan Ci Preface" said: "The words reach the east slope, and they are upright and upright, like poetry, like writing, like the wonders of heaven and earth."\x0d\\x0d\Su Shi is also good at running and regular script, together with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu and Cai Xiang Known as the "Four Families of the Song Dynasty". He studied famous masters of Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and gained influence from Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and became his own family. Zi said: "I can't create my own calligraphy"; another said: "I come up with new ideas and don't follow the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, he was very good at using pen, but he was not as good as the boss who gradually approached nature"; another said: "When he arrived in Huangzhou Later, his strokes were extremely powerful. "In his later years, he had the momentum of overseas turbulence, and his knowledge, broadmindedness, and knowledge were outstanding, and he experienced many ups and downs in his life. His calligraphy style is full of ups and downs, innocent and vast. You can imagine his calligraphy by looking at it. As a person. At that time, his brothers and nephews You, Mai, and Guo, and his friends Wang Dingguo and Zhao Ling_ all learned from him; later historical celebrities such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan, and Zhang Zhidong in the Qing Dynasty , also learned from him, which shows the great influence. Huang Tingjian said in "Valley Collection": "Those who are good at calligraphy in this dynasty should naturally recommend (Su) as the first."\x0d\\x0d\Su Shi painted ink and bamboo in painting, learning from Wen Tong (i.e. Wen and Ke) , more concise and vigorous than the text, and has the potential to dance. Mi Fu said that he "made black bamboo from the ground to the top." I asked: Why not divide it section by section? He said: When the bamboo is growing, how can it grow section by section? The stems and curves are unprovoked; the stones are hard and cracked, and they are also strange and unprovoked, just like the depression in his chest." It can be seen that his paintings are very strange and far-reaching. He has outstanding views on both calligraphy and painting, and his influence on painting is even more profound. For example, we attach great importance to spiritual resemblance, advocate that there is emotion outside the painting, and the painting should have sustenance, oppose the similarity of form, and oppose the constraints of formula, advocate "the original uniformity of poetry and painting, natural craftsmanship and freshness", and clearly put forward the concept of "scholar painting", etc., which will be followed by " The development of "literati painting" has laid a theoretical foundation. The extant writings include "Poems about Cold Food in Huangzhou", "Ode to Chibi", "Essays in Appreciation to the Civil Teachers" and "Jidaowen in Honor of Huangzhou", etc. Among the surviving paintings are "Scroll of Ancient Trees and Strange Rocks"; and "Scroll of Bamboos and Stones of Xiaoxiang" discovered in recent years must also be his work. \x0d\\x0d\Su Shi's achievements in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy, painting, etc. were at the pinnacle of the Song Dynasty when there were so many talented people. He is a rare literary and artistic genius in Chinese history.