Comprehensive knowledge of literature
1) Works of ancient Chinese writers
1. Works of Pre-Qin Writers
Confucius, named Qiu and courtesy name Zhongni, was a thinker, educator and founder of the Confucian school. The core of thought is "benevolence". There are 20 existing chapters of The Analects, which are collections of quotations written by his disciples recording the words and deeds of him and his disciples. "Lun", pronounced l ún, means to select an excerpt.
Mozi, named Zhai (d í), was a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period and the founder of the Mohist school. He advocated "universal love", "non-aggression", "respecting the virtuous" and "frugal use". He is the author of the book "Mozi", with 53 chapters in existence.
Sun Tzu, whose name is Wu and whose courtesy name is Changqing, was a native of Qi State in the late Spring and Autumn Period. He is a military theorist and the author of "Sun Tzu", "The Art of War", 13 chapters, which was called "The Classic of War" in ancient times. my country's first military book.
Mencius, named Ke and Ziyu, was born in Zou (Shandong) during the Warring States Period. He was a thinker, politician, and educator. He was a Confucian master after Confucius. Its central idea is "benevolence and righteousness", advocating the implementation of benevolent government, emphasizing that "the people are more important than the monarch", and pay attention to the support of the people. Put forward the theory of "good nature" on the issue of human nature. Author of "Mencius".
Zhuangzi, named Zhou, was born in Mongolia (Henan) during the Warring States Period and was a representative figure of the Taoist school. There is an existing book of "Zhuangzi" with 33 chapters, also known as "Nanhua Sutra". The representative work is "Xiaoyaoyou".
Xunzi, whose given name was Kuang and whose honorific title was "Qing", was renamed "Sun Qing" to avoid the taboo of Emperor Xuan Liu Xun in the Han Dynasty. He was a native of Zhao (Hebei) during the Warring States Period. He was a thinker, educator and representative of the Confucian school. He put forward the "theory of evil nature" in response to Mencius' "theory of good nature", and in response to the Confucian "theory of destiny" he proposed the simple materialism of "the behavior of nature is constant" and the thought of "man can conquer nature" by "controlling the destiny of heaven and using it". He is the author of 32 chapters of "Xunzi", and his representative works include "Encouragement to Learning" and "Lun of Heaven".
Han Fei, a Korean at the end of the Warring States Period, a disciple of Xun Kuang, and a representative figure of the Legalist school. Politically, he proposed various policies of heavy rewards, heavy punishments, heavy agriculture, and heavy warfare, advocated the centralization of monarchy, and opposed the manipulation of politics by aristocrats. There are 55 chapters of "Han Feizi" in existence, and the representative works include "Five Beetles", "Zhi Zi Suspicious Neighbors", and "Bian Que Meets Duke Huan of Cai".
Lü Buwei, a great Korean businessman at the end of the Warring States Period, was the prime minister of the Qin State. He gathered his disciples to compile "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals".
Liezi, named Yukou, was born in Zheng (Henan) during the Warring States Period. He was respected as a senior by Taoists. He is the author of 8 chapters of Liezi.
Qu Yuan, named Ping, courtesy name Yuan, and nickname Lingjun, was a native of the Chu state at the end of the Warring States Period. He ushered in a new era in which poetry transformed from collective singing to individual independent creation. He was the founder of my country's tradition of positive romantic poetry, my country's first great patriotic poet, and one of the four major cultural celebrities in the world (along with Copernicus of Poland and Copernicus of Poland). British Shakespeare, Italian Dante). He wrote my country's first long political lyric poem "Li Sao" in the form of Chu Ci (that is, when encountering sorrow, "li" means "suffering"), as well as "Nine Songs", "Nine Chapters", "Heavenly Questions", etc. "Shijiang" is one of the "Nine Chapters". The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the anniversary of his drowning in the Miluo River.
2． Works of writers of the Han Dynasty
Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng, or Jia Changsha, Jia Taifu, was from Luoyang (Henan), a statesman and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. His main literary achievements are political essays, including 7 "Shu" articles and 58 articles in 10 volumes of "New Book"; his representative works include "Ode to Qu Yuan" and "Ode to Pengniao". The Ming Dynasty compiled "Jia Changsha Collection", which was named after him as the Prince of Changsha.
Liu An, a native of Peijun (Jiangsu), was a thinker and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. He was the grandson of the emperor of the Han Dynasty. He inherited his father's title and was named King of Huainan. Collectively compiled "Huainan Honglie", also called "Huainanzi".
Sima Qian, courtesy name Zichang, was born in Xiayang (Shaanxi) and was the son of Taishi Ling Sima Tan. Historian and writer of the Western Han Dynasty. After going through all kinds of hardships, he compiled "Historical Records", which was originally called "Tai Shi Gong Shu".
