The combination of dynamic and static is often related to foil. Can be divided into moving into static and moving out of static.
For example, Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall" and "Looking at Qianchuan Waterfall" describe the first image of the waterfall. From a distance, it looks like a huge white practice hanging in the mountains, and the word "hanging" becomes silent.
Another example is Wang Wei's "Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains": after the rain, the mountains are empty, and it stands in late autumn. There is moonlight in the pine forest, crystal stones in the stream, the laundry girl returns to the bamboo language, and there are lotus leaves in front of the fishing boat. Spring has gone, and Wang Sun can stay. The couplets describe the bright moon in the sky, the pine trees are covered, which is a static description, and the mountain springs are cool and flowing through the rocks, which is a dynamic description. Because of the abundant water after the rain, the mountain spring flows through the rocks.
The combination of virtuality and reality
In the appreciation of ancient poetry, emptiness and reality are relative. There are generally three types of emptiness in ancient poetry: the world of gods and ghosts and dreams, such as Li Bai's dream of climbing Tianmu Mountain, wearing colorful clothes, coming by the wind, and falling one after another after clouds in the sky; The scenery that has passed away, such as Su Shi's "Red Cliff Nostalgia", "Talking and laughing, strong crossbows go up in smoke", reproduces the historical facts of burning red cliff; Imagine the scenery in the future, such as Rain in the Rain, Where Will You Wake Up Tonight, Yang Liuan Breeze, and Canyue by Liu Yong.
In poetry, "truth" means real scenes, facts and truthfulness.
The combination of "emptiness" and "reality" in ancient poetry is generally manifested as: opposites form a strong contrast, and complement each other to form a rendering contrast.
For example, the imaginary scene in Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow is "Spring Breeze Shilipu" to describe the prosperity of Shilichang Street in Yangzhou in the past; The real scene is the bleak scene seen by the poet, and the contrast between emptiness and reality reflects the poet's feelings about the prosperity and decline of the past.
Another example is Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Sand", "The pavilions are full of plum blossoms, the bridges are thin, and the grass is warm and swaying. Sadness is drifting away, and the distance is boundless, such as spring water. An inch of soft tears powder, the height of the building is not close to the dangerous bar. There are spring mountains everywhere, and pedestrians are even outside them. "
The combination of light and shadow, sound and silence
For example, Chai Lu (Wang Wei) "There seems to be no one on the empty mountain, but I think I hear a voice. The sun enters a forest and shines on me from the green moss." The first two sentences describe the empty mountain in a positive way. At dusk, the mountains are deserted and lonely. Occasionally, a few people's voices came, which not only did not break the sky of the mountain, but also made the mountain quieter. The last two sentences contrast between light and shade: a ray of sunset shines into the beautiful Woods.
⑵ Lyricism is the expression and expression of the author's thoughts and feelings in an article or work.
(1) The relationship between emotion and scenery Poets write poems to express their thoughts and feelings. In order to achieve this goal, he needs to write about scenery-natural or surrounding scenery, to arouse feelings and convey feelings to readers. The handling of emotions and scenery is very important. If handled properly, he will arouse the feelings of readers and let them sing with him.
Generally speaking, there are four kinds of relationships between scenery and emotion: appreciating Syaraku's emotion; Write sad feelings with sad scenes; Happy to write mourning; Mourn the situation in Syaraku.
Enjoy the scenery of Syaraku.
For example, Feng Rensong (titled Restaurant) (Song Dynasty) spent a lot of money in a spring flower and got drunk by the lake every day. Yuqi used to know Xihu Road, and he was arrogant before selling the restaurant. Singing and dancing in the fragrance of red apricots, swinging in the green Yang Ying. The warm wind is ten miles beautiful, and the flowers are over the clouds. The original boat carries the spring return, and the rest pays the lake smoke. Tomorrow, I will help the disabled and get drunk again.
Write sad feelings with sad scenes.
Han Yuefu's Fifteenth Conscription "Fifteenth Conscription, returning at the age of eighty. Who is there at home when I meet the villagers? " From a distance, it is the royal family, with numerous pine and cypress tombs. Rabbits enter from the dog's sinus, and pheasants fly from the beam. In the atrium, tourists live in the valley, while in the well, tourists live in sunflowers. In the valley, they eat it as a meal and the sunflowers are picked as soup. The soup and rice have been cooked for a while, and I don't know who it is. Looking out of the door, tears fell on my clothes. "Writing veterans begins with" Ten can't get military service, and you have to go home in the early eighties ",focusing on the scenes on his way home and after returning home, mainly using the method of writing funeral scenes, focusing on expressing the sadness of his family's destruction and loss of friends.
Write down sad feelings happily.
