1. Leo Tolstoy (1828～1910), Russian writer.
Representative work: "War and Peace".
Reason for selection: He was the greatest Russian writer in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and one of the most outstanding writers in the history of world literature. His literary works occupy a very important position in world literature.
In the star-studded golden age of Russian literature, there are two most representative "double stars". As someone said, "Dostoyevsky represents the depth of Russian literature. Tolstoy represents the breadth of Russian literature”.
His representative works include the novels "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Childhood" and "Resurrection".
With his lifelong hard work, he reached the peak of European critical realism literature at that time.
He also used his powerful brushstrokes and excellent artistic skills to create "first-class works in world literature", so he was praised by Lenin as a "genius artist" with "the most sober realism" .
2. Cao Xueqin (1715～1763), Chinese writer.
Representative work: "A Dream of Red Mansions".
Reason for selection: His novel "A Dream of Red Mansions" is the pinnacle masterpiece and the greatest novel in the world's feudal society era.
Cao Xueqin has an open-minded nature and a wide range of hobbies. He has studied epigraphy, poetry, painting, gardening, traditional Chinese medicine, darning, crafts, and diet. With perseverance, after many years of hard work, he "read the old work "Feng Yue Bao Jian" for ten years, adding and deleting five times, and finally created a great work of great ideological and artistic quality, the pinnacle of Chinese and oriental classical novels - "A Dream of Red Mansions" .
Cao Xueqin’s greatest contribution lies in literary creation.
His "A Dream of Red Mansions" is grand in scale, rigorous in structure, complex in plot, and vivid in description. It has created many artistic images with typical characters and can be called the pinnacle of ancient Chinese novels.
Therefore, Cao Xueqin is the most outstanding representative of Chinese feudal era literature, a leading figure in the history of world novels, one of the few greatest writers throughout the ages, and occupies a very important position in the history of world literature.
French critics praised Cao Xueqin for possessing Brewster’s keen vision, Tolstoy’s sympathy, Musier’s intelligence and humor, and Balzac’s insight and representation, including the whole society from the bottom up. capabilities at all levels.
Lu Xun commented: "Since the publication of "A Dream of Red Mansions", traditional thinking and writing methods have been broken.
"Cao Xueqin left precious culture for the Chinese nation and the people of the world. The heritage and spiritual wealth not only have a profound impact on the creations of later generations of writers, but also have produced a large number of excellent derivative works in the fields of painting, film and television, animation, online games, etc., and research and discussion around the author, version, and text of "Dream of Red Mansions" in academia and society The practice continues, and even a specialized knowledge - red science has been formed.
3. William Shakespeare (1564～1616), British playwright.
Representative works: "Hamlet" and other plays.
Reason for selection: He is the most important great writer, outstanding dramatist and poet in Britain during the European Renaissance. He created a large number of popular literary works and occupies a special position in the history of European literature. He is hailed as As "Zeus on Mount Olympus of human literature".
As a master playwright, he is also known as the four greatest tragedians in the history of drama in Europe, together with Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, the three great tragedians of ancient Greece.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Shakespeare's plays were introduced to Germany, France, Italy, Russia, and the Nordic countries, and then gradually spread to the United States and even all over the world. They had a huge and far-reaching impact on the development of drama in various countries and have become An important link and source of inspiration for world cultural development and exchange.
After the rise of romanticism and realism, Shakespeare became popular in Europe. Hugo, Stendhal and others held high the banner of Shakespeare and promoted the spirit of Shakespeare in their struggle against classicism.
4. Dante Alighelli (1265～1321), Italian poet.
Representative work: "Divine Comedy".
Reason for selection: Dante is the founder of modern Italian and one of the pioneering figures of the European Renaissance. He left his name for future generations with his long poem "The Divine Comedy".
He is considered the greatest poet in Italy, one of the most outstanding poets in the West, and one of the greatest writers.
Engels commented: "The end of the feudal Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern capitalist era were marked by a big man. This big man was the Italian Dante, who was the last of the Middle Ages. A poet, he is also the first poet of the new era."