Liu Xiang, whose real name is Gengsheng, also named Zizheng. Confucian scholar, bibliographer, and litterateur of the Western Han Dynasty. He wrote "Shuo Yuan" and "New Preface", and also compiled and revised "Warring States Policy" and "Chu Ci".
Ban Gu, courtesy name Mengjian, was a native of Fufeng (Shaanxi). He was a historian and writer of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He spent more than 20 years compiling my country's first biographical chronological history, "Hanshu", and created the "Bao Ju Generation". The style of chronological history. In terms of Ci and Fu, "Liangdu Fu" is the most famous.
3. Works of writers in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Cao Cao, courtesy name Mengde, was a statesman, strategist, and poet during the Three Kingdoms period. He became prime minister during the reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, and was later named King of Wei. After his death, his son Cao Pi succeeded Han Jian. Wei, after worshiping Cao Cao as Emperor Wu of Wei. There are Yuefu lyrics such as the lyrical poems "Viewing the Sea", "The Turtle Lives Longevity", "Walking in the Grass" and so on.
Zhuge Liang, courtesy name Kongming, was a statesman and military strategist during the Three Kingdoms era. When he became the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, his most famous poems are "Liang Fu Yin", and "Chu Shi Biao" is a famous poem that has been passed down through the ages.
Cao Pi, courtesy name Ziheng, was the second son of Cao Cao and Emperor Wen of Wei. A litterateur of the Three Kingdoms, his representative work is "Yan Ge Xing", and his "Essentials and Essays" is my country's first literary criticism monograph.
Chen Shou, courtesy name Chengzuo (zu ò), is a historian of the Western Jin Dynasty. He is the author of the country-style history book "Three Kingdoms".
2 Comprehensive Knowledge of Literature
Tao Yuanming, named Qian, courtesy name Yuanming, also known as Mr. Jingjie, also called himself Mr. Wuliu, was a poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the first pastoral poet in my country. His prose works include "The Peach Blossom Spring" and "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu", and his poems include "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" and "Drinking Drinking".
Qian Bao, named Ling Sheng. A historian and writer of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he wrote my country's first collection of mythological (spiritual and strange) novels, "Sou Shen Ji".
Fan Ye, courtesy name Weizong, was a historian and essayist in the Southern Song Dynasty. "Le Yangzi's Wife" and "Zhang Heng's Biography" are selected from his "Book of the Later Han". "Later Han" means "Eastern Han". "A man with lofty ideals will not drink from a stolen spring, and an honest man will not eat from a thief." comes from his "Book of the Later Han·Biography of Lieutenants".
Liu Yiqing, a novelist in the Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties, is the author of my country's first collection of note-taking novels, "Shishuoxinyu". This is a notebook novel that records the anecdotes of people in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Many stories in the book have become allusions and themes in poems, novels and dramas, and some have become commonly used idioms, such as "looking at the plum blossoms to quench thirst", "devotedly passionate", "eloquent words" "wait.
Liu Xie, courtesy name Yanhe, was a literary theorist in the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasty. He wrote 50 articles on my country's first literary theory monograph, "The Literary Mind and the Diaolong", which dealt with many issues in creation.
Li Daoyuan, with a long character, was a geographer and essayist in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Compiled into 40 volumes of "Shui Jing Zhu", it is a geography with great literary value.
Zhong Rong, courtesy name Zhongwei, was a literary critic in the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties. He wrote my country's first monograph on poetry theory, Shi Pin.
4. Works of writers of the Tang Dynasty
Wang Bo, courtesy name Zian, was one of the Four Great Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty and a litterateur of the Tang Dynasty. He wrote the lyrical poem "Sending Du Shaofu to Shuzhou" (five verses) and the famous article "Preface to the Pavilion of Prince Teng". He is the author of "The Collection of Prince An".
Yang Jiong, the first of the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty, is famous for his famous works such as "On the Military March".
Lu Zhaolin, one of the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty, is represented by "The Ancient Meaning of Chang'an".
Wang Luo Bin, one of the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty, is represented by "Singing Cicadas in Prison", as well as the famous "Quest for War", and his collection of works is "Linhai Collection".
He Zhizhang, also known as Jizhen, also known as Siming Kuangke, was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. His "Returning to Hometown Oops" (Qijue) is a famous piece of poetry.
Wang Zhihuan, courtesy name Jiling, was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. His "Liangzhou Ci" and "Climbing the Stork and Magpie Tower" are treasures of quatrains in the Tang Dynasty.
