Ming Poetry is the sixth article of Wen Xin Diao Long. This paper mainly talks about the development history and writing characteristics of four-character poems and five-character poems. Other forms of poetry, such as Chu Ci, Yuefu and ballads, are discussed in another article in Wen Xin Diao Long.
The full text is divided into three parts. The first part talks about the significance and educational function of poetry (the first paragraph). The second part talks about the development of poetry from pre-Qin to Jin and Song Dynasties, which is divided into four stages: one is to trace the origin of poetry and the general situation of pre-Qin poetry (the second paragraph); Second, talk about the development of poems in Han Dynasty and the origin of five-character poems (the third paragraph); Third, talk about the poetry creation during the Jian 'an Three Kingdoms period (the fourth paragraph); Fourth, talk about the new changes in poetry creation since Jin and Song Dynasties (the fifth paragraph). The third part summarizes the development of the above-mentioned poems, puts forward the basic characteristics of four-character poems and five-character poems and the different achievements of poets in previous dynasties, and discusses other poetic styles (paragraph 6).
Ming poetry is one of the important chapters of Liu Xie's stylistic theory. The four words "elegance" and "beauty" summarized by Liu Xie on four-character poems and five-character poems are more beautiful than Cao Pi's poems. Paper), Lu Ji's poetry is characterized by "beauty" (prose) has been developed. In addition to the characteristics of expression, Liu Xie also emphasized the educational function of "holding human feelings" and "tolerating beauty and correcting evil" in poetry, but he was dissatisfied with the development trend of formalism in poetry creation after Jin and Song Dynasties. It is recognized that the generation of poetry is that the poet expresses his feelings by being infected by foreign objects; The evaluation of the writer's works can be combined with the historical conditions at that time. This is more desirable. Liu Xie highly praised The Book of Songs. Although this article talks about the content and form of the Book of Songs, it is limited to the old theories of predecessors and does not put forward any new opinions. This shows that Liu Xie didn't know enough about the significance of the book of songs in the history of literature.
(A) Dashunyun: "Poetry expresses ambition, but songs do not say things." 1 analysis of St. Hume 2, the meaning is very clear. It is based on "taking heart as ambition and words as poetry" 3; Wen Shu is in Shi 4. Where is it? Poet, holding also 5, holding human nature. Cover with three hundred, and the righteousness belongs to "not guilty" ⑥; Take it as motto 7, and there is a symbol 8.
Yu Shun once said: "Poetry is the expression of thoughts and feelings, and songs are the extension of this kind of thoughts and feelings." With the analysis of the saints in the classics, the meaning of poetry has become clear. Therefore, "in the author's mind, it is emotion, expressed in language, and it is poetry." This is the reason why poetry creation should express emotions through words. "Poetry" means support, and poetry is used to support people's feelings. Confucius said: The contents of the 300 articles in The Book of Songs can be summarized in one sentence, that is, "there is no improper thought". It is consistent with Confucius' explanation of poetry by emotion.
(2) People's seven emotions are 1, so they should be sensitive to things; It's not natural to sing with emotion and ambition. Xi Ge Qu Ci Yun 2, "Xuanniao" in Qu 3; Cloud Gate 4 of Huangdi, Qi 5 of Li. Yao Zhi has 6 songs of Datang, and Shun wrote 7 poems of Nanfeng. Look at the second one, just say it. And Dayu succeeded, and the nine orders were just songs 8; Taikang is defeated by virtue 9. Wuzi is bitter 10: Shunmei Kuang evil 1 1, which has been here for a long time. Since Shang and Zhou Dynasties 12, Ya and Fu have been compiled13; Sishi 14, Liuyi 15 deep. Zi Xiajian's seal of "Su Xuan" is 16, and Zi Wu Gong's sentence of "pondering" is17; Therefore, Shang and Ci give the second son 18, which can be compared with poetry. Since Wang Ze ran out 19, the wind stopped mining for 20. Chunqiu Guanzhi 2 1, satirizing the old chapter 22; Reward guest capacity 23 and become tattoo 24. Catch the irony and resentment of Chu 25, and then leave Sao as a thorn 26. Qin Huang destroyed Canon 27 and created fairy tale poem 28.
People have all kinds of emotions, and when they are stimulated by foreign objects, they will have certain induction. It is natural that the heart feels something and sends it out in the form of hymns. Once upon a time, when I was in Ge, "Song of the Xuanniao" was compiled into a song; The Cloud Gate Dance Collection of the Yellow Emperor should not be accompanied by orchestral music without lyrics. Tang Yao has songs of the Tang Dynasty, and Yu Shun has poems of the South Wind. These two lyrics can only be meaningful. Later, Yu Xia succeeded in water control, and all his work was on the right track and was praised. When Emperor Xia Taikang was morally corrupt, his five brothers wrote Song of Five Sons to express their resentment. It can be seen that it was a long time ago that poetry was used to praise merits and satirize faults. From Shang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty, style, elegance and praise are all complete. The "four beginnings" in The Book of Songs are both wonderful and profound. Xia Zi is a student of Confucius, who can understand the profound meaning of poems such as "I think it's gorgeous", and Zi Gong understands the truth of poems such as "as bright as a mill" in The Book of Songs, so Confucius thinks they are qualified to talk about The Book of Songs. Later, when Deze failed in the Zhou Dynasty, the poets stopped accepting poems. However, in the Spring and Autumn Period, many scholars often recited some poems in diplomatic occasions to express their feelings and wishes. This mutual social etiquette can show respect for the guests and also show their gift of eloquence. In the state of Chu, there is a satire on the king of Chu's Li Sao. Qin Shihuang burned many books, but he also asked his doctors to write poems of immortals and real people.