For example, in Wei Zhuang's Taicheng (Tang Dynasty), "The river and grass are trickling, and the birds in the Six Dynasties are like dreams. The most ruthless thing is Taicheng Willow or Smoke Cage. " Jinling is Nanjing. The Six Dynasties were Wu; Eastern Jin Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty (AD 3 17-589). These six dynasties all established their capitals in Nanjing, and they were all short-lived. The Six Dynasties were famous for their luxury. By the Tang Dynasty, the Six Dynasties had passed and extravagance had declined. Therefore, when poets in the Tang Dynasty went to Nanjing to mourn for the past, they were always sad for the Six Dynasties. When poets saw that it was raining and grass was growing on the river, they felt sad for them. Very sad. But when he came to Taicheng and saw the beautiful spring scenery, catkins dancing and smoke cages ten miles away, he felt that the natural scenery was still so beautiful, but the personnel were completely different. The glory of the past was gone forever, and there was another sadness. Therefore, this short poem is a very successful work, which uses both scene contrast and scene contrast to enhance the appeal and effect of the poem.
Mourn the situation in Syaraku.
Such as: The Book of Songs? Cai Wei: "Once upon a time, I was gone, and Yangliuyiyi. Now that I think about it, it's raining and snowing. "Yi Yi Liu Yang, the beautiful spring scenery is intoxicating, but this is a sad time to leave; It's raining hard and freezing, but it's time for my husband to go back to his hometown. "Jiang Zhai Shi Hua" says: "Write sadness with joy, write music with sadness, and sorrow and joy are multiplied.
Li Bai's Song of the Frontier: "There are five In the snow in Tianshan Mountain, and there are no flowers but cold. I smell the willows in the flute, but I have never seen the spring scenery. I would like to fight at dawn and hold a jade saddle at night. I want to smash Loulan at my waist. " The first three books are about harsh environmental conditions and tense fighting life, but in the last one, I turn to the heroic feelings of soldiers, which is the center of the whole poem.
There are two kinds of lyric: direct lyric and indirect lyric. To express one's feelings directly is to express one's passion, joy or sadness in poetry without disguise. This way is more intuitive.
For example, to Wang Lun (Li Bai), "Li Bai was about to leave by boat when he heard singing on the shore. Taohuatan is deeper than thousands of feet and not as good as Wang Lun. " For example, the central sentence of Li Bai's sleepwalking in Tian Mu Liu Ling Bie: "Alas, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials whose sincere faces will never be seen?" On the basis of narrative description, the author shouted with volcanic passion. He expressed his thoughts and feelings of not colluding with the rulers. Another example is Lu You's poem "Shizi": "When you die, you know that everything is empty, but you don't see Jiuzhou. Julian Waghann decided to go north to celebrate the Central Plains Day, and the family sacrifice was unforgettable. " The first two sentences begin with comments, expressing the poet's patriotic feelings of restoring the Central Plains until his death.
Poets often express their thoughts and feelings euphemistically with the help of various rhetorical arts, which can be divided into lyric by scenery, lyric by scenery and lyric by things.
A. As the name implies, borrowing scenery to express feelings is to use scenery. Landscape refers to natural scenery, not something.
For example, Qian Qi's "Returning to Mountain Cottage in Late Spring", "There are few yellow birds in Qian Qi Taniguchi, and magnolia blossoms. At first, I felt sorry for the bamboo under the mountain window, and I didn't change the shade until I came back. " A sentence or two in the poem depicts a sad picture of falling flowers in late spring, depicts the secluded bamboo under the mountain window without changing its shade, and expresses the author's joy of returning to his hometown.
B, love in the scenery
For example, from the northern expedition of the army (Li Yi), "After the snow in Tianshan Mountain, the sea is cold and it is difficult to blow the flute everywhere. I recruited 300 thousand people and looked back at the bright moon for a while. " ([Note] Qi (Qi): Desert. The first sentence outlines the broad background of an expeditionary force's activities: Tianshan Mountain after snow, biting cold wind and vast desert ... It enriches the connotation of the first sentence, and the sadness of flute sound and the desolation of environment can arouse people's melancholy and melancholy. The third and fourth sentences are followed by the second sentence, and the sound of the flute leads to the typical action of "looking back at the bright moon" What are the soldiers looking at in the moonlight? Maybe it's looking at the hometown that I can't go back forever, maybe it's looking at the direction of the flute, maybe they look at each other, and tears are in their eyes ... The whole poem is a magnificent and sad marching scene, which integrates scenery, movement, sound and emotion, full of emotion and implicative and intriguing.
