1 Rabindranath Tagore, (1861-1941) a famous Indian poet, philosopher and Indian nationalist. Won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. Born in Calcutta into a family rich in philosophy, literature and art, he was able to compose long poems and ode-style poems at the age of 13. He went to England to study in 1878 and returned to China in 1880 to specialize in literary activities. He served as the secretary of the Vatican Society from 1884 to 1911, and founded the International University in the 1920s. In 1941, he wrote the famous last words "Crisis of Civilization", which accused British colonial rule and believed that the motherland would be independent and liberated. Tagore is a writer with great influence on the world. He wrote more than 50 collections of poems and was known as the "Saint of Poetry". He has written 12 novels, more than 100 short stories, more than 20 screenplays and a large number of literary, philosophical and political treatises. He has also created more than 1,500 paintings and countless songs that are difficult to count. The fields of literature, history, philosophy, art, politics, and economics are almost all-encompassing and comprehensive. His works reflect the strong desire of the Indian people to change their destiny under the oppression of imperialism and the feudal caste system. They describe their indomitable resistance struggle and are full of distinctive patriotism and democratic spirit. At the same time, they are full of national style and nationality. It has unique characteristics, has high artistic value and is deeply loved by the people. His important poems include the poetry collections "Stories and Poems" (1900), "Gitanjali" (1910), "New Moon Collection" (1913), "Flying Birds Collection" (1916), "Edge Collection" (1938), "Birthday" "Collection" (1941); important novels include the short stories "Repaying Debt" (1891), "Rejection" (1893), "Suba" (1893), "Is Man Alive or Dead?" "(1892), "Mahamaya" (1892), "The Sun and the Clouds" (1894), the novella "Four People" (1916), the novel "The Shipwreck" (1906), "Gora" (1910), " "Family and the World" (1916), "Two Sisters" (1932); important plays include "The Stubborn Fortress" (1911), "Mokdotara" (1925), and "The Red Oleander" (1926); Important essays include "The Trade of Death" (1881), "Conversations in China" (1924), "Russian Letters" (1931), etc. His works were introduced to China as early as 1915, and a 10-volume Chinese "Collected Works of Rabindranath Tagore" has been published. Tagore
[1] Tagore was born in Bengal. But the consensus was that he was Indian. Because when Tai Lao was alive, Bangladesh was still a province of India (so Mr. Denghui’s claim that he is Japanese is justified). Thai Lao's works were originally written in Bengali. It is said that no one in any place where Bengali was spoken did not sing his poems every day. However, his poems only achieved worldwide acclaim after he translated them into English himself. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. Rabindranath Tagore's poetry collections published in English include: Gardener Jitanjali Crescent Moon Fruit-gathering Stray Bird Lover's Gift and Crossing The gift of the person went astray). There are many more written in Bengali. Such as: Sandhva Sangit; Sishn; Probhat Sangit; Kahini; Kanika;. . . Wait a lot. The English poems only select a small part of them. For example, most of the "Asuka Collection" come from Kanika. Rabindranath Tagore's poems had been translated into Chinese sporadically long before the May 4th Movement. Initially, it was Chen Duxiu's four five-character ancient translation "Hymn" selected from "Ji Tan Jie Li". Then there are four selected vernacular translations by Liu Bannong from "New Moon Collection". The first Chinese poetry collection was "The Birds" translated by Sidi. Since then, various translations, introductions, and reviews of Tagore's works have continued to appear, especially around Tagore's visit to China in 1924. Since the publication of "The Collection of Flying Birds", a short poem expressing casual thoughts has become popular in the Chinese poetry circle. Such as "Stars" and "Spring Water" by Bing Xin. Many of them contain philosophical, crystal clear and beautiful poems and have won the love of many people. There are many imitations of rolling. It almost influenced the style of poetry of a generation.
2 The great English Renaissance playwright and poet William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in a wealthy citizen family in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwick County, central England. . His father, John Shakespeare, was a grocer engaged in wool, leather manufacturing and grain business. In 1565, Shakespeare (11 photos) served as the town civil officer and was elected mayor three years later. When Shakespeare was seven years old, he was sent to a local grammar school, where he studied for six years and mastered the basic skills and rich knowledge of writing. In addition, he also learned Latin and Greek. However, because his father went bankrupt, he failed to graduate and embarked on the path of making a living on his own.