(3) Wei Meng first sang1in the early Han Dynasty; The meaning of exhortation 2, follow the trajectory of Zhou people 3. Xiaowu loves Wen, rhyme 4 of Bailiang. Strictly speaking, the disciple of the horse 5, the speech of the poor 6. Emperor Cheng recorded more than 7,300 articles. Chao Cai 9 is also a cloud. However, there are five words in John 10' s resignation; Therefore, Li Ling and Ban Jieyu 1 1 have doubts about future generations. Press "Zhao Nan? Line dew 12, beginning Zhao Banzhang13; Ruzi's Canglang is 14, and there is a whole song15; "Leisure" excellent song 16, far-sighted spring and autumn; The nursery rhyme "heterodox" 17, nearly 18. 19 reading and obtaining evidence takes a long time. Also known as "Ancient Poetry" Jiali 20, or Uncle Mei 21; There are 22 Solitary Bamboo and 23 Fu Yizhi's ci poems. By analogy, what about the works of the Han Dynasty? Look at his last essay 24, straight but not wild; Euphemistic attachment 25, melancholy and longing 26: the crown of five words is also 27. As for Zhang Heng's "Complaint" 28, the Qing Dynasty is delicious; There are 29 Poems of Immortals and 30 new voices of You Ya.
Four-character poems in the early Han Dynasty began with Wei Meng's works. Its irony is inherited from Zhou writers. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty loved literature, so "Hundred Good Poems" appeared. At that time, there were Yan Jidao, Sima Xiangru and others, who wrote poems without certain procedures. When he became emperor, he made some comments on all the poems at that time and won more than 300 poems. At that time, the works of the ruling and opposition parties were quite complete and rich. But in the works left by these writers, there are no five-character poems; Therefore, the poems of Li Ling and Su Wu, and Ban Jieyu's resentment poems are inevitably doubted by later generations. However, in The Book of Songs, Zhao Nan? There are half a chapter and five words at the beginning of the line; To Mencius? The Song of Canglang in Li Lou is all five words. In addition, as far away as the leisure love songs sung by tourists in the state of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, as near as the heterodox songs sung by Emperor Han Chengdi, they are all five words. According to the above historical development, it is enough to prove that five-character poems existed very early. Nineteen ancient poems, beautifully written: but the author is not sure. Some people say that some of them were written by Mei Cheng, and the poem "Bamboo Alone in Ran Ran" is said to have been written by Fu Yi. Judging from the rhetorical features of these poems, they may be works of the Han Dynasty. From the point of view of writing, it is simple but not rude, which can not only describe the objective scenery tactfully and truly, but also deeply express the author's inner sadness. It can really be regarded as the masterpiece of five-character poetry in Han Dynasty. As for Zhang Heng's complaint poems, they are still fresh and elegant and intriguing. "Fairy Poems and Slow Songs" is quite innovative.
(4) At the beginning of Jian 'an, it was 1, five words. Wendi Deng, Chen Si 2, and vertical part 3; Four people, Wang, Xu, Ying and Liu, are watching the road and competing to drive. Also pity the wind and moon 5, Qi 6, Shu 7, Xu 8; Be generous and let it be 9, and let it be 10 aboveboard. To refer to things without refinement; Drive the words one by one, 1 1, and only take clear power. This is the same. It is the beginning of Ming Dow 12, and the poem is mixed with fairy heart13; The follower of peace is 14, and the rate is mostly superficial 15. Only Ji Zhi Qing Shuai, 16, Ruan Zhi Yuan Shen, 17, can bid 18. If it is 19, it is independent and not afraid; Words 20, also left 2 1 also.
In the early years of Jian 'an, the creation of five-character poems was unprecedentedly active. Cao Pi and Cao Zhi show their talents in the literary world; RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Serina Liu and others are also scrambling to catch up with the literary world. They all like the beautiful scenery, inviting them to visit the secluded garden in Qingchi, describing the elegant experience and the grand occasion in their poems; Express your ambitions passionately and generously, and show your talents aboveboard. They never pursue meticulous skills in narrative; Writing a scene is only important if it is clear and clear. These are the characteristics of Jian 'an poets. In the early days, Taoist thought prevailed, so this thought was mixed in poetry. Like Yanhe and others, most of his works are shallow. Only Ji Kang's poems can show lofty and serious feelings, while Ruan Ji's poems have some far-reaching significance. So their achievements are higher than those of contemporary poets. Even Ying Kun's Hundred Poems can be resolutely independent, tortuous, meaningful and upright, which is the legacy of honesty in Jian 'an period.
