This paper will dissect the reasons for the rapid demise of the Daqin Empire from the perspective of details. The so-called analysis from the perspective of details means that this article does not talk about the so-called "tyranny", because if the Qin Empire adopted tyranny, then it is hard for me to imagine how the Qin State bravely unified the world through tyranny after VI. This article also doesn't talk about "the treacherous court official of the bad king", and then the treacherous court official of the bad king is in the same boat, and no one wants the Daqin Empire to die. This paper doesn't even talk about "small glacier climate". The so-called "small glacier climate" refers to the low temperature, which is easy to reduce grain production. The instability of monsoon climate makes climate disasters have the characteristics of high frequency and high intensity. However, Zhu Kezhen's "Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in the Last Five Thousand Years" has clearly stated that from the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty, the climate in China was moderate and stable, suitable for the growth of five crops, and there was no problem of crop failure and large-scale climate disasters. Frequent campaigns at the end of the Warring States period greatly interfered with agricultural production. In such a fierce war, countries, especially Qin, still have sufficient materials to support the war, which better shows that the climate at that time was beneficial to crops. This article only talks about one detail about the collapse of the Qin Empire, that is, "heavy rain".
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The first heavy rain. Historical Records of Chen She's Family records: "In July of the second year, nine hundred people moved to osawa. Chen Sheng and Guangwu became captains of chariots. It will rain heavily, the road will not pass, and the degree has been lost. " As we know, the fuse of Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng was that 900 people defending Yuyang suffered from heavy rain and delayed their trip. According to the Qin law, anyway, they are dead, and they simply tried their best to expose the uprising. After the uprising in Daze Township, Chen Sheng, I read the historical records carefully and found a very strange phenomenon, that is, there was no timely and effective suppression of the insurgents in Chen Sheng by the government forces of the Qin Dynasty, but Chen Guang was allowed to "attack osawa Township without any pressure, and then attack it". In this case, Commander Ying Ge turned his soldiers to the east. Attack, smash, suffer, smash, smash. "If the local government forces in the Qin Dynasty can suppress it in time and effectively, I believe that a single spark can be put out easily and will never develop into a prairie fire.
So why couldn't the local government forces of the Qin Dynasty suppress the insurgents in time and effectively? The reason is heavy rain. It will rain heavily and the roads will be blocked. It turned out that because of the heavy rain, the road was washed away and it was impossible to drive. So what exactly does the "Tao" here mean? The original destination of Guangwu and Chen Sheng was to go north for fishing and self-defense. The "impassability" here definitely means that the road to the north is blocked. In this case, the key content surfaced. Osawa Township is under the jurisdiction of Qixian County, surabaya county City, Qin Province, and surabaya county County Magistrate (provincial capital) is located in Xiang County, just north of Qixian County. You know, after the outbreak of Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng, it is definitely difficult to put out a single spark by relying solely on county-level troops. It is necessary to attack with county-level troops, and it is necessary for the county magistrate to rationally deploy the troops in the county. However, due to the heavy rain, the road between the county and osawa Township, where the chief is located, was completely destroyed and impassable, and the chief's troops could not go south to "suppress thieves". Surabaya county is divided between the north and the south because of heavy rain. On the other hand, after the uprising in Daze Township, Shengzai Chen, it did not attack the nearest and most threatening county town in surabaya county, but attacked Chen County to the west. Isn't this a strange phenomenon? Of course, we can say that Chen Sheng and Guangwu are close to Guanzhong in the west, but if we attack Chen to the west without occupying the counties under the jurisdiction of Surabaya Chief, it is entirely possible to fall into the danger of having a strong enemy before and a pursuer afterwards. The reason why Guangwu and Chen Sheng dared to ignore the west and stormed the counties around Qixian County, that is, "attacking Luo, Chai, Bitter, Zhejiang and Qiaocheng", can only show that they don't have to worry about Surabaya Chief attacking Xiangxiang County at all, because the north-south road is impassable, and Surabaya Chief can only look at the road and sigh.