In 1577, he was picked up from school by his father and had to help his father in business for a period of time. He worked as a butcher's apprentice, taught in a rural school, and worked in various other occupations, which gave him a lot of social experience. We have every reason to believe that Shakespeare was extraordinary and different when he was studying. Legend has it that he worked as a teacher in the countryside when he was young. It was also rumored that he had been poaching on the land of Thomas Lucy, a wealthy tycoon and magistrate, and was discovered by Lucy's housekeeper, for which he was beaten. Out of revenge, Shakespeare wrote a limerick that satirized the rich man. It didn't take long for the poem to spread throughout the countryside. Wherever the rich man went, someone would laugh at him with this limerick. Squire Thomas was very angry and prepared to find ways to punish Shakespeare. Shakespeare was forced to leave the town of Stratford and seek refuge in London. Shakespeare was already very familiar with theatrical performance while still living in the small town of Stratford. There are often traveling theater groups that perform in the town of Stratford. In 1582, he married Anne Hathaway, a farmer's daughter, and in 1585 they had a son, Hamnet (named after Thomas Kyd's tragic hero Hamlet). He arrived in London in 1586 or 1587, when drama was rapidly becoming popular. First worked as a groom in the theater. He worked as a handyman, later joined a theater troupe and worked as an actor. director. He was a screenwriter and eventually became a theater shareholder; he started writing around 1588, first adapting the plays of his predecessors, and soon began to create independently. By the end of 1590, Shakespeare had become an actor and playwright in one of London's top theater companies, the Lord Chamberlain's Company run by James Burbage. Later, Shakespeare proved to others that he was a down-to-earth person with good conduct. He became a shareholder of the theater company and quickly won the respect and love of his colleagues. At that time, the theater world was dominated by "college talents" with Oxford and Cambridge backgrounds. A famous playwright once wrote an article in a contemptuous tone to ridicule Shakespeare, a "vulgar commoner" and "nouveau riche crow" for daring to write the same poem as Shakespeare. "Noble geniuses" compete against each other! But Shakespeare later won the support and love of a wide audience, including college student groups. Students once performed some of Shakespeare's plays, such as "Hamlet" and "The Comedy of Errors" in their spare time at school. In 1597, he returned to his hometown to buy real estate and spend the last days of his life. Although he received a good basic education, he never went to college. In 1598, university scholar F. Mills listed Shakespeare's plays before he was 35 years old in his "Treasure House of Wisdom" and praised his comedies and tragedies as "unparalleled", ranking him among the first-rate dramatic poets in ancient times. But he never published any of his plays during his lifetime. The success of his writing earned Shakespeare the favor of Lord Southampton, who became his protector. In the early 1990s, Shakespeare dedicated two of his long poems, "Venus and Adonis" and "The Humiliation of Lucrece," to the Lord, and also wrote some sonnets for the Lord. With the help of the Lord's relationship, Shakespeare entered the cultural salon of the aristocracy, which gave him the opportunity to observe and understand the upper class society, expanded his life horizons, and provided a rich source for his future creations. From 1594 onwards, the troupe he belonged to was protected by the palace ministers and was called the "Chamberlain's Troupe". In 1596, he applied for the title of "gentleman" and the right to own a coat of arms in his father's name, and purchased considerable real estate three times. In 1603, James I succeeded to the throne, and his troupe was renamed the "King's Troupe". He and the actors in the troupe were appointed as royal attendants. Therefore, in addition to regular touring performances, the troupe also often performed in the court. Shakespeare's The script became famous from all walks of life. Shakespeare lived in London for more than twenty years, during which time his wife remained in Stratford. Nearing the age of destiny, he retired and returned to his hometown of Stratford (around 1612). Shakespeare died unfortunately around his fifty-second birthday on April 23, 1616, and was buried in Holy Trinity Church. He died leaving a will. Shakespeare
Shakespeare was a famous homosexual, and all his sonnets were written to his same-sex lovers. According to British media reports, a British collector recently re-identified a family painting. The identity of the subject of the oil painting is hidden, and it turns out that this beautiful "woman" is none other than Shakespeare's legendary homosexual couple - Henry O'Shesley, the third Earl of Southampton. The Cobb family who discovered this "amazing" oil painting has a rich collection. Alec Cobb, who inherited the entire art collection, said in an interview with reporters that he had always thought that the person in the painting was a man named Norton's noble lady, because the words Mrs. Norton are clearly written on the back of this oil painting. But a few years ago, an art collector who visited by chance told Cobb that he believed the person in the painting was not a woman, but a man disguised as a woman. A few words awakened the dreamer, and Cobb began to re-examine his true identity. It was not until the beginning of this year that the mystery was finally revealed. The history of this oil painting can be traced back to the end of the 16th century.