(5) Jinshi is a talented person, a little light. Zhang, Pan, Zuo and Lu each have 2 poems and 3 poems. Take the top 4, the strength is softer than Jian' an 5; Or the sawdust is wonderful, or the flow is self-defeating. 7: This is also rough. There are 8 articles on Jiang Zuopian system and 9 articles on drowning Feng Xuan; Laugh at selfish ambition 10, advocate wealth and death 1 1. Both Yuan and Sun wrote 12. Although each has his own carver, the words are interesting and do not compete with each other. Therefore, Jing Chun's immortal poem is 15, tall and handsome, 16. There were poems in the early Song Dynasty for a reason:17; Zhuang Lao excused himself, Shanshui 18. Hundred-character couple 19, the price is strange; Love must be extremely beautiful to write things, and words must be exhausted to pursue new things. This modern place is also very competitive.
Jin Dynasty poets began to embark on a superficial and beautiful creative road. Zhang Zai, Zhang Xie, Zhang Kang, Pan Yue, Penny, Zuo Si, Lu Ji and Lu Yun. In the field of poetry. The literary talent of their poems is richer than that of Zhengshi period, but the appeal of their contents is weaker than that of Jian 'an period. They either show off their beauty by their words or by their gorgeous style: this is the overall situation of the poetry circle in the Western Jin Dynasty. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, poetry creation was submerged in the atmosphere of metaphysics. These metaphysical poets laugh at others who care too much about current affairs and admire empty talk about forgetting the world. Therefore, poets since Justin and Sun Chuo tend to talk about metaphysics in content, although their works are different in literary talent and carving, and no other poems can compete with metaphysical poems. Therefore, Guo Pu's Poem of Wandering Immortals was an outstanding masterpiece at that time. Poetry in the Southern Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty inherited and reformed the previous poetic style. The thoughts of Zhuang Zhou and Lao Zi gradually decreased in poetry, but the works depicting landscapes became increasingly prosperous. Therefore, poets strive to show their literary talent in the duality of the whole article and compete for novelty in every sentence; In content, it is required to describe the scene realistically, and in terms of words, it is required to be as novel as possible. This is what the poet has been pursuing recently.
(6) So it is 1, and the number of changes can be monitored by 2; Summarize the similarities and differences 3, and the main points of the program can be clear 4. If the word husband is correct, then elegance is the foundation; When five words become five words, Li Qingren lives in six words. Petrochemical uses 7 differently, but only people use 8 safely. Therefore, Qiya 9, uncle night contains Qirun 10, Mao Xianning Qiqing 1 1, Jingyang Zhenqimei 12. Hello, just have a baby, Zhong Xuan 13, you are too impulsive when you are beautiful, and you are on a business trip 14. However, poetry has a constant cut of 15, and thinking has no orientation; The score is 16, and it rarely passes 17. If wonderful knowledge is difficult, it will become easy; When it is easy, it is difficult. As for Sanliu Zazi 18, it comes from the article19; The gross of the clutch is 20, which is clear in the diagram of 2 1; When the palindrome is 22, the Tao is 23; The conjunction * * * rhymes with 24, and then Bailiang system is redundant. Big or small, the same reason; It has always been 25 poems, so it is not complicated.
Therefore, the development and changes of poetry in past dynasties can be understood. By summing up their similarities and differences, we can see the main points of poetry creation. For example, the formal system of four-character poems is mainly elegant and moist; The common style of five-character poems is mainly fresh and gorgeous. Grasping these different characteristics depends on the author's talent. For example, the elegant side of Zhang Hengde's four-character poem and the moist side of Ji Kang; Zhang Hua studied the fresh side of five-character poems, while Zhang Xie played the gorgeous side. Cao Zhi and Wang can have their own characteristics, while Zuo Si and Liu Zhen are only good at one aspect. But the genre of the works is certain, but people's ideas are different; Authors can only create according to their personal preferences, so they rarely have both. If the author is well aware of the difficulties in creation, it may be easier to actually write; If you rashly think that writing poetry is easy, then he will encounter many difficulties. In addition to the four-character poems and five-character poems mentioned above, there are also three-character, six-character and miscellaneous poems, all of which originated from the Book of Songs. As for the emergence of "clutch poems", it began with Oracle inscriptions in the Han dynasty; The rise of "palindrome poetry" was the beginning of He Daoqing in the Song Dynasty. The "couplet poems" written by several people inherited the "Hundred Liang Poems". Although these works are different in size and priority, the writing situation and reasons are the same; They all belong to the category of poetry, so it is unnecessary to elaborate on them one by one.
(7) Praise: people's livelihood, singing contains 1. Xingshi II, Romantic II and Nansan III. Sacred principle * * * Behavior 4, related to political order 5. Huaying Miyi 6, Wandan 7.
In short, people are born with emotions, and poetry is to express this emotion. Poetry existed in ancient times, and it was not until the Book of Songs that it became more mature. It should be consistent with the way of nature and combined with political order. In this way, excellent poetry will become more and more prosperous and will always be loved by future generations.