C, supporting things to express their will often depends on certain characteristics of things. This "thing" can be a landscape, an animal or something else, which often contains symbolic meaning; The "ambition" to express ambition can refer to feelings, ambitions, sentiments, hobbies, wishes, demands, etc. The "feelings" expressed by borrowing scenery refer to feelings such as love, hate, praise, joy and sadness. For example, Yu Qian's Poem of Lime says, "If a thousand hammers cut out a deep mountain, if it is burned with fire, it should remain innocent." It is also a high summary of its charm and personality. The value of this poem lies in its self-metaphor with lime everywhere, expressing its loyalty to the country, not afraid of sacrifice, and its determination to stick to noble sentiments. Lime symbolizes the poet's open mind and noble and innocent personality. Another example: Komatsu (Du Xunhe), "I grew up in the grass, and now I feel bitter. People don't know Ling Yunmu. " It has the characteristics of strong vitality. It is said that Komatsu is a metaphor for people, that Komatsu was initially ignored and eventually grew into a lingyun tree, criticizing the world for judging people's shallow vision by their life experiences. "Beipi Apricot Blossom" (Wang Anshi) "A pool of spring water surrounds flowers, and the characters are enchanting. Even if it is melted by the spring breeze, it is better than being crushed into dust by strangers in the south. "
For example, Su Zhe's "Wangjiang Mianshan": "Wangjiang Mianshan is dry, and the barren village is as red as paper. At dusk, the sunset disappears into a new picture. The mountain in front is darker, but today it is believed to be lovely. Only the most beautiful Wushan still bears the burden of people from afar. " This poem depicts a beautiful scene through layers of colors: "Red as paper. But who knows the strongest show in Wushan? Layer by layer rendering, to achieve good artistic effect.
Anterior and posterior anaphora
In some poems, poets often express their or others' feelings by comparing the past with the present, others with me and things with me.
For example, Lu You's Confessions: "In those days, Wan Li sought to seal Hou, and the horse guarded Liangzhou. Where is the dream of closing the river? The dust is black, old mink and fur. Tears flow first before the beard goes out. Who expected this life, my heart is in Tianshan and I am in Cangzhou! " This poem is divided into two parts, and the lower part takes care of the upper part. "Heart in Tianshan Mountain" corresponds to the sentence "that year"; The sentence "in an old Cangzhou" corresponds to the sentence "Guanhe Dream", which is intended to form a contrast and express the poet's grief and desolation.
Of course, reference will also be manifested in the reference of poetry content and title.
Structural contrast
Contrast is widely used in poetry because of its hierarchical characteristics and strong structure.
For example, Ouyang Xiu's "Thrushcross Birds": "A hundred voices follow, and the flowers and purple trees are high and low. Only when I know that I am locked in a golden cage, it is not as good as the cock crow of the world. " This poem uses contrast: the first two sentences (writing a free thrush and whistling at will) are in contrast with the last two sentences (writing a thrush trapped in a cage and losing his freedom), and the structure is clear.
Get the whole picture from small details
Poetry is full of associations, which can often be realized by typical and symbolic methods and with the help of people's life experience.
In 2004, Hubei college entrance examination took an examination of Wang Wan's "The Next Stop on the North Fort Mountain". Its neck couplets "Day after night" and "Spring into the old year" all indicate the alternation of time series, but it will remind people that "the sea and the sun" drove away the darkness, and spring broke into the old year and drove away the severe winter. It not only vividly depicts the scenery, but also shows the universal truth of life. The above skills are precisely to grasp the small scenery with typical characteristics.
For example, Du Mu's "Red Cliff" says: "If you lose your halberd and sink your sand and iron, you can learn from the past. Dongfeng does not follow, Tongquetai locks Er Qiao in spring. " Writing "Er Qiao" is a trivial matter, but it has a lot to do with the bullying of Soochow. The survival of hegemony, like the fate of Er Qiao, is also a battle. If you connect to Er Qiao,
Pawn Zhang Xianzhi
Poets often express their thoughts and feelings at the end of poems.
Such as: "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" (Li Bai) "An can persuade the eyebrows to bow down and serve the dignitaries. Who will not suffer and be treated with sincerity?" It expresses the poet's free mind, such as "Difficult to Walk" (Li Bai) and "I will ride the waves one day", which shows the poet's open-mindedness in realizing his ideal.
Another example: Wang Zhihuan's "Heron House": "The mountains cover the day, and the sea drains the golden river. Climb one floor and drive three hundred miles." This poem has always been famous. The first two sentences paint a magnificent picture of the sunset in the mountains and the Yellow River rushing, while the last two sentences are the finishing touch, which brings people to a higher level and makes people climb up again to exhaust the beauty of the world. While depicting the magnificent mountains and rivers of the motherland, the whole poem contains profound philosophy.