Shakespeare's former residence (20 photos). In the painting, the Earl of Southampton is painted with makeup, lipstick on his lips, and a delicate earring on his left ear. The long hair spread to the chest, looking very feminine. The National Trust, the British historical and cultural authority, has confirmed that the oil painting is authentic. The painting was completed between 1590 and 1593, when Shakespeare was living in the house of the third Earl of Southampton.
Although Shakespeare was married to Anna Hathaway, his true sexual orientation has always been a controversial topic among literary critics. The Earl of Southampton is said to be gay for a long time, and his relationship with Shakespeare is even more confusing. The earl once hosted Shakespeare in his apartment, and Shakespeare's famous "Sonnets" were dedicated to a handsome young man who was "as beautiful as a woman". (However, some people believe that the first dozen or so poems in the collection of sonnets advocate the succession of the family line and cannot be understood as being written to her boyfriend.) Many historians have already researched that the admiration in Shakespeare's poems is most likely directed towards the disguised person. Handsome boyfriend pretending to be a woman. Shakespeare unfortunately died on his fifty-second birthday in 1616 and was buried in Holy Trinity Church. The day of his death was the same month and day as the day he was born. He died leaving a will. Two of his portraits that are said to be more reliable are the bust in the church and the portrait of Drochot, and the handwriting has 6 signatures and three pages of the play "Sir Thomas More".
3 Born on May 20, 1799. Foster care 1803-1807. Primary school of the Lygues Apartments in the area of ????1807-1813. Secondary school of the Vendome missionary school 1814-1815. School of Lebidra University. 1815-1819. Balzac, Paris law school. His father was a farmer with a fickle personality. In 1789, during the bourgeois revolution, he cleverly worked his way into the army and became the quartermaster of the Tours Division. Finally, he got involved in the banking world, and the family gradually prospered. In 1797, the nearly 50-year-old Balzac married the 18-year-old banker's daughter. This was Balzac's mother, Salambier. Although Balzac was the eldest son, he rarely received the warmth of his family. Shortly after his birth, he was sent to the suburbs of Tours and was raised by the wife of a gendarme. He was almost forgotten by his family. When he was a little older, he was sent to the Vend?me Mission School, where he lived an extremely strict confinement life. The learning system was old-fashioned and serious, and the teachers were cold and cruel. When he returned home, he was not favored by his parents, and some were given a series of looks. and scolded. Balzac was first afraid of his mother, then indifferent, and finally developed into hatred. He said: "I have never had a mother, she is so terrible." Balzac decided to find his fun in the kingdom of books. He said: "Only reading can keep my mind alive." In 1813, Balzac left the school with the fatigue after the carnival, and moved to Paris with his parents in 1814. In Paris, Balzac tried his best to complete his studies with superhuman endurance and successfully entered the university to study law. While in school, I worked as a clerk in a law firm. This made him realize that Paris is a terrible den, learned many evil things that cannot be cured by law, and also saw the hypocrisy of capitalist law, which provided him with the best material for his future creations.