Meng Haoran, a landscape pastoral poet in the Tang Dynasty. "Passing the Village of My Old Friend" (Five Rhythms) depicts the pastoral scenery of green water and green mountains and the farmhouse atmosphere of "talking about mulberry trees and hemp over wine", which reflects the true feelings between the poet and the villagers. "Spring Dawn" (Wujue) describes the scene of spring dawn and the feelings of early spring, and has become a good poem that has been passed down through the ages.
Wang Changling, also known as Shaobo, was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. He was good at Qijue and wrote mostly about the military life in the frontier fortress at that time. He was vigorous and high-spirited, including seven poems in "March from the Army", "Farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Tower" and "Out of the Fortress". 》Both capitals are very famous.
Wang Wei, whose courtesy name was Mojie, was promoted to Shangshu Youcheng and was known as Wang Youcheng in the world. He was a landscape and pastoral poet in the Tang Dynasty. His famous works include "Bird Song Stream" (five unique styles), "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi" (seven unique styles), and "Guan Yu" (five unique styles). "Wei Mojie's poems, there are paintings in the poems, and poems in the paintings" are Su Shi's words of praise for Wang Wei.
Li Bai, also known as Taibai and Qinglian Jushi, was a romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty. Officials worship Hanlin. Because of his arrogant character and not being tolerated by the powerful, he deepened his understanding of the corrupt society and wrote poems that criticized the debauchery and extravagance of the emperors and powerful officials and complained about the darkness of real politics. Wujue's "Quiet Night Thoughts", "Qiupu Song", Qijue's "Looking at Tianmen Mountain", Wulu's "Farewell to a Friend", Qigu's "Sleepwalking Tianmu's Song of Farewell", and "It's Difficult to Travel". Author of "The Complete Works of Li Taibai".
Gao Shi, courtesy name Dafu, was a frontier poet in the Tang Dynasty. His poems reflected the border situation and the suffering of the soldiers at that time. His representative works are "Yan Ge Xing" and "Farewell to Dong Da" (Qijue).
Cui Hao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, a Jinshi in Kaiyuan, and an official to the rank of wailang. His frontier fortress poems are generous and heroic. "Yellow Crane Tower" (Seven Rhymes) is highly praised by Li Bai.
Du Fu, also known as Zimei, once lived in the south of Chang'an City and west of Shaoling. He called himself Shaoling Ye Lao, and was known as Du Shaoling in the world. He was born in Gong County (Henan) and was a realist poet in the Tang Dynasty. He traveled around various places and lived in Chang'an for ten years. He was captured during the "Anshi Rebellion". After escaping, he served as Zuo Shiyi. Later, he abandoned his official position and moved to Chengdu. He built a thatched cottage on the bank of Huanhua River, which is known as Huanhua Cottage in the world. He once served as Jiannan Jiedu, joined the army, and served as minister of the Ministry of Industry. Yuanwailang, known as Du Gongbu in the world. His works show the historical process of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and are known as the "history of poetry", including "Collection of Poems by Du Gongbu". His representative works include "Five Hundred Words of Empathy from Beijing to Fengxian County" and the poems "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
Cen Shen, a frontier poet in the Tang Dynasty, was a native of Jiazhou and served as the governor of Jiazhou. He has been in the army for many years and has profound experience of frontier life. He has "Cen Jiazhou Poetry Collection". The representative work "Bai Xuege Sends Judge Wu Back to the Capital" (Qi Gu).
Zhang Zhihe, courtesy name Zitong, was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. He wrote mostly about seclusion and leisure life. He is the author of "Xuan Zhenzi" and his representative work "Yu Gezi" (ci).
Han Yu, courtesy name Tuizhi, was born in Heyang (Henan). He called himself Junwang (a prominent family in the county) Changli, and was known as Han Changli in the world. His posthumous title was Wen. He was also called Han Wengong, and he was an official. The Minister of the Ministry, also known as the Ministry of Officials of Han Dynasty. An essayist and poet in the Tang Dynasty, he was an advocate of the "Ancient Prose Movement" together with Liu Zongyuan. He was listed as the first of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties" and the author of "Collected Works of Mr. Chang Li".
3 Compendium of Literary Knowledge
Liu Yuxi, also known as Mengde, was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. He has "Collected Works of Liu Mengde" and "Inscriptions on the Humble Room" selected from "The Complete Works of Tang Dynasty". 》. The famous line "Thousands of sails are passing by the side of the sunken boat, and thousands of spring trees are in front of the diseased trees" comes from "Gifts to the Lottery at the First Banquet in Yangzhou", which embodies profound philosophy and is very popular.
