Han Yu (768-824) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Zi Tuizhi, a native of Heyang (now Mengzhou City, Jiaozuo, Henan Province), Han nationality. His ancestral home is Changli (?), Hebei Province, and he is known as Han Changli in the world. In his later years, he served as the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, also known as the Ministry of Official Affairs of Han. His posthumous title is "Wen", also known as Han Wen Gong. He was an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, advocating learning the prose language of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, breaking parallelism into prose, and expanding the expressive function of classical Chinese. Su Shi of the Song Dynasty called him "the rise and fall of eight generations of literary scholars." People in the Ming Dynasty regarded him as the head of the eight great writers of the Tang and Song Dynasties. The works are all collected in "Mr. Changli's Collection". Han Yu is also a master of language. He is good at using the words of his predecessors and pays attention to the refinement of contemporary spoken language, and is able to create many new sentences, many of which have become idioms that have been passed down to this day, such as "adding insult to injury", "getting off at every turn", "disorganized", etc. Ideologically, he is the founder of the concept of "Taoism" in China and a landmark figure who respects Confucianism and opposes Buddhism.
Han Yu was orphaned at the age of three and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. He was homeless and poor in his early years. He had the ambition to study and manage the world. Although he was lonely and poor, he was hardworking and studious. At the age of twenty, he went to Chang'an to take the imperial examination, but failed in three tests. After he was twenty-five years old, he first passed the Jinshi examination, but failed in the three examinations of Erduo Hongci. He went to Dong Jin in Bianzhou and Zhang Jianfeng in Xuzhou to serve in the shogunate. Later, he returned to Beijing and served as a doctor of Simen. After the age of thirty-six, he was appointed as the Supervisory Censor. Because he wrote a letter to discuss the drought and people's hunger, asking for tax exemptions and reductions, he was demoted to Yangshan Order. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, he returned to the north and became a doctor of the imperial family. He was promoted to the crown prince's right concubine, but failed to achieve his ambition. After the age of 50, he first conquered Wu Yuanji from Pei Du, and then moved to the Ministry of Punishment. Because he remonstrated with the Buddha's bones, he was demoted as the governor of Chaozhou. Moved to Yuanzhou. Soon after he returned to the court, he held the posts of Guozi Jijiu, Minister of the Ministry of War, Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, and Jing Zhaoyin. He died at the age of fifty-seven. Politically more accomplished. The poem strives to be dangerous and novel, powerful and powerful.
Literary claims
Later generations spoke highly of Han Yu, and together with Liu Zongyuan, Su Shi, Su Che, Su Xun, Zeng Gong, Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi, they were called the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties , and respected him as the head of the Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties. Du Mu juxtaposed Korean writing with Du's poetry and called it "Du's poetry and Hanbi"; Su Shi called him "the rise of literature and the decline of eight generations". The ancient prose movement advocated by Han Liu opened up the development path of ancient prose since the Tang Dynasty. Korean poetry strives for novelty, emphasis on momentum, and originality. Han Yu used text as poetry, introduced new ancient Chinese language, composition, and techniques into the poetry world, enhanced the expressive function of poetry, expanded the field of poetry, and corrected the mediocre poetry style since the Dali (766-780).
Classical Prose Movement: Han Yu’s real achievement lies in the field of literature. Han Yu actively led the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty and made this movement a great success. The so-called ancient prose movement is to change the parallel style of prose since the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties and restore the prose style of the pre-Qin era. Han Yu pushed the ancient prose movement to a new stage.
The purpose of Han Yu's promotion of ancient prose is: "to understand its words, the original intention is the ancient way." Use ancient prose to revitalize Confucianism and restore the "holy way". Han Yu believed that "literature carries Tao", and that literature and Tao must be organically combined. The first thing that should be paid attention to is Tao, which is "deep in origin but luxuriant at the end, large in form and grand in sound".
Han Yu put forward a theory based on "Things that are not equal will roar" and believed that people "have no choice but to speak later."
Han Yu believed that in terms of style, we should learn from the writings of ancient sages. But we must "learn the meaning, not the words."
Han Yu also proposed that when writing articles, one should "just stick to what is stated". It was a cliche last year and the main task was to be innovative.
Han Yu’s leadership of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty was successful. From then on, “the ancient prose has undergone a major change since the Tang Dynasty” and the obscene writing style has been changed. Su Shi called this "the decline of eight generations of literature". Han Yu's literary ideas had a positive impact on the development of literary theories and literary practices of later generations.
Creative theory: He believes that Tao (i.e. benevolence and righteousness) is the purpose and content, and literature is the means and form. He emphasizes that literature carries Tao, literature and Tao are unified, and Tao is the main one. He advocated the study of ancient Chinese literature from the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and acquired the works of Zhuang Zhou, Qu Yuan, Sima Qian, Sima Xiangru, and Yang Xiong. It is advocated that learning from ancient times should innovate on the basis of inheritance, and insist on "the words must come from one's own" and "the words must be left behind". Paying attention to the moral cultivation of writers, he put forward the theory of nourishing Qi, "when Qi is strong, the words can be short or long, and the voice is high or low" ("Reply to Li Yishu"). Put forward the argument of "if there is injustice, there will be protests". It is believed that the author's dissatisfaction with reality is the reason for deepening the thought of the work. In terms of the style of his works, he emphasizes "strangeness" and uses strangeness as a good thing.
Han Yu's literary creation
Han Yu's writing
Han Yu's works are very rich, with more than 700 poems and articles in existence, including nearly 400 prose.
Han Yu's prose covers a wide range of aspects, including "supporting trees and teaching Tao" works to promote Confucianism, such as "Yuan Dao", "Yuan Surname" and "Yuan Destruction"; there are also miscellaneous stories with profound meanings, such as " "Long Shuo" and "Horse Shuo"; there are discussions and statements about the evils of society, such as "Taubian" and "On the Bones of the Buddha"; there are talks about "the way to seek teachers", such as "The Master"; there are emotional agitation Sincere and touching memorial epitaphs, such as "Introduction to the Twelve Langs", "Liu Zihou's Epitaph", etc.
Han Yu’s prose and poetry creations realized his own theory. His works of various genres such as poems, essays, narratives, biographies, notes, odes, praises, letters, prefaces, elegy, memorial essays, epigraphs, statements, tables, essays, etc., all have outstanding achievements.
Expositional essays occupy an important position in Korean.
Medium and long-length works with the main content of respecting Confucianism and opposing Buddhism include "Yuan Dao", "On the Bone Table of Buddha", "Yuan Xing", "Shi Shuo", etc. Most of them have a strict layout and clear layers. Essays that ridicule the current situation of society. Short stories such as "Miscellaneous Comments" and "Huolin Jie" have clever metaphors and profound messages; long essays such as "Song of the Poor" and "Jin Xue Jie" use the question and answer format, with humorous writing style, unique conception and sharp edge. Bilu. It discusses literary thoughts and writing experiences with diverse genres, changeable writing styles, fantastic images, and superb theories. Narrative writing plays a larger role in Korean. Those who study Confucian classics, such as "Ping Huaixi Stele", use the style of "Shang Shu", "Ya", and "Song", which are grand in length, extremely heavy in sentences, and hearty; "Painting Notes" directly narrates many characters, and the writing style is detached from the "Shang Shu·Gu Ming", "Zhou Li·Kaogong Ji·Zi Renzhi".
Inheriting "Historical Records"