Youth
First try in literature 1819-1825 Engage in industry by writing popular novels 1825-1828 Engage in industry and get heavily in debt 1828-1835 Rising star in the literary world 1828-1835 Gradually mature and form his own style in Saint-Anton in Paris In the suburbs, an attic on the fifth floor of No. 9 Rue Letguyère was the starting point of Balzac's devotion to literature. The failure of the creation of "Cromwell" in 1820 affected his livelihood, and his parents issued an ultimatum to him. In order to survive, he decided to make a contract with the "devil" and "sell articles" for a living. He published many romantic novels for "daily consumption". These novels were bizarre, disorganized, shoddy, and mediocre, but they were published under a pseudonym. In 1825, he had another whim and cooperated with a publisher to publish classical works for profit. As a result, he owed more than 10,000 francs. In order to pay off debts, he successively ran a printing factory and a type foundry. As a result, he was heavily in debt. The heavy debt made his youthful dream forever. In order to avoid debt, he moved six times. He said to a friend: I often worry about a little bread, candles, and paper. My creditors persecuted me like a rabbit. I often want to run around like a rabbit. But what the businessman lost was nothing more than money. As a writer, he gained extremely rich creative materials. The publication of "Joanmen" in March 1829 marked the birth of a great writer. His creation entered a new period. This is his first successful work written in a realistic way. The work shows the talent of the great novelist in terms of structure, expression techniques and military details, laying a solid foundation for Balzac's development towards realism. Thereafter, from 1830 to 1832, as a rising star in the literary world, he successively created 17 short stories and short stories, showing his astonishing creation speed and talent.
Later Years
Literary veteran 1835-1850, the creative climax of Balzac’s former residence
Member period of the Writers Association: 1839-1850 In the following years, masterpieces were produced one after another. Especially the publication of "Petro Goriot", "Eugénie Grandet" and "Disillusionment". Balzac's careful observation of reality, profound revelation of the nature of society, vivid character creation, and superb artistic techniques have made him undisputedly included among the first-class writers in the history of world literature. In twenty years, he published more than ninety works. Each work was revised repeatedly, typed once, and the proofs had to be changed more than ten times. Only a system as strong as his genius could have done so much work. Balzac was fifty years old when he died. He died of hemorrhagic fever due to working at night, staying up late and having to drink too much coffee.
He once summed up himself in one sentence: "A lifetime of labor is spent in pain and poverty. It is often not understood by others."
4 Marx Marx was born in the Rhine Province of Prussia, Germany (now part of the federal state of Rhine A family of lawyers from Trier (Land-Palatinate). His grandfather, Rabin Marc Levy, was a Jewish legal scholar. His father, Hirsch Karl Marx, later changed his name to Heinrich Marx ( Heinrich Marx (converted to Lutheran Christianity in February 1817), born in 1782, married Henriette Presborck, a Dutch-Jewish woman, and had many children, but the heir was never determined. It was found in the document that only Karl Marx and his three daughters Sofia, Emile and Louisa survived. In October 1830, Marx entered Trier High School. After graduating from high school, he entered the University of Bonn and transferred to the University of Berlin to study law at the age of 18, but most of his study focused on philosophy. In 1840, the new King of Prussia, Frederick William IV, came to the throne. He persecuted liberal democrats and required that all publications must pass strict censorship. The university lost academic freedom. F.W. von Shelling, a professor at the University of Berlin appointed by the new king, would censor Marx. However, the position of philosophy over theology in Marx's doctoral thesis could not be accepted by the anti-Hegelian professor, so Marx sent his doctoral thesis to the University of Jena in the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach ( Jena) reviews PhD qualifications. In 1841, Marx applied for a degree with his thesis "The Difference between the Natural Philosophy of Democritus and the Natural Philosophy of Epicurus". He was unanimously approved by the committee and successfully obtained a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Jena without further defense. After graduation, he served as editor-in-chief of the "Rheinische Zeitung" and encountered the "forest theft problem" which is quite famous in the history of the development of Marx's thoughts. The thing is Karl Marx’s former residence (Trier)