Then why can Guangwu and Chen Sheng capture Chenjun, the capital of Chenjun, relatively easily? It's not that Chen Jun and Qin Jun are weak, but that they are ill-prepared. Because according to the management mode of the county system in Qin Dynasty, armed unrest occurred in surabaya county, which should have been suppressed by the Surabaya county chief. When Chen County Magistrate learned that the uprising broke out in osawa Township, he did not take it seriously, nor did he alert the counties in Chen County. In his opinion, this matter is very simple. First, because the uprising was not large, according to common sense, the Surabaya chief could handle it by himself. Second, because everyone is a government official, each has its own independent jurisdiction and defense zone. Osawa is under your jurisdiction. Without the permission of the court, I, the chief of Chenjun County, have no right to interfere and ask about Surabaya County. So when the insurgents were there, Chen Sheng was quite close to the capital of Chen County, and neither Chen County magistrate nor Chen County magistrate was in the city. "Shi Ji Shi Jia" records: "When attacking Chen, Chen Shouling was absent and fought alone. Fusheng, Shoucheng's death is based on Chen. " We don't know where county magistrate Chen and county magistrate Chen went. It is possible to go to Xianyang to report to the chief of Surabaya, saying that an armed uprising broke out there; It is also possible to go to Xianyang and ask the imperial court Chen Jun whether to send troops to help Surabaya County "suppress thieves", or to patrol other parts of Chen County. In a word, Chen Jun is unprepared, unprepared. If Chen Jun's Guards had made early preparations, rationally deployed Chen Jun's troops concentrated in the provincial capital and counties and built fortifications, how could Shenghe easily enter Chen Jun and be king? In fact, you can't blame Chen Jundang for being a satrap. He didn't know that there would be a "heavy rain without access" in Surabaya County, and the watch road in Surabaya County was sighing.
When the rain stops in surabaya county, the Surabaya Chief doesn't have to go south to "suppress thieves". First, Guangwu and Chen Sheng have occupied most counties in the south and west of surabaya county and established the "Zhang Chu" regime. At this time, Guangwu and Chen Sheng were no longer under the control of county-level troops. Second, a large-scale uprising broke out in Peifeng County in northern surabaya county. The leader of the rebel army is Liu Bang, so let's destroy the Liu Bang Group which is weaker than the "Zhang Chu" regime. It's a pity that this surabaya county made Zhuang's bad luck, met a "hard stubble" and finally died under Sajima of Liu Bang Group. "Historical Records Biography of Emperor Gaozu" records: "Sizhou was defeated by Xue and went to Qi. Pei Gong Sajima defended Sichuan and killed it. "
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The second heavy rain. Zhang Han attacked, swept from west to east, and finally beheaded Chen Sheng. According to the new attack route, Chen County of Chen County has returned to its hands. Historical Records of Chen She Family records that he defeated Wu Xu, attacked Chen and died in battle. And invaded Chen and Zhang. Wang Chen bid, the army broke, and Zhang He died. "Chen Sheng finally escaped from Chen County and ran to the city where his father was killed. In this case, Zhang Han should continue to March eastward to surabaya county and win Peifeng occupied by Liu Bang and Xiang Liang Group, and Xiang Liang Group has occupied most of the territory of Xue County and surabaya county. But strangely, Zhang Han actually bypassed Dong 'e County in surabaya county and went north to attack Dong 'e County. At this time, Dong 'a was in the hands of Tian Rong of Qi. Because Zhang Han spared surabaya county's Xiang Liang Group and went north to attack East Asia, Xiang Liang took advantage of the situation to send troops to attack Zhang Han to rescue Tian Rong in East Asia, which led to Zhang Han's first defeat since going through customs. Historical Records of Xiang Yu's Biography records: "After living for several months, I led the troops to attack Kang Fu, saved Dong A with Qi and Tsukasa Tsuyoshi, and was defeated in Dong A". What's more strange is that when Ding Tao destroyed Xiang Liang, he did not try to seize Surabaya County in the south and destroy Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, but attacked Zhao in the north. The reason recorded in Historical Records of Xiang Yu is that "Zhang Han was broken, but he thought that Chu soldiers were not careful enough, so he crossed the river to attack Zhao and broke it." In fact, for Zhang Han, the villain since he went through the customs, it is perfect to run after the poor bandits. Zhang Han, an old Qin native, wouldn't take "Chu has three clans, and Qin will die" as a joke. As long as there is an opportunity, it is absolutely impossible to let go of Chu Xiang Group. The so-called "thinking that Chu soldiers are not worried enough" is difficult to establish, so there must be other reasons why Zhang Han dare not rashly enter surabaya county.