Dante wrote a lot in his life, the most valuable of which is undoubtedly the "Divine Comedy".
This work reflects the achievements and some major issues in the field of medieval culture through the author's dialogues with various famous figures in hell, purgatory and heaven. It has the nature of "encyclopedia" and can also be read from it. There is a vague glimpse of the dawn of humanistic thought in the Renaissance.
In this epic of more than 14,000 lines, Dante firmly opposed the obscurantism of the Middle Ages, criticized the various evil deeds of the characters in the old century, and praised the beauty of the soul and the guidance of light. It expresses the persistent pursuit of truth and has a profound influence on the poetry creation of later generations in Europe.
Therefore, he is a great writer in the world and a symbol of an era.
5. Goethe (1749~1832), German thinker, writer, and scientist.
Representative work: "Faust".
Reason for selection: He is the most famous representative of Weimar classicism.
As a creator of poetry, drama and prose works, he is one of the greatest German writers and an outstanding and glorious figure in the field of world literature.
In 1773, he wrote a play "Getz von Burlichingen", which became famous in the German literary world.
The publication of "The Sorrows of Young Werther" in 1774 made him famous, and he gradually became a great poet, novelist, dramatist and outstanding thinker.
"Faust" is one of the four classic masterpieces of European literature, along with Homer's epic poem, Dante's "Divine Comedy" and Shakespeare's "Hamlet". Therefore, Goethe has a huge influence on world literature.
His works have been translated into 48 languages ??and are an important part of the classics of various countries.
6. Balzac (1799～1850), French writer.
Representative works: "Eugénie Grandet" and "Petro Goriot".
Reason for selection: He is known as the father of modern French novels.
In 1829, he published the novel "The Zhu'an Party Members", which took the first step in realist creation. The "Donkey Skin" published in 1831 made him famous.
He wanted to make himself a Napoleon in the literary career. He created a large number of works with amazing perseverance in the 1930s and 1940s. Seventy-two lifelike characters are collectively called "Human Comedy".
"The Human Comedy" is known as "the encyclopedia of capitalist society".
Therefore, Balzac is a great genius, a superstar in the literary world, a great French critical realist writer in the 19th century, the founder and outstanding representative of European critical realist literature, and a man with a strong romantic sentiment. A great writer, while he was heavily in debt due to his luxurious life, he also created profound literary masterpieces with noble and profound thoughts.
His life is full of interesting stories, and his works are praised as "a mirror of French society".
When he passed away, the literary master Victor Hugo once stood in the drizzle in Paris, France, facing thousands of mourners and made an impassioned comment: "Among the greatest figures, Balzac Gram is among the best; among the best figures, Balzac is one of the best.
"Balzac has established an immortal monument in the history of world literature with his own creations.
7. Pushkin (1799~1837), Russian writer.
Representative work: "Eugene Onegin".
Reason for selection: He is a famous Russian litterateur, considered by many to be Russia's greatest poet and the founder of modern Russian literature.
The main representative of Russian romantic literature in the 19th century.
His representative works include the poems "Ode to Freedom", "To the Sea", "To Chadayev", etc., the verse novel "Evgeny Onegin", and the novella "The Captain's Daughter" "wait.
The lofty ideological nature and perfect artistry of Pushkin's works gave him great influence around the world, and his works have been translated into many languages.
In his works, Pushkin expressed his love for freedom and life, his firm belief that light will defeat darkness and reason will defeat prejudice. His "use of language to light up people's hearts" "The lofty sense of mission and great ambition have deeply moved generations of people.
His works have inspired the creation and inspiration of many Russian musicians.
In the history of Russian literature, Pushkin enjoys a high status.
Pushkin's literary works successfully created typical characters such as "superfluous people", "money knights", "little people", and leaders of the peasant movement.
Belinsky pointed out in the famous article "Collected Works of Alexander Pushkin": "Only from Pushkin did Russian literature begin, because the pulse of Russian life beats in his poetry .
"Herzen said that in the "cruel era" of Nicholas I's reactionary rule, "only Pushkin's loud and vast song sounded in the valley of slavery and suffering: this song inherited "Pushkin is the father and ancestor of Russian art," Goncharov said, "Pushkin is the father and ancestor of Russian art. Just like Lomonosov is the father of Russian science."
