First, the reasons for the formation of Li Bai's creative characteristics
Most poets in the Tang Dynasty traveled to famous mountains and rivers, either as officials or for fame. And Li Bai's creation is inseparable from his bumpy life experience.
Li Bai comes from a wealthy and educated "noble" family. At the age of five, he recited Liu Jia. At the age of ten, he taught a hundred schools of thought to contend. In addition to Confucian classics and ancient literary and historical masterpieces, he also browsed hundreds of books and became a "good swordsman". He spent his boyhood in Shu. At that time, Zhongshu was a place with a strong Taoist atmosphere. Therefore, Confucianism and Taoism have far-reaching influence on his thought. /kloc-About 0/8 years old, Li Bai studied vertical and horizontal art, and because Li Bai had political ambitions to make contributions. In the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan (around 730), he once arrived in Chang 'an, struggling for a political outlet, and finally returned frustrated. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Li Bai was called into Chang 'an by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty to worship Hanlin. As a minister of civil affairs, he participated in drafting documents and other work. But less than two years later, he was vilified by powerful people, his career was hit again, and he was forced to resign and leave Beijing. At this time, Li Bai's poetry and ode creation has gradually matured. 1 1 years later, continue to wander in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. "Wandering around the world, it is suitable for poetry and wine." However, he still cares about state affairs and hopes to be re-appointed by the court. In the third year of Tianbao (744), Li Bai met Du Fu in Luoyang and became good friends. They didn't meet again after breaking up the next year. In the 14th year of Tianbao, An Shi Rebellion broke out. At that time, Li Bai lived in seclusion in Xuancheng (now Anhui) and Lushan. In the second year1February, he was invited to the Lee Shogunate in Wang Yong, hoping to eliminate the rebellion and restore national unity. After Wang Yong angered Su Zong and was killed, Li Bai was also found guilty, imprisoned in Xunyang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) and soon exiled to Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). On the way, I was forgiven and came back. I was 59 years old. Living in Jiangnan area in his later years. At the age of 6 1, I heard that Qiu Li Guangbi led an army out of the city to attack the Anshi rebels and went north to join the army to kill the enemy. He turned back due to illness and died the following year.
It is precisely because of the setbacks in Li Bai's political career that he dedicated his childlike innocence to his fellow villagers and the simple and kind lower class people, and poured out his heart to the selfless and unpredictable nature. Therefore, he expressed his attachment to the cool breeze and bright moon, and wandered around famous mountains and rivers. Facing the beautiful scenery of all parts of the motherland, he expanded his vision and mind, which naturally inspired him to create many immortal landscape masterpieces with magnificent scenery and full of positive optimism.
Li Bai's landscape poems have a wide range of themes and rich contents. This is inseparable from Li Bai's life experience. Li Bai spent most of his life wandering in seclusion. He said, "I am a madman in Chu, and Fengge laughed at Kong Qiu. ..... all five sacred mountains, there is no idea of distance, according to a constant habit in my life. " ("Lushan Mountain sends the land division to the imperial virtual boat") He entered Shu, left the Three Gorges, went to Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the south, Qilu in the east, and Chang 'an, Luoyang and Taiyuan in the north, and visited numerous places of interest. Facing the magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland, he is full of love and praise. Li Bai wrote many immortal poems for him, such as "How the water of the Yellow River moved out of heaven and into the ocean, never to return". His achievements are no less than those of Wang Wei, who is famous for his landscape poems. There are also the famous difficulties in Shu Dao and Tianmu Mountain, which climbs high in dreams.
Second, the creative characteristics of Li Bai's landscape poems
Li Bai's uniqueness in the content and subject matter of landscape poems lies in writing not only the landscape in his eyes, but also the landscape in his heart, and expressing his feelings by imagination or sleepwalking. For example, "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream": ... Heart and dream are in Wu and Yue, flying over Jinghu Moon overnight. The moon lit up my shadow and I came to Yanhe. Xie 'an is still there, with a loud voice and rippling blue waves. Xie, climbed Yun Lan's ladder. Halfway through the sunny ocean, the sacred rooster crows in space. Thousands of rocks are uncertain, flowers lean on stones, and suddenly they have withered ... "I swam because of my dream, but I drifted, and Xie, Qingyun ladder, Tianji, water vapor, lightning, thunder, caves and immortals came one after another. Using the thrilling spectacle in my dream to fight against corrupt politics and dark society, I finally showed the extraordinary brilliance of "Ah, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials whose honest faces will never be seen".