Bai Juyi, also known as Bai Taifu, also known as Bai Taifu. A native of Xia (Shaanxi), he was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. He advocated that "articles should be written according to the time, and songs and poems should be written according to the event." He is the author of "Bai's Changqing Collection". He is an advocate of the New Yuefu movement and has the satirical poems "Qin Zhongyin" and "New Yuefu", as well as the long narrative poems "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" and "Pipa Xing" (with preface). There are also "Charcoal Seller" (Qi Gu) and "Spring Tour at Qiantang Lake" (Qi Lu).
Liu Zongyuan, courtesy name Zihou, was from Hedong (Shanxi), known as Liu Hedong in the world. He was demoted to Yongzhou Sima due to his failure to participate in the political reform, and moved to Liuzhou as governor, known as Liuliuzhou in the world. He initiated the ancient prose movement with Han Yu and was one of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. There are essays such as "Tian Shuo" and "Feudal Theory", biographical essays "Anecdotes of Taiwei Duan", "Biography from Tong District", "Snake Catcher", fable prose "Three Commandments", and landscape travelogue "Eight Notes of Yongzhou". "One of the authors of "Liuhe East Collection".
Du Mu, also known as Muzhi, was a writer of the Tang Dynasty. He lived in Fanchuan Villa in the south of Chang'an City in his later years, so he was nicknamed Du Fanchuan. He was good at using quatrains to satirize current events, such as "Red Cliff" and "Quetrains Passing the Huaqing Palace" Three songs. He is the author of "Collected Works of Fan Chuan".
Li Shangyin, also known as Yishan and Yuxisheng, was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. He has "Li Yishan's Collected Poems" and "Fan Nan's Collected Works". His representative works include "Untitled", "Sui Palace", "Jia Sheng", "Night Rain Sends to the North", etc.
5. Works of writers in the Song Dynasty
Liu Yong, also known as Qiqing, was originally named Sanbian. Because he was ranked seventh, he was called Liu Qi in the world. The first professional poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was a bohemian man and lived in poverty all his life. He was good at describing the feelings of traveling and servitude, and wrote the "Collection of Movements".
Fan Zhongyan, courtesy name Xiwen, was a politician, military strategist and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, with the nickname Wenzheng. The term "fisherman's pride" reflects the frontier life. When he was demoted to the prefect of Dengzhou, he wrote the famous essay "The Story of Yueyang Tower" and the "Collected Works of Fan Wenzhenggong".
Ouyang Xiu, courtesy name Yongshu, nicknamed Zuiweng, Liuyi Jushi, posthumous title Wenzhong, was a writer and historian in the Northern Song Dynasty, the leader of the classical prose movement in the Northern Song Dynasty, and one of the eight great writers of the Tang and Song Dynasties. We advocate equal emphasis on "literature" and "Tao" and oppose superficial literary styles. The prose he writes is fluent in reasoning and euphemistic in lyricism. "June 1 Poetry Talk" created a new genre of "Poetry Talk" and had a certain influence on the development of poetry theory in later generations. He is the author of "Collected Works of Ouyang Wenzhong".
Su Xun, courtesy name Mingyun and nickname Laoquan, was born in Meishan (Sichuan) and was an essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. He is the author of "Jia Ji". "On the Six Kingdoms" is selected from "Jiaji Quan Shu". "The Book of Power" includes ten articles, all commenting on politics and history. He, his sons Su Shi and Su Che are also known as the "Three Sus", and they are all among the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties".
Sima Guang, courtesy name Junshi, was a native of Sushui Township in Xia County (Shanxi), Shaanxi Province. He was known as Mr. Sushui in the world. He was a historian and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was an official to the prime minister. He took office in August. After his death, he was posthumously named Wen Guogong and posthumously named Wenzheng. He is the author of "Collected Works of Sima Wenzhenggong". Politically, he was a conservative and opposed Wang Anshi's reform. He has made immortal contributions to academics. He spent nineteen years editing my country's largest chronological general history, "Zi Zhi Tong Jian". Together with "Historical Records", it is known as the "Twin Jewels of Historiography".
Wang Anshi, also known as Jiefu, later known as Banshan, was promoted to prime minister, was granted the title of Duke of Jing, and was known as Wang Jinggong in the world. His posthumous title was Wen, and he was also called Wang Wengong. A native of Linchuan (Jiangxi). Political reformer, thinker and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. His prose is vigorous and upright, and he is one of the "Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". "Shang Zhongyong" is excerpted from "Collected Works of Wang Wengong".
Shen Kuo, courtesy name Cunzhong, was born in Qiantang (Hangzhou) and was a scientist and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. His "Mengxi Bi Tan" (26 volumes) is a comprehensive academic monograph written in the notebook style and is my country's first scientific work.