[1] In this way, there are large forests and grasslands in western Germany. The residents who lived here could cut firewood and graze in these places. . But later, some noble landowners occupied this large area of ??forest and grassland, and the residents were not allowed to get closer. Many residents want to pick up some firewood in the mountains and forests, but they are considered "theft". The majority of residents were dissatisfied, and the German parliament had to seriously consider these matters. However, they only considered the noble landowners, and the result of the review was: the residents' behavior was indeed theft! If it continues, legal means will be used to resolve it! As a result, people across the country were strongly dissatisfied with the Parliament, and people angrily condemned the unfair treatment of the Parliament. Marx was also very angry, so he wrote a series of articles in the "Rheinische Zeitung" to express his views. The articles severely criticized the Prussian government's practices, standing firmly on the side of the people and safeguarding the interests of the farmers. The Prussian government was very angry about the views expressed by the "Rheinische Zeitung". They immediately sent people to seal the "Rheinische Zeitung" and forced it to stop printing. Marx was furious and resigned as editor-in-chief of the newspaper. Marx had no regrets about what he had done. On the contrary, he recognized the ugly nature of the reactionary government. He is looking for opportunities to continue his resolute struggle against the reactionary government. In 1843, the publishing license of the "Rheinische Zeitung" was revoked by the King of Prussia because Marx published an article in the newspaper criticizing the Russian Tsar Marx and Engels working in the editorial board of the New Rheinische Zeitung
This caused the Russian Tsar to Due to the dissatisfaction of Nicholas I, the King of Prussia ordered the ban of the Rheinische Zeitung after receiving the Czar's protest, and Marx lost his job. During this period, Marx met Friedrich Engels. Engels was the son of a factory owner, but he admired Marx's ideas very much. He often provided money to sponsor Marx's activities and living expenses. Marx was serious and rigorous in his academic thinking but lived a casual life. He often delayed manuscripts to be submitted to newspapers. Engels often assisted Marx in his work and ghostwritten it. Part of the article. On June 19, 1843, Marx married Jenny von Westphalen, who was born in 1814 and came from a German aristocratic (baron) family, after waiting for him for 7 years. In the autumn of 1843, the young Marx and his wife embarked on a journey of exile together and came to Paris. During this period he began to study political economy, French social movements and French history, which eventually led him to become a communist. In September 1844, Engels visited Paris. The two began their research on scientific socialism side by side and formed a deep friendship. Marx wrote the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, which was not discovered and published until 1933 and is known as the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844.
Middle age
In 1845, Marx participated in the writing of "Vorw?rts!" (Vorw?rts!), in which he made sharp criticism of German absolutism. The Prussian government was very dissatisfied with this and asked the French government to expel Marx. In the autumn of the same year, Marx was beaten by gangsters sent by the French government, deported, and forced to come to Brussels, Belgium. In December 1845, Marx announced his separation from Prussian citizenship. Later, he and Engels completed "The German Ideology".
The book criticizes Hegel's dialectics and analyzes the incompleteness of Feuerbach's materialism, thereby systematically expounding the historical materialism they created for the first time and clearly proposing the proletariat's plan for seizing power. This historical task laid a preliminary theoretical foundation for socialism to move from utopia to science. In early 1846, Marx and Engels established the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee. In 1847, Marx and Engels were invited to join the League of the Just. In June 1847, the alliance was reorganized and renamed the Communist League. Marx and Engels drafted the "Communist Manifesto", the alliance's program. After that, the revolution of 1848 swept across Europe and also spread to Belgium. In March 1848, Marx was expelled by the Belgian authorities. At the invitation of the new interim French government, Marx and his wife returned to Paris, France, to work on "Das Kapital", and Engels also arrived in Paris. In April 1848, with the funding of the German proletariat, Marx and Engels returned to Cologne, Prussia and founded the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Subsequently, almost all editors were either judicially arrested or deported. On May 16, 1849, Marx received an expulsion order from the Prussian authorities. On May 19, the last issue of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, No. 301, printed in red ink, was published. In early June, Marx came to Paris again. He was forced to choose between being imprisoned in Brittany, France, or being expelled again. In August, Marx was expelled by the French government and went to London, England. Judging from the report of Prussian spies stationed in Britain, which mentioned that Marx never shaved, Marx was still under surveillance by the Prussian government in Britain. In London, Marx spent the most difficult days of his life. Within five years, Marx suffered from financial and debt problems, mental anxiety, and illness. Three of his four children died. But during this period, Marx wrote his most important work - "Das Kapital" (Volume 1).
Later years
On September 28, 1864, Marx attended the founding conference of the First International and was elected to the Leadership Committee. He drafted the "Declaration of Founding", "Provisional Charter" and other important documents for the International. On September 14, 1867, the first volume of "Das Kapital" was published. The latter two volumes were compiled by Engels after Marx's death and published in 1885 and 1894 respectively. In October 1870, Marx and Engels, who had moved to London, reunited at the gravesite of Karl Marx in Highgate, London
[2]. Expelled from many countries and living in exile, he once called himself a "citizen of the world."