First, focus on the overall situation and choose the comparison object.
The "focus on the overall situation" mentioned here is to choose what kind of works to compare, which is the first step to enjoy reading. From a macro point of view, we can seek comparative content from three aspects: author, form and content. According to these three aspects, I sorted out the following six comparison objects:
1. "Same people in the same dynasty, same topic". For example, the title chrysanthemum and chrysanthemum written by Huang Chao, the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty.
2. "The same person in the same dynasty, different topics". For example, Shi Fo and Wang Wei's Brothers Silu on a Mountain Holiday and Mountain Autumn Night in the Tang Dynasty.
3. "Sharing the same topic with different people in the same North Korea". For example, Li Bai's four-line poem Wang Lushan Waterfall and Xu Ning's four-line poem Wang Lushan Waterfall in the Tang Dynasty, as well as Wang Changling in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and Ma Dai in the late Tang Dynasty.
4. Different people in the same dynasty, different topics ". For example, Wang Wei's five-line poem "Acacia" in Tang Dynasty and Du Fu's four-line poem "Meet Li Guinian and Go Down the River".
5. "Different people in the same dynasty, same topic". Such as Li Qingzhao's "point crimson lips?" Kicking on the Swing (Northern Song Dynasty) "Point crimson lips? Lonely boudoir (Southern Song Dynasty). The former is Li Qingzhao's early works. Judging from the environment, atmosphere and modality, the protagonist is a lady, who depicts an innocent, lively, shy and lovely girl image through a series of characteristic actions. The latter should be the work of Li Qingzhao in his later years. It is a poem by in my heart forever written by Shang Chun, which expresses the poet's loneliness, sadness for Shang Chun, sadness for parting and anxiety for looking forward to going home.
6. "Different people from different countries have the same topic". For example, Du Mu and Zhao Yi in the Qing Dynasty wrote their own poem "Red Cliff": The former broke the traditional concept and put pen to paper, boldly assuming that "the east wind is not there", then "Zhou Lang lost and Er Qiao suffered" and quickly spit out the injustice in his chest by history; While the latter borrows allusions, skillfully confronts, compares time and space, compares the past and the present, and expresses his extraordinary mood of "abandoning his official position and returning to his hometown, indifferent to fame and fortune" with calm and distant pen and ink.
2. Start with small things and determine the comparison points.
After determining the object of comparison, we should start from the "small point", that is, what kind of point to choose for comparison within the work. Comparison can be made from different angles, local comparison or all-round comparison. Local comparison is a comparison from a certain angle such as structure, conception, language, expression skills and style. Content can be subject matter, emotion, image, artistic conception and so on. All-round comparison refers to the comparison of poetry from every angle, such as author, theme, language, content, feelings, skills and so on. As long as it is comparable and inspiring to students, even a small angle can benefit students.
Structural comparison, such as teaching Mao Zedong the word "snow" in "Qinyuanchun" and naming his other poem "Qinyuanchun" with the same epigraph? This paper makes a comparative analysis of Changsha. Through discussion, students can understand some similarities between these two words: they are both about scenery in the upper part and lyrical in the lower part; When writing landscapes, there is a key word: one is "Wang" and the other is "Wang". Through reading students, I learned that these two words are very similar in structure.
Compared with thoughts and feelings, an author's thoughts and feelings, aesthetic tendencies, ideals, etc. are inevitably different in different periods due to different environments and experiences. For example, if we study Li Qingzhao's slow voice, we can compare the differences of poets' thoughts and feelings in different historical periods with her early works, such as Dream Order (Sunset in Xiting) and Pruning Plums (Lotus Fragrance and Jade Death).
Style comparison, the same writer's work style will be different. The same is Li Qingzhao, with both tenderness and sadness. There is also a kind of free and easy "live as a hero and die as a ghost". Similarly, Su Shi has both the magnificence of "the river does not return, the waves are exhausted, and the eternal romantic figures"; There is also a euphemistic saying that "ten years of life and death, not to think about it, unforgettable."
The comparison of image usage should be the most commonly used. Image is the image that people present in their consciousness when they look at things with aesthetic ideals. Image is actually a symbol, an expression symbol containing personal aesthetic taste and cultural tendency. We can feel the writer's personal image from his works, and more importantly, we can further understand the deep cultural image from these personal images. For example, many Chinese and foreign poets like to chant the sun, the moon and the sea. Through the descriptions of different writers, we can understand the different cultural attitudes of poets of different nationalities and times. Pushkin's "To the Sea" was selected as a textbook for senior one, from which we can see that the sea image in the poet's works is the soul of freedom, expressing the poet's love for life and yearning for freedom. Shu Ting has a poem of the same name, in which the image of the sea presents the same characteristics, and the sea is a free element to clean everything. Therefore, when teachers teach Pushkin's "To the Sea", they can compare Shu Ting's "To the Sea" and find that poets of different nationalities and times are sometimes similar or the same in the aesthetic taste of images.