Su Shi, courtesy name Zizhan, also known as Dongpo Jushi, was a writer, calligrapher and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was promoted to the Minister of Rites and was given the posthumous title Wenzhong. His writing is clear and fluent, and he is listed as one of the "Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". His poetry was bold and unrestrained, which had a great influence on later generations. He is the author of "The Complete Works of Dongpo" and "Dongpo Yuefu".
Li Qingzhao, courtesy name Yi'an, also known as Yi'an Jushi, was a native of Jinan, Shandong Province. She was a female poet in the Southern Song Dynasty and the first female poet in my country. His poems make good use of line drawing techniques, find new ways of writing, and use clear and beautiful language. "Ru Meng Ling" is selected from "Shu Yu Ci" and "Li Qingzhao Collection".
Lu You, Zi Wu Guan, Hao Fang Weng, a native of Shanyin, Yuezhou (Shaoxing, Zhejiang), is a patriotic poet of the Southern Song Dynasty. There are more than 9,000 poems in existence today. They are rich in content and mainly express the patriotic desire to restore national unity. enthusiasm. The poems "Guan Shan Yue", "Shu Anger", "Farmer's Sigh", "Showing Children", and "Wind and Rain on November 4th" have been passed down from generation to generation. "Reporting Heartfelt Feelings" and "The Hairpin-headed Phoenix" are very artistic. His poems and articles include "Crossing Xiaogushan and Dagushan" and so on. He is the author of "Jiannan Poetry Draft" and "Weinan Collected Works".
Xin Qiji, courtesy name You'an, nickname Jiaxuan, Licheng (from Jinan, Shandong), was a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. His poems express the patriotic enthusiasm of trying to restore the unity of the country and express the sorrow and indignation of unrealized ambitions. Together with Su Shi, he is a representative of the bold and unconstrained faction. He is the author of the collection of poems "Jia Xuan's Long and Short Sentences".
4 Complete Literary Knowledge
Jiang Kui, also known as Yaozhang, also known as Baishi Taoist. A native of Poyang (Jiangxi), he was a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. Most of his poems were about describing scenery, chanting objects, and describing guest travels. There is "Baishi Taoist Poetry Collection".
Wen Tianxiang, also known as Song Rui and Lushan, was born in Luling (Jiangxi), also known as Wenshan. He was a minister of the Southern Song Dynasty and a patriotic politician. Literary author, author of "The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan". "Song of Righteousness", "Guanzhilu", "Moon over the River", and "Postlude to "Guanzhilu"" are all passed down to future generations.
6. Works of writers of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
Guan Hanqing, nicknamed Ji Zhaisou, was born in Dadu (Beijing), a Zaju (traditional opera) writer in the Yuan Dynasty, the greatest dramatist in the history of Chinese drama, and the founder of Yuan Zaju. He has written more than 60 kinds of dramas, 14 of which are extant today, among which "The Injustice of Dou E", "Saving Fengchen", "Wangjiang Pavilion" and "Single Sword Club" are the most famous, and there is also "Collection of Guan Hanqing Operas". "The Injustice of Dou E" is one of the typical tragedies in the history of Chinese opera.
Wang Shifu, a native of Dadu (Beijing), is a Zaju (drama) writer in the Yuan Dynasty. His representative work is "The Romance of the West Chamber" in 5 volumes, 21% off, with the theme of praising anti-feudal love and praising Zhang Sheng and Yingying for fighting for each other. The struggle for freedom of marriage was directed at feudal ethics and the marriage system, and had strong anti-feudal ideas.
Ma Zhiyuan, nicknamed Dongli, was born in Dadu (Beijing). He was a dramatist and sanquist in the Yuan Dynasty. He composed 15 kinds of dramas. His representative works include the drama "Autumn in the Palace of the Han Dynasty" and the sanqu "Autumn Thoughts on Tianjingsha".
Shi Naian, a novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. His masterpiece "Water Margin", also known as "Water Margin", is a long vernacular chapter novel in ancient my country describing the revolutionary struggle of farmers.
Luo Guanzhong, named Guanzhong, nicknamed Huhai Sanren, was a novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. It is said that he was a student of Shi Naian, and he was engaged in creative writing with him. There are 17 kinds of popular romances, and the representative work "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is a famous long historical chapter novel in ancient my country and the first chapter novel in the history of Chinese literature. The book has 120 chapters.