8. Cervantes (1547-1616), Spanish novelist, dramatist, and poet.
Representative work: "Don Quixote"
Reason for selection: "Don Quixote" is one of the earliest full-length realist novels in Europe and enjoys world reputation. Vantis has repeatedly stated that he wrote "Don Quixote" to satirize the popular chivalric novels at the time and "to wipe away the traps of chivalric novels."
In fact, the actual effect of the work is far greater. Far beyond this "purpose"
It depicts a broad picture of Spanish society in the late 16th and early 17th centuries through the knight-errant adventures of Don Quixote, and shows the darkness and decadence of feudal rule. , has a distinct humanistic tendency and shows a strong humanitarian spirit.
It has been translated into hundreds of versions in more than 100 languages ??
Therefore, he is known as the author. The greatest writer in the Spanish literary world, critics call his novel "Don Quixote" the first modern novel in the history of literature and one of the treasures of world literature.
9. , Victor Hugo (1802 ~ 1885), French writer
Representative works: "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" and "Les Misérables"
Reason for selection: He is a French 19th-century writer. A representative writer of positive romantic literature in the early 20th century, a representative figure of humanism, and an outstanding bourgeois democratic writer in the history of French literature. He is known as the "Shakespeare of France".
He wrote many poems in his life. , novels, scripts, various essays, literary criticism and political articles, which have wide influence in France and the world.
Hugo's creative process spans more than 60 years and he is a master of language and outstanding literature. However, he was never an original writer, or rather, he was not a writer known for his originality.
Hugo was a skilled use of symbolism. And a master of the poetic form, he could accurately shout the voice of his changing times.
However, although he was an outstanding master of language and wrote a lot of excellent works, he never became a poet. He succeeded in creating poems that surpassed others.
All the ideas of his time were reflected in his works with unparalleled rhetorical means. His voice, like any other writer, did not transcend the times. Structure.
Hugo’s works are also characterized by lengthyness. In his huge works, some are digressive, repetitive, and useless. For example, "Les Misérables" was expected to be written in six volumes, but ended up in ten volumes. .
But despite this, it cannot be denied that he is ranked among the greatest writers in world history.
10. Homer (approximately 9th century BC to 8th century BC), ancient Greek poet.
Representative work: "Homer's Epic".
Reasons for selection: The ancient Greek epics "Iliad" and "Odyssey", which are historical accounts of the Trojan War and maritime adventures from the 12th to 11th centuries BC, are based on folklore. Comprehensive collection of short songs.
He lived between the 10th and 9th or 8th centuries BC.
His masterpiece "Homer's Epic" has influenced Western religion, culture and ethics for a long time.
According to research: Homer, as the name of the blind poet in ancient Greece, is not the poet's real name.
Homer’s earliest meaning: the name of a house in ancient Greece.
Due to the importance of what is done in the house, the name of the house is synonymous with what is done in the house.
When ancient Greece did not have mature writing that could be used to record history, history could only be recorded by reciting and singing.
The place dedicated to reciting and singing is called Homer.
As writing progressed to the point where it could be used to record history, the method of memorizing and chanting was gradually phased out.
It was in this process that a blind man inherited his ancestor's once-high status but gradually marginalized profession.
Because he believed that the predecessors needed many people to memorize the historical records, and one person could sing and recite them all.
It was generally praised because writing was not yet widely available, literacy rates were low, and the number of texts was small.
It was during this process that the public gradually forgot the blind poet's real name, and instead called the blind person by the name of what he did. As a result, the blind poet got the title of Homer.
Homer’s epic is a social history and customs history of ancient Greece during the transition from clan society to slavery. It has high value in history, geography, archaeology and folklore.
This epic also expresses humanistic ideas and affirms human dignity, value and strength.
This is the artistic creation of human childhood, which inevitably has limitations in ideology and art.
However, if Homer really existed, and most of the epic poems compiled were completed by his hands, then he would not only be called the ancestor of Western literature, but also a great poet.