Of course, poets of different cultures, countries and times have different images when they look at things with aesthetic consciousness. For example, petofi's "I wish I were a torrent" and Shu Ting's "To the Oak Tree" are both love poems, and the image nature and color of the two poems are obviously different. Both poems use different images to represent men and women: petofi symbolizes men with rapids, barren forests, ruins, huts and clouds; Symbolize women with birds, ivy, flames and sunset. Shu Ting symbolizes men with oak trees; Use kapok to symbolize women. By comparison, we will find that the two poets have different views on love. Petofi showed how to care for his lover and how to devote himself to love from a male perspective. Shu Ting emphasizes the equality between men and women from the perspective of women, despises the unconditional dedication of self-annihilation, and thus pursues personality independence. Both of these two love poems express sincere feelings through vivid images, but due to the differences between Chinese and Western cultures, times and gender, the styles of the two poems are quite different. It can be seen that people of different nationalities in different periods have obvious differences in aesthetic tastes and cultural tendencies. If teachers can learn from the appreciation methods of different nationalities in teaching, they will certainly expand students' thinking, stimulate their enthusiasm for learning and enrich their spiritual world.
3. Explore the reasons and summarize new insights.
Comparison is a means to improve poetry teaching, not the ultimate goal. Through comparison, students can have new insights, systematically summarize, draw inferences from others, and summarize good ways to benefit themselves for life to guide their future study. Through comparative teaching, students can be guided to summarize from these two aspects.
1. When reading poetry, you should "know people and discuss the world". If we compare the works of the same writer in different periods, we can find many differences. At this time, teachers should guide students to think about the reasons for this difference and explore the root causes.
Or take Su Shi as an example. Such as "Jiangchengzi? Hunting in Mizhou (the old man talks about juvenile madness) and Jiangchengzi (ten years of life and death). Judging from the first sentence, Su Shi's heart is full of passion for making contributions. The last one is a poem in memory of his dead wife. If you can feel it seriously, it is not difficult to find that there are beautiful hopes and expectations for the motherland in the faint sorrow. To find out the reasons for the differences, we should pay attention to Su Shiyi's life: he experienced hardships and setbacks, but he never changed his mind in the face of unfortunate opportunities. Apart from the broad-minded and heroic personality, ideologically speaking, it is mainly inspired by the spirit of the Confucian Lotte know life, who is generous to the world and is immune to poverty. In reading, it is easier to find the connotation of the work creatively by consciously connecting with the experience, thought and social environment of the characters, which is "understanding people and discussing the world"
Knowing this ideological basis of Su Shi, we can correctly understand the thoughts and feelings revealed by the author in other works. Such as "Niannujiao? The thoughts and feelings expressed in the sentence "Life is like a dream, and a bottle of wine returns to the bright moon" in Red Cliff Nostalgia can easily be understood as the embodiment of Su Shi's negative and decadent inner world. Actually, not necessarily. Judging from Su Shi's life experience and thoughts, this is precisely the expression of his inner positive progress, and his ambition is just unpaid.
2. When reading poetry, you must "put yourself in the shoes". Turn yourself into an author, think about what he thinks, think about what he thinks, try to figure out the author's mentality at that time, and grasp his real intention when creating, so as to enter the poet's heart and grasp the inner world of the lyric hero more accurately.
While teaching and reading Li Qingzhao's poem Wulingchun, the author found Wen's "Looking at Jiangnan" for comparative appreciation. (The following is a fragment of teaching record)
Wulingchun
The wind has stopped the dust and the fragrant flowers have come out.
Tired of combing my hair at night.
Things are people, not everything, and tears flow first.
It is said that Shuangxi Spring is still good, and it is also planned to make canoes.
I'm afraid the grasshopper boat in Shuangxi can't move, so I'll be worried.
coffee senna
Dress up,
Leaning alone in Wangjiang Tower.
After all, Qian Fan is nothing,
The oblique view is full of water.
Broken-hearted Baipingzhou.
Please read aloud freely first. Please pronounce correctly and understand the main idea. Then this question is designed for students to read further: If you are a poet, why do you "comb your hair at night" and why do you "freshen up and lean on the Wangjiang Tower alone"? Through discussion, some students think that the women in Looking at Jiangnan are dressed up to wait for their sweetheart. Although "everything is not in Qian Fan" and she is very sad, she still has someone to wait for; However, Li Qingzhao is still "tired of combing her hair" and doesn't even want to dress up, which shows that she is disheartened, and there may be no one waiting at all, which is even more painful. Through the above comparison and integration, the students not only completed the poetic interpretation of the two poems, but more importantly understood that the poems with similar themes express different feelings in different depth and weight, and also express their feelings in different ways. General comparative reading often focuses on "distinguishing similarities and differences". This kind of teaching design not only guides students to "distinguish similarities and differences" and "distinguish between light and heavy", but more importantly, makes students understand that reading poetry should "put themselves in the shoes", so that it is easier to enter the inner world of the protagonist and understand the thoughts and feelings of the characters. Through this comparative teaching, students' understanding of poetry is not an isolated individual, and students can sum up some regular things through the connection between lines. It is the students' own wealth to apply it to future poetry study.
It is not new to adopt comparative teaching method in poetry teaching. Practice has proved that if we persist in choosing 20 poems from each textbook, we can learn at least 40 poems by comparing and expanding reading, so it is not empty talk to reach "reading 300 poems" in three years. Through comparative teaching, students can be promoted to study actively and individually under the guidance of teachers, which is helpful to guide students to make use of existing knowledge and experience, actively explore practical learning methods and benefit them for life.
Wu Weiping, a teacher, now lives in Longyou, Zhejiang.