Yu Qian, courtesy name Yanyi, was a native of Qiantang (Zhejiang), a minister and patriotic general of the Ming Dynasty. From an official to the Minister of War, Yi Zhongsu was a poet. There is "Yu Zhongsu Collection". "Song of Lime" was written by the author when he was 12 years old, and is selected from "Selected Ancient Poems".
Wu Chengen, courtesy name Ruzhong, also known as Sheyangshanren, was born in Shanyang (Jiangsu) and was a novelist of the Ming Dynasty. He was a middle-aged Gongsheng student in his forties, and his official position was only as high as county magistrate. He gave up his job because he was ashamed to bend his back. He lived in poverty all his life and was dissatisfied with the dark reality. In his later years, he wrote my country's first mythological novel "Journey to the West", which not only reflected his desire to help the world, but also was a masterpiece of positive romanticism. Its artistry marked a new peak in my country's romantic literature.
Gui Youguang, courtesy name Xifu and nickname Zhenchuan, was born in Kunshan (Jiangsu) and later lived in Jiading (Shanghai). He was an essayist in the late Ming Dynasty. He was a Jinshi at the age of 60 and was appointed as the Prime Minister of Taipu Temple in Nanjing. . His prose is simple and concise, and he is good at narrative. There is "Collection of Mr. Zhenchuan". "Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi" is selected from "Collected Works of Zhenchuan".
Tang Xianzu, a native of Linchuan, Jiangxi Province, was a dramatist in the Ming Dynasty. He was a doctor of Taichang Temple in Nanjing and the director of the Ministry of Rites. His representative work is "The Peony Pavilion" (also known as "The Return of the Soul"). Most of the plays oppose feudal ethics and pursue individual liberation.
Feng Menglong, also known as Youlong, the master of Mohanzhai, was born in Changzhou (Jiangsu) and was a writer of the Ming Dynasty. "Words to Warn the World" and "Words to Awaken the World" are collectively known as "Three Words". "The Old Man in the Garden Meets a Fairy at Night" comes from "Words to Awaken the World" and was adapted into the film "The Story of an Autumn Man Encountering an Immortal".
Xu Hong (Hong) ancestor, courtesy name Zhenzhi, nickname Xiake, was born in Jiangyin (Jiangsu). He was a Ming Dynasty traveler, geographical geologist and travel prose writer. He is the author of "Xu Xiake's Travels", the book It is a travel prose in the form of a diary, and is the first travel diary in my country. In the book, the author describes the magnificence of the mountains and rivers of the motherland and expresses his love for nature. He is called "the number one traveler in ancient and modern times". "Travel to Huangshan Mountain" comes from this book. (Huangshan, in Anhui Province, has four unique wonders: strange pines, strange rocks, sea of ??clouds, and hot springs.)
Li Yu, courtesy name Lihong, nickname Liweng, was born in Lanxi, Zhejiang, and was a Qing Dynasty opera theorist. playwright. "Fuchsia" is excerpted from the "Planting Department" in "Li Liweng's Family Talk·Li Weng's Odd Collection".
Pu Songling, also known as Liuxian, also known as Mr. Liaozhai, was born in Zichuan (Shandong) and was a writer of the Qing Dynasty. He spent decades writing my country's first collection of short stories in classical Chinese, "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio".
Fang Bao, courtesy name Linggao and nickname Wangxi, was a native of Tongcheng, Anhui Province. He was an essayist in the Qing Dynasty and served as the right minister of the Ministry of Rites. He is the founder of Tongcheng School. Most of the prose works are scriptures, prefaces and postscripts, letters, and entertainment works.
Wu Jingzi, courtesy name Minxuan, was born in Quanjiao (Anhui) and was a novelist in the Qing Dynasty. His "The Scholars" is my country's first full-length satirical novel, with 55 chapters.
Cao Xueqin, whose given name is Mengruan and nickname is Xueqin, whose ancestral home is Fengrun (Hebei), was born in Nanjing and was a novelist in the Qing Dynasty. He spent ten years working on "The Story of the Stone" (also known as "A Dream of Red Mansions"). The novel "Golden Jade Fate") was created before the book was completed and he died of illness. The last forty chapters were continued by Gao E (è), with a total of 120 chapters. It is a chapter-style novel and is the greatest realistic work among ancient Chinese novels.
Yuan Mei, courtesy name Zicai, also known as Jianzhai and Suiyuan Laoren, was born in Qiantang (Hangzhou), Zhejiang Province. He was a poet, essayist and former county magistrate in the Qing Dynasty. After resigning, he lived at the foot of Xiaocang Mountain in Jiangning (Nanjing). He built a garden and settled there, calling himself Cangshan lay scholar. "Essays on Sisters' Sacrifice" is selected from his "Collected Works of Xiaocang Shanfang", and he is also the author of "Suiyuan Poems".