Li Bai's landscape poems are vivid and detailed. When Li Bai paints landscapes, he is very good at describing beautiful scenery with colors. Such as: "Purple smoke from the incense burner in Rizhao", "Suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days" (see Lushan Waterfall), "Heaven cuts Jin Furong" (see Wulao Peak in Lushan Mountain), "Tianmen breaks the Chu River and Higashi Shimizu flows here. The green hills on both sides of the strait face each other, and the solitary sail comes from the sun (looking at Tianmen Mountain in the distance), "Green bamboo enters the secluded place, while green vine grabs my clothes" (going down to Zhongnanshan to Hu Si Cizhen Bowl), "White clouds reflect the water and shake the empty city, and the white dew falls on the autumn moon" (the west tower of Jinling City sings the moon), among which "green", "blue", "purple" and "silver".
Li Bai's landscape poems do not stick to form in structural conception, but only emphasize the word "emotion", which runs through the whole work. "Where love goes, the pen goes." As Su Shi said: "It's like running water, which has no definite quality at the beginning, and ends up in what it does, and often stops at what it can't stop. This is the art and science of nature, full of gestures. " For example, the opening sentence of "Shu Dao Nan" is "Alas, the danger is high! This trip is more difficult than going to heaven. In the middle, I was pleasantly surprised to sigh that "this trip is more difficult than going to heaven, and the smell of it turns pale". Finally, I lamented that "this trip is more difficult than going to heaven, squinting at the west". Li Bai can't help but sigh that this is the emotional sublimation of the author on the basis of writing scenery, and it is also the emotional clue that runs through the whole poem. Another example is "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream", in which there is no sign of deliberate arrangement in the description of images. This is Li Bai's landscape poem, from which emotion naturally broke out and became a generation of "poetic immortals".
Li Bai's landscape poems contain a high degree of political enthusiasm, which Li Bai directly and frankly expressed. He wrote in "Dai Shoushan's Answer to Meng Shaofu's Transfer Document": "Shen's talk, seeking the skill of the emperor, seeking his wisdom, is willing to assist, so as to make the atlas area stable and the sea county clear." Then he retired. His passion for politics runs through his life. Even though he suffered heavy blows and setbacks, he never completely calmed down. The most distinctive works are Song of Lu Yushi and Lu Xuzhou, Song of Xiyue Yuntai to Dan Qiu Zi and Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu. They have extraordinary momentum and magnificent colors, as if shrouded in a mythical atmosphere, and have produced a shocking artistic effect.
The greatest feature of Li Bai's landscape poems is the idealization, fantasy and personalization of natural landscape images. In Li Bai's mind, the relationship between man and nature has undergone subtle changes. He wants to embrace nature and blend in with it. In Q&A in the Mountain, he said mysteriously, "Why do you live in Bishan? Laugh without answering your heart. Peach blossoms have all flowed away, and there is no heaven and earth. " Taoist thought has been profoundly revealed here. As we all know, Taoist thought permeated into Li Bai's social life with his life. With the deepening of his political experience, he was pushed to the natural landscape, and the landscape images in his landscape poems not only expressed their self-images, but also melted into them, making them idealized, delusional and personalized.
In addition, some of Li Bai's landscape poems directly express the ideal pursuit of longing for fairyland and interacting with immortals, and the expression of this fantasy shows the extraordinary of fallen immortals. However, after Tianbao, due to the national political confusion and personal frustration, with the growth of age and experience, he became more angry with the dignitaries on the ground and more dreamy about the immortals in the sky, so he traveled extensively to famous mountains with beautiful dreams. This change is typical when climbing Tianmu Mountain in a dream. At the beginning of the poem, it is concluded that Penglai Fairy Island on the sea is not credible, but Tianmu Mountain is expected to be visited. So I dreamed of "flying over Jinghu Moon" and went to Tunxi to mourn Xie Lingyun's body. Then, I climbed to the top of the mountain, stepped on Xie Qigong, climbed a blue ladder and enjoyed the magnificent scenery of Haifeng. In a blink of an eye, in the fog, suddenly "the cave is full of stones, and the sinkhole is leaking" came to the magnificent fairyland on earth, with horses in colorful clothes, tigers whistling and drums, bears driving and immortals. But at this moment, the dream woke up, Tianmu Wonderland disappeared, and there was only the poet himself between the pillows. So he said with deep feelings: "This is the consistent way of human happiness, and everything will always flow to the East like water!" Life is like a dream, and everything in the world is an irreversible river. So he will ride a deer to a famous mountain to find a wonderful fairyland in his dream. The objective natural landscape has become a fairy tale world in the dream, and the ideal is expressed in the form of fantasy, showing a new height.