The reason is heavy rain again. "Historical Records of Qin Chu" records: "In July of the second year of Qin Ershi, it rained cats and dogs, and the stars were not seen in March." A good July, July, heavy rain, impassable roads, Chen Guang uprising was successful. In July of the following year, it rained even harder in Qin Ershi, and it rained for three months in a row. It's too dark to see the stars at night. Dare not rashly into surabaya county, missed the opportunity to eradicate Chu Xiang. You should know that the sentence "There was heavy rain in Qin Ershi in July, but no stars were seen in March" is recorded in the column of "Xiang", which means watching the rain from the perspective of Xiang Group. At that time, the main combat area of Xiang's group was in surabaya county, so it must be that surabaya county was hit by heavy rain again. According to the weather history of surabaya county last year, there is a high probability of repetition. What will happen after three months of continuous heavy rain? Most parts of surabaya county have been swamped and roads have been seriously damaged. It should often happen that surabaya county was flooded to form a swamp, because Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, finally broke through in the battle of Gaixia and fell into a swamp on his way to Wujiang River, so that he was caught up by the Han army. "Historical Records of Xiang Yu" records: "Left, trapped in Daze. Catch up with the old man. " Xiang Yu's swamp area also belongs to surabaya county. Therefore, Zhang Han will face difficulties in marching and fighting if it is forced to March in the case of continuous rainstorm in surabaya county. Especially for Qin Jun carrying heavy equipment and cavalry, it is even worse. Therefore, he chose to give up the pursuit of Xiangzi Group and go north to attack Zhao. So suppose there was no continuous rainstorm in surabaya county at that time, and Zhang Han entered surabaya county to pursue Xiang Yu, whether there was a chance to annihilate Xiang Group. My answer is that there is a great chance to annihilate Xiang Yu, because when Xiang Liang was wiped out by Zhang Han, Qin Chu Historical Records recorded: "Zhang Han defeated Xiang Liang in Dingtao, and Xiang Yu was afraid and returned to Pengcheng." Everyone must pay attention to the words "Xiang Yu is afraid"! Throughout the whole history book, there are no more than two times that can make the arrogant and heroic Chu overlord "fear". On one occasion, it was learned that Long Qie, the last living force, was annihilated by Han Xin. For a time, "Wang Xiang heard that Long Qie's army was broken, and he was afraid, which made Taiwanese talk about Huaiyin Hou." Another time I learned that my uncle Xiang Liang was killed. It was difficult for us to find Xiang Yu again until the third "fear" appeared. Xiang Yu's "fear" is that he has basically reached a dead end and has begun to lose confidence in himself. If Zhang Han tried his best to kill him, the Xiang clique of Chu would have vanished before the Battle of Julu.
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The third heavy rain. The Qin Dynasty led the elite Wang Li of Hebei Province to surround Julu City, but it could not be captured for a long time, which was far from the fighting capacity of the imperial army of the Qin Dynasty. "Biography of Historical Records" records: I entered the giant Lucheng with Zhao Wang, and Wang left it. The king left the army and ate too much, so he rushed to attack the giant deer. "Judging from this record, it should be obvious that Wang Li won Dalucheng soon, but it was not until Xiang Yu crossed the rubicon to save Zhao that Wang Licai captured Dalucheng alive. Whether you can win the giant deer is the key link. If Wang Li takes the giant deer, Hebei and Guanzhong will be connected, and the Qin empire will reoccupy the whole Hebei Pingqu and crush all the insurgents. And after the fall of Zhao, all the insurgents will be demoralized, the alliance will collapse, and they will be carved up by Qin Jun. Even if Xiang Yu is brave again, he will feel the "pressure" from the two main forces who turned to the south after destroying Zhao. However, a heavy rain saved the stag and helped Xiang Yu. "Historical Records of Xiang Yu's Biography" once recorded that the Chu army saved Zhao, but it stopped, drinking a lot every day. Then Sima Qian wrote: "It was freezing and raining, and the soldiers were cold and hungry." Then Xiang Yu broke out, killed Yi Song and won the support of the whole army. From the phrase "cold and heavy rain", we can know that Julu area is suffering from heavy rain and cold weather (this is the third year of Qin Ershi 1 1 month). On the other hand, we can know that the siege of Qin Jun led by Wang Li was not only resisted by Zhao Jun, but also troubled by the cold rain in Julu area. Perhaps it is more difficult for soldiers to climb the city wall, perhaps large siege weapons were damaged by rain, or perhaps many siege strategies could not be implemented because of heavy rain. In short, the heavy rain made Wang Li unable to capture the stag for a long time, and also made Zhao finally wait for the arrival of Xiang Yu.
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Without the first heavy rain of Guangwu Uprising, Chen Sheng would soon be put out by surabaya county county magistrate. If there is no second heavy rain, the Xiang army will be uprooted; If there was no third heavy rain, Wang quickly captured Dalucheng and restored the Daqin Empire. It's a pity that since Qin Ershi ascended the throne, every critical period of the Qin Empire has encountered heavy rain. This may be that the sky is falling, and Qin Ershi can only look at the sky and sing: "It has been raining and the atmosphere is not harmonious."