Yao Nai, courtesy name Ji Chuan, family name Xibao Xuan, known as Mr. Xibao, was an essayist in the Qing Dynasty. A native of Tongcheng, Anhui Province, he is the master of the "Tongcheng School" after Fang Bao and Liu Damukui. It is proposed that the article must use "textual research" and "Ci Zhang" as means to clarify the ancient Chinese theory of Confucianism's "righteousness and principle". "The Story of Climbing Mount Tai" is selected from the "Collected Poems and Essays of Xibao Xuan", and the section "Viewing the Sun in the Snow" is particularly praised by later generations.
Gong Zizhen, a native of Renhe (Hangzhou), Zhejiang Province, was a thinker and writer in the Qing Dynasty. He became the director of the Ministry of Rites, and later resigned and returned to the south. Deep in Confucian classics, literature and history and geography, he is a main figure in the "Jinwen School" and one of the pioneers of the modern reform movement. In the Jihai year (the 19th year of Daoguang), he wrote 315 quatrains on his way back, collectively titled "Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai". It expresses emotions about state affairs and the sorrow and joy of life experiences.
Liu E, also known as Tieyun, pen name (alias) Hongdu Bailiansheng, was born in Dantu (Zhenjiang), Jiangsu Province, and was a novelist in the late Qing Dynasty. He was proficient in mathematics, medicine, water conservancy, etc. His "Lao Can's Travels" "" is one of the four major condemnation novels in the late Qing Dynasty in my country.
Wu Jian (ji ǎn), also known as Woyao, also named Yuren, later changed to Jianren, was from Nanhai (Guangzhou), Guangdong. Because he lived in Foshan Town, he also called himself a Foshan person, in the late Qing Dynasty (modern times) novelist. His "Strange Current Situation Witnessed in Twenty Years" is one of the four major condemnation novels in the late Qing Dynasty.
Li Baojia, also known as Boyuan or Nanting Pavilion Chang, was born in Wujin, Jiangsu Province and was a novelist in the late Qing Dynasty (modern times). His "The Appearance of Officialdom" was one of the four major condemnation novels in the late Qing Dynasty.
Zeng Pu, courtesy name Meng Pu, was born in Changshu, Jiangsu Province. He was a modern novelist and was fluent in French. "The Flower of Sinful Sea" is one of the four major condemnation novels in the late Qing Dynasty.
Liang Qichao, also known as Zhuoru, nicknamed Ren Gong, also known as the owner of the Ice Drinking Room, was a native of Xinhui, Guangdong. Leader of the Reform Movement of 1898, politician and writer. "Young China" and "Tan Sitong" are from "The Ice Drinking Room Collection".
Comprehensive knowledge of literature
(2) Chinese ancient books and classics
1. "Four Books" and "Five Classics"
The "Four Books" refer to the four Confucian classics, namely "The Analects", "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean" and "Mencius".
The "Five Classics" are the five Confucian classics, namely "The Book of Songs", "The Book of Books", "The Book of Rites" ("The Rites of Zhou", "The Rites", "The Book of Rites"), and "The Book of Changes" , "Spring and Autumn".
2. "The Book of Songs"
"The Book of Songs" is my country's first collection of poetry. It contains works from about five hundred years from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. The Book of Songs is commonly known as "The Book of Songs" or "Three Hundred Poems". By the Han Dynasty, Confucianism regarded it as a classic and then called it the "Book of Songs", with 305 chapters. It is divided into three parts: "wind", "elegance" and "song". "Wind" is also called "Guo Feng". There are 160 articles, most of which are folk songs from various places. They are the essence of "The Book of Songs", such as "Cutting Sandalwood" and "Shuo Shu". "Ya" is divided into "Daya" and "Xiaoya", with a total of 105 chapters. Most of them are works by the noble literati of the Western Zhou royal family, and there are also a few ballads. Most of the contents describe the history of the Zhou aristocrats and praise their virtues. "Ode" is divided into "Song of Zhou", "Song of Lu" and "Song of Shang", with 40 chapters, most of which are music, songs and dances used for sacrifices by aristocratic rulers. The Book of Songs is the source of the fine tradition of poetic realism in my country. Its ideological content and artistic achievements have a profound impact on the development of Chinese literature, especially poetry. The form of poetry is mainly four-character, most of which use rhyme in alternate sentences, and the techniques of "Fu", "Bi" and "Xing" are widely used. The composition has the characteristics of repeated chanting of repeated chapters and overlapping sentences.
3. "Zuo Zhuan" "Zuo Zhuan" is my country's first chronological history book with a detailed and complete narrative. It was originally called "Zuo Shi Chun Qiu", also known as "Zuo Shi Chuan Chun Qiu". It is said to have been written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of the State of Lu. The record begins in the first year of Lu Yin (722 BC) and ends in the 27th year of Lu Aigong (468 BC), narrating more than 250 years of historical events in the Spring and Autumn Period. "Zuo Zhuan" has high literary value and has a great influence on later generations.
4. "Guoyu"
"Guoyu" is the earliest history book of national style in my country, with 21 volumes. It is said to be written by Zuo Qiuming. The whole book records the historical events of more than 500 years from King Mu of Zhou to King Zhending of Zhou according to different countries. The obvious difference between "Guoyu" and "Zuo Zhuan" is that "Guoyu" writes about different countries and is good at remembering words; "Zuo Zhuan" is written according to chronology and is better at remembering events.
5． "Songs of Chu" and "Songs of Chu" are the first collection of romantic poetry in my country. Because the form of the poem was processed and formed on the basis of Chu folk songs, and the poem quoted a large number of customs, products and dialect vocabulary of the Chu region, it was called "Chu Ci". "Chu Ci" is mainly the work of Qu Yuan, and his representative work is "Li Sao". Therefore, later generations also called "Chu Ci" "Sao Style". At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang collected the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others and compiled them into collections. "Chu Ci" is the source of my country's positive romantic poetry creation.
6. "Lu Shi Chun Qiu"
"Lu Shi Chun Qiu", also known as "Lu Lan", is a representative work of pre-Qin miscellaneous writers. It was compiled by Qin Prime Minister Lu Buwei at the end of the Warring States Period and gathered his disciples. The whole book has 26 volumes, selected. The textbook includes "Cha Jin".
7． "The Classic of Mountains and Seas"
"The Classic of Mountains and Seas" is a masterpiece of geography in ancient my country. The content is mainly geographical knowledge in ancient folklore, including mountains and rivers, products, medicines, sacrifices, witch doctors, etc. It has reference value for the study of ancient history, geography, culture, ethnicity, mythology, etc. It preserves a large number of ancient myths and legends, such as famous fables such as "The Yellow Emperor fought Chiyou", "Gun and Yu controlled the floods", "Jingwei reclaimed the sea", "Kuafu chases the sun", etc., which are materials cherished by later generations of writers.
8. "Warring States Policy" "Warring States Policy" is a country-style history compiled by Liu Xiang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, edited by ***33. The record begins in the 16th year of King Zhending of Zhou Dynasty (453 BC) and ends in the first year of Qin II (209 BC). It compiles the historical facts of politics, military, and diplomacy of various countries during the Warring States Period, and focuses on recording the strategies and remarks of the advisers. "Warring States Policy" is very successful in the use of language. Eloquent arguments, extravagant narratives, sharp satire, and intriguing humor constitute a unique language style. It marked the development of ancient Chinese historical prose to a new height and had a significant impact on the creation of prose and poetry in later generations.
9. The title of the collection "New Odes of Yutai" and "New Odes of Yutai" were compiled by Chen Xuling in the Southern Dynasty. It has 10 volumes and was written in the Liang Dynasty. It is an influential collection of ancient poems after "The Book of Songs" and "Chu Ci". Representative chapters include "The Peacock Flying Southeast" (originally titled "Ancient Poems Written by Jiao Zhongqing's Wife") and so on.
10. "Collection of Yuefu Poems" "Collection of Yuefu Poems" is the title of the collection, compiled by Guo Maoqian of the Song Dynasty. It compiles Yuefu songs from the Han and Wei dynasties to the Tang and Five Dynasties, as well as ballads from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the end of the Tang Dynasty. Including folk songs and literati works, as well as original lyrics and later imitations of music. The Yuefu was originally a music institution established by the government at that time, specializing in making music and collecting and sorting out the lyrics of folk music from various places. These movements and lyrics were later called "Yuefu Poetry" and became a new style of poetry that followed the "Book of Songs" and "Chu Ci".
11. The Twenty-Four Histories refer to the 24 historical books from "Historical Records" to "History of the Ming Dynasty". Among them, the middle school textbooks include: "Historical Records" (Han Dynasty, Sima Qian); "Han Shu" (Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Gu); "Later Han Shu" (Southern Song Dynasty, Fan Ye); "Three Kingdoms" (Jin Dynasty, Chen Shou); "New Book of Tang" (Ouyang Xiu, Song Dynasty); "New History of the Five Dynasties" (Ouyang Xiu, Song Dynasty); "History of Ming Dynasty" (Zhang Tingyu, etc., Qing Dynasty).